Maganar bakin ba ta dace da su ba. Tun fil azal, mutum ya ci gaba da yada jita-jita cewa toad rayayye ne har ma da haɗari, cewa taɓa shi sau ɗaya yana cike da aƙalla wart kuma, a mafi yawan, mutuwa. A halin yanzu, yana da wuya a sami amphibian a Duniya wanda zai kawo irin wannan fa'idodin ga mutane kamar ɗan tutun ƙasa.
Bayanin toad na ƙasa
Saboda kamannin waje da kwado, toad yana rikicewa da shi koyaushe.... Bugu da ƙari, a cikin harsunan wasu mutane, ana wakiltar wakilan waɗannan iyalai daban-daban ta kalma ɗaya, ba tare da yin bambancin ƙamus ba.
Abin kunya ne, duk da haka! Bayan duk wannan, toad, shi ma hakikanin toad ne, yana cikin rukunin amphibians, umarnin mara ƙaiƙayi, dangin toads kuma yana da nau'ikan sama da 500. Dukkansu sun kasu kashi 40 na zuriya, ana iya samun sulusi ɗaya a yankin Turai.
Bayyanar
An tsara toad kamar yadda ya kamata ga amphibian mara ƙarfi - jiki mara walwala, ba tare da shimfida madaidaiciya ba, miƙaƙƙen kai, idanuwa masu ƙyalli, membranes tsakanin yatsun ƙafa, fatar ƙasa, marar daidaituwa, duk an rufe ta da tarin fuka da warts. Ba wata kyakkyawar halitta ba!
Zai yiwu saboda wannan, mutum daga zamanin da yana da ƙyamar jariri? Koyaya, ba duk toads bane jarirai. A cikin girma, zasu iya yin tsayi zuwa 53 cm tsayi kuma nauyinsu yakai kilogram 1. Toads yana da gajeren gabobi don irin wannan nauyi mai nauyi. Saboda wannan dalili, toads ba zai iya tsalle kamar kwadi ba kuma ba ya iyo sosai.
Abubuwan halaye na toads na ƙasa sun haɗa da:
- rashin hakora a cikin sama muƙamuƙi;
- kasancewar tarin fuka a ƙafafun maza - "nuptial calluses", tare da taimakon wanda aka riƙe su a jikin mace yayin saduwa;
- manyan glanden gwaiwa da ake kira parotids.
Mahimmanci! Wadannan gland ana bukatar su da toad don samar da wani sirri wanda yake sanya fata fata. A wasu nau'in toads na ƙasar, wannan sirrin ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu guba a matsayin makamin kariya. Ga mutum, wannan sirrin ba ya zama barazana ga rayuwa. Zai iya haifar da ƙonewa kawai. Iyakar abin da ya keɓance shine ɗauke da guba mai guba a duniya - ee.
Daga cikin nau'ikan 40 na toads na ƙasa, ana iya samun nau'ikan 6 a yankin ƙasar Rasha da tsoffin ƙasashen CIS. Dukkanin su ne irin na bufo.
- Gudun toka na toka, ita 'yar kwalliya ce. Mafi girman nau'in a cikin iyali (7x12 cm) kuma ɗayan sananniya. Duk da sunan, yana iya zama ba wai kawai launin toka ba, amma har ma zaitun, launin ruwan kasa. Baya ya fi ciki duhu. Wannan toad din ya fi tsayi sau daya da rabi fiye da fadi. A cikin Rasha, ana iya samun toad na ƙasa mai toka a cikin Far East da Central Asia. Ba ta son wurare masu laima sosai, sun fi son yankin gandun daji.
- Gabas ta Tsakiya, akasin haka, ya fi son wuraren da ke da ruwa - makiyaya da ambaliyar ruwa, kogunan kogi. Halin halayyar wannan nau'in shine launi - launuka masu launin baƙar fata-masu launin ruwan kasa akan bayan toka. Har ila yau, a cikin toads na Gabas ta Tsakiya, mace ta fi namiji girma koyaushe. Ana iya samun waɗannan toads a Gabas mai nisa, Sakhalin, Transbaikalia, Koriya da China.
- Ganyen toka na kore ya sami sunan daga launi na baya - launuka kore mai duhu akan bangon zaitun. Irin wannan kamannin na dabi'a yana yi mata hidima sosai, hakan yasa ya zama ba a ganin ta inda ta gwammace ta zauna - a cikin makiyaya da kogunan ruwa. Sirrin koren toad mai guba ne ga abokan gaba, ba hatsari bane ga mutane. Ana samun sa a yankin Volga, kasashen Asiya, Turai da Arewacin Afirka.
- Caucasian toad yayi takara cikin girma tare da toad gama gari. Tsawonsa ya kai 12.5 cm. Manya yawanci launin ruwan kasa ne ko launin toka mai duhu, amma “matasa” masu launin lemu ne, wanda daga baya ya yi duhu. Adaramar Caucasian, kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, yana zaune a cikin Caucasus. Yana son gandun daji da tsaunuka. Wasu lokuta ana iya samun su a cikin danshi mai danshi da danshi.
- Read toad, tana wari. Yayi kama da ɗan kore. Guda ɗaya - har zuwa 8 cm tsawo, kuma yana son reeds da rigar, wurare masu dausayi. Wani fasali na wannan nau'in shine haɓakar maƙogwaron maƙarƙashiya a cikin namiji, wanda yake amfani dashi yayin lokacin saduwa. Kuna iya ji da ganin waɗannan toads ɗin a Belarus, a yamma da Yukren da cikin yankin Kaliningrad.
- Adwallon Mongoliya yana da babban jiki, har zuwa tsayin 9 cm, an rufe shi da warts tare da ƙaya. Launi na iya zuwa daga launin toka zuwa ruwan dare da launin ruwan kasa. Dangane da wannan bangon, ana iya rarrabe launuka daban-daban na siffofin lissafi. Baya ga Mongolia, an ga waɗannan toads a Siberia, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Yammacin Ukraine da Baltics.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Babban toad a duniya shine ƙwanƙolin Blumberg. Katuwar tana da jiki tsawon 25 cm kuma ba ta da lahani. Har yanzu ana iya samun keɓaɓɓun mutanenta a yankin na Colombia da Ecuador, amma shi kaɗai, tunda wannan nau'in yana gab da ƙarewa.
Mafi ƙarancin toad a duniya shine Kihansi Archer Toad, girman tsabar ruble 5: 1.9 cm (ga namiji) da 2.9 cm (na mace) a tsayi. Har ila yau, babbar taƙaddama, tana gab da halaka. A baya can, ana iya samun sa a cikin Tanzania, a cikin iyakantaccen yanki kusa da ruwan raƙuman ruwa, a cikin yankin Kogin Kihansi.
Salon rayuwa
Toads na duniya suna jagorancin rayuwa ta nutsuwa da rana kuma "suna aiki" da dare... Da fitowar magariba, sai su tafi farauta. Sun fito, suna cikin damuwa da rashin hankali, basa tsalle kamar kwadi, amma "suna tafiya a mataki." A tsalle guda, haɗari zai iya tsokane su. Amma a wannan yanayin, sun fi son baka da baya, tare da nuna tsananin kariya daga abokan gaba. Kwaɗi ba suyi haka ba.
Duk da rashin damuwarsu da jinkirinsu, toads na ƙasa sune mafarauta masu kyau. Girman abincinsu da yanayinsu na yau da kullun yana taimaka musu su watsar da harshensu cikin saurin walƙiya, suna kama kwari akan tashi. Kwaɗi ba za su iya yin hakan ba. Da farkon yanayin sanyi, toads ya fada cikin rayayyen rayarwa, bayan da a baya ya sami keɓantaccen wuri don kansu - ƙarƙashin tushen bishiyoyi, a cikin ramuka da aka watsar da ƙananan beraye, ƙarƙashin ganyen da ya faɗi. Toads ke rayuwa shi kadai. Suna haɗuwa cikin ƙungiyoyi kawai don barin zuriya, sannan kuma "sake watsewa", suna dawowa zuwa hummock ɗin da suka fi so.
Yaya tsawon lokacin toad na ƙasa?
Matsakaicin lokacin rayuwar toads na ƙasa shine shekaru 25-35. Akwai lokuta lokacin da wasu wakilansu suka rayu har zuwa shekaru 40.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Don wurin zama, toads na ƙasa yana zaɓar wuraren da ke da ruwa, amma ba lallai ba ne kusa da jikin ruwa. Ruwa kawai suke bukata don share ƙwai.
Mahimmanci! Saboda bambancin nau'ikan halittu, wurin kasancewar toads na ƙasa yana da kusan ko'ina. Ana samun waɗannan amphibians ɗin a duk nahiyoyi. Iyakar abin da ya keɓance, don dalilai bayyananne, shine Antarctica.
Sauran lokutan, toads sun fi son ɗakunan cellan, sabo da aka haƙa, ƙasa mai raƙumi, raƙuman duwatsu a cikin tsaunuka, ƙananan ciyawar ciyawa a cikin magudanan ruwa na koguna, dazukan ruwan sama. Amma! Akwai nau'ikan da ke rayuwa a cikin tsaunuka da kuma hamada.
Abinci na toad na ƙasa
Babban abincin abinci na yau da kullun shine kwari... Da farin ciki tana ƙara katantanwa, tsutsotsi, kwari, madara a gare su. Ba ya guje wa larvae na kwari da gizo-gizo. Wannan ba mai rikon cin abinci sosai ba ya rude da launuka masu haske, na gargadi na wasu kwari ko kamannin su na ban mamaki. Towaron ƙasa kyakkyawa ne kuma mai matukar tasiri ga mutane a cikin yaƙi da kwari na noma.
Ainihi amfanin gona tsari, dare mai girbi. Wata rana, ɗayan toka guda na ƙasa yana cin kusan g 8 na kwari a cikin gonar! Manyan jinsunan toads na ƙasa suna iya samun abinci don kansu da ƙadangare, maciji, ƙaramin rodent. Toads yana amsawa ga abubuwa masu motsi, amma yana rarrabe rarrabewa a cikin jirgin sama ɗaya, kamar suwarwar ciyawar.
Makiya na halitta
Toashin ƙasa yana kewaye da makiya a kowane bangare. Hannun ƙarfe, dawakai, dawakai daga sama da dogayen dogayen ƙafafunsu. A ƙasa, an sa su cikin tarko, minks, fox, boars daji, raccoons. Kuma babu ceto daga macizai. Ba kowane wakilin waɗannan masanan suke samar da sirrin mai dafi ba. Kuma sake kamanni mai kyau ne kawai zai iya adana wannan, a zahiri, amphibian mara kariya, kuma yawan haihuwa zai iya ceta daga halaka.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Lokacin da bazara ta zo, kuma a yankuna masu zafi - lokacin damina, lokacin farawar ya fara don toads na ƙasa.... Kuma suna taruwa a cikin manyan kungiyoyi kusa da magudanan ruwa. Kasancewar ruwa yana da mahimmancin dabaru - toads zai tsiro a ciki. A cikin ruwan, larvae za su ƙyanƙyashe daga ƙwai, wanda zai rikide ya zama tadpoles. A cikin ruwa, tadpoles za su yi rayuwa na tsawon watanni biyu, suna cin ƙananan algae da tsire-tsire, har sai sun juye zuwa ƙananan ƙyallen toads, ta yadda za su iya rarrafe zuwa kan ƙasa kuma su sake zuwa tafkin a cikin shekara guda. Toad caviar baya kama da caviar kwado.
A cikin waɗanda yake a cikin nau'i na gelatinous lumps, kuma a cikin toads - a cikin igiyoyin gelatinous, wanda tsawonsa zai iya kaiwa mita 8. Clutaya daga ciki - igiyoyi biyu, gami da ƙwai har dubu 7 a cikin duka. Igiyar suna daɗaɗa, don aminci, tsakanin algae. Adadin haihuwar tadpoles ya dogara ne da nau'ikan nau'in toad da kuma yawan zafin ruwan, kuma zai iya kaiwa daga kwana 5 zuwa watanni 2. Yaran mata suna zuwa kandami don saduwa bayan maza, suna bin kiran waƙarsu. Lokacin da mace ta kusanci namiji, sai ya hau gadon bayanta ya hadu da kwan, wanda ta shuka a lokacin. Bayan mace ta gama haihuwa, sai ta koma bakin teku.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Akwai nau'ikan toads na ƙasa wanda namiji yake aiki a matsayin mai goyo. Tana zaune a cikin ƙasa tana tsaron kaset ɗin mason da aka yi wa rauni a ƙafafuwan ta, yana jiran tadodin da zai fito daga gare su.
Akwai toads ungozomar. Suna kwan ƙwai a bayansu kuma suna ɗauke da su har sai ƙwayarsu sun bayyana. Kuma wannan rawar ma maza ke takawa! Kuma akwai maɗaukakiyar toad - viviparous. Tana zaune ne a Afirka. Wannan toad din ba ya yin kwai, amma yana dauke da shi a cikin kansa - watanni 9! Kuma irin wannan kwalliyar ba ta haihuwar tadpoles ba, amma cike take da toads. Har ila yau, abin mamaki ne cewa wannan aikin yana faruwa ne a cikin toad sau biyu kawai a rayuwarsa, kuma yana haihuwar yara da ba su wuce 25 a lokaci guda ba. Shin ba abin mamaki bane cewa wannan nau'in yana gab da halaka kuma yana cikin kariya.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan toads da ba su da hatsari - kwayar halittar Afirka mai raɗaɗi, ɗanɗar tsinken saura, ɗan ƙaramin Kihansi. Duk an jera su a cikin Littafin Ja. Abin baƙin ciki, amma galibi mutum yakan ɗora hannunsa akan wannan gaskiyar, ba tare da kunya ba yana lalata mazaunin mazaunan amphibians... Don haka, Kihansi ya kusan ɓacewa bayan da mutane suka gina madatsar ruwa a kan kogin da suke zaune. Madatsar ruwan ta toshe hanyar samun ruwa tare da hana Kihansi muhallinsu. A yau ana iya samun wannan nau'in toads na ƙasa kawai a gidan zoo.
