Jiminar Afirka (Struthio samelus) tsuntsu ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda ba shi da jirgin sama wanda ya ke da tsari irin na Ostrich da irin na Ostriches. An fassara sunan kimiyya na irin wadannan tsuntsaye masu dadin ji daga Hellenanci zuwa "raƙumin-rakumi".
Bayanin jimina
Jiminai na Afirka a halin yanzu su ne kawai ofan gidan Ostrich... Ana samun mafi girman tsuntsu mara tashi a cikin daji, amma kuma ana kyakyawarsa sosai a zaman fursuna, saboda haka ya zama sananne sosai a gonakin jimina da yawa.
Bayyanar
Jimina ta Afirka ita ce mafi girma a cikin dukkanin tsuntsayen zamani. Matsakaicin tsayin babban mutum ya kai mita 2.7, tare da nauyin jiki har zuwa 155-156 kg. Ostriches na da kundin tsarin mulki mai tsayi, doguwar wuya da ƙarami, madaidaiciyar kai. Bakin tsuntsu mai daɗin taushi madaidaiciya ne kuma mai faɗi, tare da wani irin ƙyallen "ƙuƙumi" a cikin yankin bakin.
Idanun suna da girma ƙwarai, masu kaurin ido kuma masu kauri sosai, waɗanda ke saman fatar ido na sama kawai. Idanun tsuntsu sun bunkasa sosai. Ana buɗe wuraren buɗe ido na waje a kai, saboda rauni mai ƙyalli, kuma a cikin fasalinsu suna kama da ƙananan kunnuwa masu kyau.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Siffar halayyar jinsin Ostrich ta Afirka ita ce rashin keel, da kuma tsokoki da ba su ci gaba ba a cikin yankin kirji. Kwarangwal din tsuntsu mara tashi, banda na femur, ba mai zafi bane.
Fikafikan jimina na Afirka ba su ci gaba ba, tare da wasu manyan yatsun hannu da suka ƙare da dunƙule ko fika. Gabobin bayan tsuntsu marasa tashi suna da karfi da tsayi, suna da yatsu biyu. Ofaya daga yatsun hannu ya ƙare da wani irin kofato na ƙaho, wanda jimina ke kan aikin aiwatarwa.
Jimina na Afirka suna da sako-sako da jujjuyawar jiki, maimakon ciyawar ciyawa. An rarraba fuka-fukai ko'ina a jikin jiki ko ƙasa da haka, kuma mahaifa ba su nan. Tsarin fuka-fukai na farko ne:
- gemu kusan basa hade da juna;
- rashin samuwar manyan yanar gizo.
Mahimmanci! Jimina ba ta da mai gogewa, kuma yanki na wuyan shimfidawa ne sosai, wanda ke ba tsuntsu damar hadiye babban abincin da zai ci.
Kai, kwatangwalo da wuyan tsuntsu mara yawo ba su da ƙyalli. A kan kirjin jimina kuma akwai wani yanki mara fata na fata ko abin da ake kira "masarar pectoral", wanda ke matsayin tallafi ga tsuntsu a cikin halin nutsuwa. Namiji baligi yana da ɗamarar baƙar fata ta asali, kazalika da farin jela da fuka-fuki. Mata sun fi maza ƙanƙanta, kuma ana nuna su da launi iri ɗaya, wanda ba shi da launi, wanda launuka masu launin ruwan kasa masu launin toka, da fuka-fuka masu fari-fari a fuka-fuki da jela ke wakilta.
Salon rayuwa
Ostriches sun gwammace zama a cikin al'umma mai amfanar da juna tare da jakuna da dabbobin daji, sabili da haka, bin irin waɗannan dabbobin, tsuntsayen da basa tashi cikin sauƙin ƙaura. Godiya ga idanuwa mai kyau da girma mai girma, wakilan dukkan nau'ikan jinsin jimina sune farkon wadanda suka lura da abokan gaba na dabi'a, kuma cikin sauri suke bada alamar hatsarin dake gabatowa ga sauran dabbobi.
Wakilan firgita daga dangin Ostrich suna kururuwa da ƙarfi, kuma suna da damar yin tafiyar gudu har zuwa kilomita 65-70 har ma da ƙari. A lokaci guda, tsayin tsuntsu na baligi ya kai mita 4.0. Smallananan jimina da suka riga sun kai wata ɗaya cikin sauƙin bunƙasa saurinsu zuwa kilomita 45-50 a kowace awa, ba tare da rage shi ba ko da a kaifai.
A waje da lokacin saduwa, jimina na Afirka, a matsayinka na ƙa'ida, a ajiye a cikin ƙananan garken tumaki, ko kuma waɗanda ake kira “iyalai”, wanda ya kunshi namiji baligi, da kaji da yawa da mata huɗu ko biyar.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Imanin da ake yadawa cewa jimina tana binne kawunansu cikin yashi lokacin da suka firgita sosai kuskure ne. A zahiri, babban tsuntsu kawai yana sunkuyar da kansa ƙasa don haɗiye tsakuwa ko yashi don inganta narkar da abinci.
Ostriches na nuna aiki musamman tare da fitowar alfijir, kuma a cikin tsananin tsakar rana da dare, irin waɗannan tsuntsayen sukan fi hutawa. Barcin dare na wakilan ƙasashen jimillar jimina na Afirka sun haɗa da ɗan gajeren lokaci na barci mai nauyi, a lokacin da tsuntsayen suke kwance a ƙasa kuma suka miƙa wuyansu, da kuma ƙarin lokaci na abin da ake kira rabin bacci, tare da zama tare da idanu rufe da babbar wuya.
Ernaura
Jimina na Afirka na iya jimre wa lokacin hunturu a yankin tsakiyar ƙasarmu, wanda ya kasance saboda ƙoshin lada da ƙoshin lafiya na asali. Lokacin da aka tsare su a cikin fursuna, ana gina gidajen kaji na musamman don irin waɗannan tsuntsayen, kuma ƙananan tsuntsayen da aka haifa a cikin hunturu sun fi taurin kai da ƙarfi fiye da tsuntsayen da aka haifa a lokacin bazara.
Ungiyoyin jimina
Jimillar Afirka ta sami wakilcin Arewacin Afirka, Masai, kudanci da Somaliya, da kuma wasu raƙuman da suka ɓace: Siriya, ko Balarabe, ko jimina Aleppo (Struthio samelus syriacus).
Mahimmanci! An rarrabe garken jiminai ta hanyar rashin daidaitaccen abu mai daidaito, amma ana nuna shi da tsattsauran matsayi, sabili da haka, mutane masu matsayi mafi girma koyaushe suna riƙe wuyansu da jelarsu a tsaye, da tsuntsaye marasa ƙarfi - a cikin karkata.
Jimina gama gari (Struthio camelus camelus)
An rarrabe waɗannan ƙananan ƙananan ta hanyar kasancewar takaddar sanƙo a kan kai, kuma ita ce mafi girma har zuwa yau. Matsakaicin girma na balagagge tsuntsu ya kai 2.73-2.74 m, tare da nauyin 155-156 kg. Gabobin hannu na jimina da yankin wuya suna da launi mai launi ja. Coveredwan ƙwai an lulluɓe shi da ƙananan rami na pores, yana yin samfuri wanda yake kama da tauraruwa.
Somali jimina (Struthio camelus molybdophanes)
Dangane da sakamakon bincike akan DNA na mitochondrial, ana ɗaukar wannan ƙananan sau ɗaya a matsayin nau'in mai zaman kansa. Maza suna da gashin kai iri ɗaya kamar na duk wakilan jimina, amma kasancewar fatar-launin toka mai launin toho halayyar wuya ce da wata gabar jiki. Mata na jimina ta Somaliya suna da gashin tsuntsaye masu haske.
Masai jimina (Struthio camelus massaicus)
Wani baƙon mazaunin yankin Afirka ta Gabas bai bambanta da sauran wakilan wakilan jimina na Afirka ba, amma wuya da gabobin a lokacin kiwo suna samun launuka masu haske da jan launi. A waje da wannan lokacin, tsuntsaye suna da launin ruwan hoda wanda ba a iya gani sosai.
Kudancin jimina (Struthio camelus australis)
Ofaya daga cikin raƙuman jimina na jimina. Irin wannan tsuntsu mai tashi sama yana da girman girman girma, kuma kuma ya bambanta a cikin ruwan toka a kan wuya da gabar jiki. Matan da suka balaga da jinsi game da wannan rukunin suna da ƙarancin girma fiye da maza.
Siriyar Siriya (Struthiocamelussyriacus)
Ya ɓace a tsakiyar karni na ashirin, ƙananan jinsunan jimina na Afirka. A baya can, wadannan nau'ikan rarar sun kasance gama gari a yankin arewa maso gabashin kasashen Afirka. Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da jimina na Siriya ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin jimina ta gama gari, wacce aka zaba don maimaita yawan mutane a yankin Saudiyya. An gano jiminar Siriya a yankunan hamadar Saudiyya.
Wurin zama, mazauni
A baya can, jimina gama gari ko Arewacin Afirka na zaune babban yanki wanda ya mamaye sassan arewa da yamma na yankin Afirka. An samo tsuntsayen daga Uganda zuwa Habasha, daga Aljeriya zuwa Masar, ta mamaye yankin yawancin kasashen yammacin Afirka, ciki har da Senegal da Mauritania.
Zuwa yau, mazaunin waɗannan ƙananan ƙananan ya ragu sosai, don haka yanzu jiminai na yau da kullun suna rayuwa ne kawai a wasu ƙasashen Afirka, ciki har da Kamaru, Chadi, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da Senegal.
Jiminar Somaliya na zaune ne a yankin kudancin Habasha, a yankin arewa maso gabashin Kenya, da kuma Somaliya, inda mazauna yankin suka kira tsuntsun "gorayo". Wannan rukunan ya fi son tagwaye ko masauki guda. Ana samun jiminai na Masai a kudancin Kenya, gabashin Tanzania, da Habasha da kudancin Somaliya. Yankin kudu masu yawa na jimina na jimina tana cikin yankin kudu maso yamma na Afirka. Ana samun jimina ta kudu a Namibia da Zambiya, gama gari a Zimbabwe, da Botswana da Angola. Waɗannan ƙananan rukunin suna zaune kudu da kogin Kunene da Zambezi.
Makiya na halitta
Yawancin masu farauta suna cin ganyayen jimina, gami da diloli, kuraye manya da masu satan zana... Misali, ungulu tana kama babban katuwa da kaifi tare da taimakon bakunansu, wanda sau da yawa yakan jefa wa kwan jimina daga sama, abin da ke sa harsashin ya tsage.
Hakanan zakuna, damisa da damisa suna yawan kai hari ga samartaka, sabbin kajin da suka fito. Kamar yadda yawancin bayanai suka nuna, mafi girman asaran da aka samu a cikin yawan jimina a Afirka ana lura dasu ne kawai yayin shigar kwai, da kuma lokacin kiwon dabbobi.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Sanannen abu ne kuma har ma da rubuce rubuce yayin da jimina mai kare kare da daddawa mai kauri ta masa rauni a jikin manyan masu cin naman kamar zakuna.
Koyaya, kada mutum yayi tunanin cewa jimina tsuntsaye ne masu kunya. Manya suna da ƙarfi kuma suna iya zama masu zafin rai, saboda haka suna da ƙarfin tsayawa, idan ya cancanta, ba kawai ga kansu da abokan aikinsu ba, amma kuma a sauƙaƙe suna kare zuriyarsu. Jimina mai hushi, ba tare da jinkiri ba, na iya kai hari ga mutanen da suka kutsa yankin da aka kiyaye.
Abincin jimina
Abincin yau da kullun na jimina yana wakiltar ciyayi a cikin nau'i na kowane irin harbe, furanni, tsaba ko 'ya'yan itatuwa. A wani lokaci, tsuntsu marar tashi yana iya cin wasu ƙananan dabbobi, gami da kwari kamar fara, dabbobi masu rarrafe ko beraye. Manya wasu lokuta suna cin abincin da ya rage daga dabbobin ƙasa ko na masu farauta. Samarin jimina sun fi son cin abincin musamman na asalin dabbobi.
Lokacin da aka tsare a cikin fursuna, jimina mai girma tana cin kusan kilogiram 3.5-3.6 na abinci kowace rana. Don cikakken narkewar abinci, tsuntsayen wannan nau'in suna haɗiye ƙananan duwatsu ko wasu abubuwa masu kauri, wanda hakan ya faru ne saboda rashin haƙoran gaba ɗaya a cikin ramin baka.
Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, jimina tsuntsu ne mai tsananin wahala, saboda haka yana iya yin ba tare da shan ruwa na dogon lokaci ba. A wannan yanayin, jiki yana samun isasshen danshi daga ciyawar da ta ci. Koyaya, jimina tana cikin jinsunan tsuntsayen masu son ruwa, don haka a wasu lokuta suna da niyar yin iyo.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Tare da farkon lokacin saduwa, jimina na Afirka na iya kama wani yanki, wanda yawansa yakai kilomita da yawa. A wannan lokacin, canza launukan kafafu da wuya na tsuntsu yana da haske sosai. Ba a ba wa maza izinin shiga yankin da aka kiyaye ba, amma kusancin mata ta irin wannan "mai tsaron" an yi maraba da shi sosai.
Ostriches na balaga tun yana shekara uku... Yayin lokacin gasar mallakar mace baliga, manyan samari daga jimina suna yin busa ta asali ko halayyar kakaki. Bayan an tara iska mai yawa a cikin giyar tsuntsun, sai namijin ya tura shi sosai a hancin hancin, wanda ke haifar da hayaniyar mahaifa, dan kadan kamar rurin zaki.
Ostriches na daga jinsunan tsuntsaye masu auren mata fiye da daya, saboda haka manyan maza suna saduwa da duk matan a cikin matan. Koyaya, ana haɗa nau'i-nau'i kawai tare da babbar mace, wanda ke da mahimmanci ga ƙyanƙyashe zuriyar. Tsarin saduwa ya kare da haƙa gida a cikin yashi, wanda zurfinsa yakai cm 30-60. Duk mata suna yin ƙwai a irin wannan gida da namiji ya shirya.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Matsakaicin tsayin kwai ya bambanta tsakanin 15-21 cm tare da nisa daga 12-13 cm kuma matsakaicin nauyin da bai wuce kilogiram 1.5-2.0 ba. Matsakaicin kaurin kwan ƙwai shine 0.5-0.6 mm, kuma yanayin sa na iya bambanta daga haske mai sheki tare da sheki zuwa nau'in matte mai pores.
Lokacin shiryawa shine kwanaki 35-45 a matsakaita. Da daddare, karen ne kawai ke dauke da kaifin daga jimina, kuma da rana, mata ne ke aiwatar da wani agogo, wanda ke dauke da launuka masu kariya da ke hade da yanayin hamada.
Wasu lokuta da rana, kamalallun tsuntsaye masu girma basa kula da shi, kuma zafin rana ne kawai ke dumama shi. A cikin yawan jama'a da ke da mata da yawa, ƙwai masu yawa suna ƙarewa a cikin gida, wasu daga cikinsu ba sa samun cikakken shiryawa, saboda haka, an jefar da su.
Kimanin awa daya kafin a haifi kajin, jimina ke fara buɗe ƙwarjin ƙwai daga ciki, ta jingina da shi da gaɓoɓi masu yaɗuwa kuma cikin dabara da bakinsu har sai an sami ƙaramin rami. Bayan an yi irin wadannan ramuka da yawa, sai kaji ya buge su da karfi da nape.
Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa kusan dukkanin jiminai masu haihuwa galibi suna da hematomas mai mahimmanci a cikin yankin kai. Bayan an haife kajin, duk kwan da ba za su iya rayuwa ba ana lalata su da azanci daga manyan jimina, kuma kudaje masu tashi a matsayin kyakkyawan abinci ga sabbin jimina.
Jiminar da aka haifa tana gani, tana da kyau, an rufe ta da haske ƙasa. Matsakaicin nauyin irin wannan kajin ya kai kimanin kilogiram 1.1-1.2. Rana ta biyu bayan haihuwa, jimina ta bar gida ta tafi tare da iyayenta don neman abinci. A cikin watanni biyu na farko, an rufe kajin da bristles masu launin baki da kalar rawaya, kuma yankin parietal yana dauke da launukan bulo.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Lokacin kiwo mai amfani don jimina dake zaune a yankuna masu danshi daga watan Yuni zuwa tsakiyar Oktoba, kuma tsuntsayen dake zaune a yankunan hamada suna iya yin kiwo a duk shekara.
Yawancin lokaci, duk an rufe jimina da ainihin, lush mai laushi tare da halayyar launuka na ƙananan. Maza da mata suna kokawa da juna, suna kokawa kan haƙƙin ƙarin kulawar, wanda ya faru ne saboda auren mata fiye da ɗaya na irin waɗannan tsuntsayen. Mata na wakilan ƙasashen jimina na Afirka suna riƙe amfaninsu na kwata na ƙarni, kuma maza na kimanin shekaru arba'in.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
A tsakiyar karni na sha tara, an ajiye jimina a cikin gonaki da yawa, wanda ya ba da karuwar raguwar yawan mutane irin wannan babban tsuntsu mara tashi don tsira har zuwa zamaninmu. A yau, sama da kasashe hamsin na iya yin alfahari da kasancewar gonaki na musamman da ke tsunduma cikin kiwo da jimina.
Baya ga kiyaye yawan jama'a, babban hadafin garken jimina shi ne samun fata da fuka-fuka masu tsada sosai, da nama mai daɗi da ƙoshin lafiya, kaɗan kamar naman shanu na gargajiya. Ostriches na rayuwa tsawon lokaci, kuma a ƙarƙashin kyakkyawan yanayi suna da ikon rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 70-80. Saboda dimbin abubuwan dake cikin garkuwar, a halin yanzu hadarin kusan bacewar irin wannan tsuntsu bashi da yawa.
Gida na jimina
Ambaton gida na jimina ya kasance ne a 1650 BC, lokacin da irin waɗannan manyan tsuntsaye suka saba da yankin Tsohuwar Masar.Koyaya, gonar jimina ta farko ta bayyana a karni na sha tara a kan yankin Kudancin Amurka, bayan haka ne aka fara kiwon tsuntsu mara tashi a cikin ƙasashen Afirka da Arewacin Amurka, da kuma kudancin Turai. Lokacin da aka tsare su a cikin fursuna, wakilan jimina na Afirka ba su da ma'ana sosai kuma suna da taurin gaske.
Jiminar daji da ke zaune a cikin ƙasashen Afirka suna haɗuwa ba tare da matsala ba har ma a yankunan arewacin ƙasarmu. Godiya ga wannan rashin fahimta, abubuwan cikin gida na dangi
Ostrich yana samun ƙaruwa cikin shahara. Koyaya, dole ne a tuna cewa duk wasu nau'ikan jimina na jimina na Afirka suna da matukar damuwa da sauyin yanayin zafi mai kaifi, amma suna iya jure sanyi zuwa ƙasa da 30game daC. Idan mummunan aiki ko dusar ƙanƙara ta shafa, tsuntsu na iya yin rashin lafiya ya mutu.
Jimina na cikin gida tsuntsaye ne masu cin komai, saboda haka babu wasu matsaloli na musamman wajen zana kayan abinci. Jimina na Afirka suna cin abinci da yawa. Adadin abincin yau da kullun na babban mutum kusan kilo 5.5-6.0 ne na abinci, gami da koren hatsi da hatsi, tushe da 'ya'yan itatuwa, gami da ɗakunan bitamin da na ma'adinai na musamman. Lokacin da ake renon dabbobi, ya zama dole a maida hankali kan ciyarwar furotin wanda zai haifar da babban ci gaba.
An daidaita rabon abincin garken kiwo ya danganta da zamani mai amfani da mara amfani. Tsarin abinci na yau da kullun don jimina na gida:
- masara ko hatsin masara;
- alkama a cikin kwatankwacin buhunan ɗanɗano;
- sha'ir da hatsi;
- yankakken ganye kamar su nettles, alfalfa, clover, peas da wake;
- yankakken ciyawar bitamin daga albasa, alfalfa da ciyawar ciyawa;
- garin ganye;
- amfanin gona na asali da amfanin gona na tuber a cikin hanyar karas, dankali, beets da pears na kasa;
- kayayyakin kiwo a yogurt, cuku na gida, madara da sharar ruwa daga samun man shanu;
- kusan kowane irin kifi maras kasuwanci;
- nama da kashi da abincin kifi;
- qwai niƙa tare da harsashi.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A zamanin yau, noman jimina wani bangare ne daban na kiwon kaji, wanda ke aikin samar da nama, kwai da fatar jimina.
Fuka-fukai, waɗanda suke da kamannin ado, da kitsen jimina, waɗanda suke da antihistamines, anti-inflammatory da warkar da kaddarorin, suma suna da daraja sosai. Gidajen jimina na gida ci gaba ne mai haɓaka, mai fa'ida da fa'ida mai fa'ida.
