Kowa ya san gwarzon tatsuniyar Kipling mai suna Riki-Tiki-Tavi, amma mutane kalilan sun san cewa mongose na daji ba kawai ya yi yaƙi da macizai ba, amma kuma yana saurin zama kusa da mutum. Yana tafiya a kan dugadugansa, yana barci a kusa kuma har ma yana mutuwa da laulayi idan mai shi ya tafi.
Bayanin dodo
Mongoose ya bayyana yayin Paleocene, kimanin shekaru miliyan 65 da suka gabata... Wadannan dabbobi masu matsakaicin girma a karkashin sunan kimiyya Herpestidae an hade su a cikin mai kama da Kyan, kodayake a zahiri sun fi kama da fure.
Bayyanar
Gooananan dusar ƙanƙan ɗin ba su da girma idan aka kwatanta da dabbobi masu shayarwa da ke duniya. Jikin jikin tsoka mai tsayi, ya danganta da nau'ikan, ya dace da kewayon 18-75 cm tare da nauyin 280 g (dwarf mongoose) da kilogiram 5 (farin fari mai kama da mongose). Wutsiya tana kama da mazugi kuma tsawon 2/3 ne na jiki.
Hannun mai tsabta, wanda aka sa masa kamshi tare da kunnuwa zagaye, ya haɗu cikin ƙyallen bakin bakinsa da matsakaitan idanu. Hakoran mongose (32 zuwa 40) kanana ne amma masu karfi kuma an tsara su ne don huda fatar maciji.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Ba haka ba da dadewa, ba a cire mongose daga gidan civerrid ba. Ya zama cewa, ba kamar na biyun ba, wanda ke da tarin ƙusa-ƙusa, mongooses yana amfani da na dubura (yaudarar mata ko sa alama yankinsu).
Dabbobin suna da kyakkyawar hangen nesa kuma a sauƙaƙe suna sarrafa ƙarfin jikinsu mai sauƙi, suna yin almara mai walƙiya. Don jimre wa abokan gaba, ƙafafun ƙafafu waɗanda ba su janyewa kuma suna taimakawa, a cikin kwanciyar hankali ana amfani da su don haƙa hanyoyin da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa.
Girma mai kauri, mara nauyi yana karewa daga cizon maciji, amma baya kiyayewa daga mamayar ƙujewa da kaska (a wannan yanayin, mongoses kawai suna canza masaukinsu). Fur na nau'ikan daban-daban yana da nasa launi, daga launin toka zuwa launin ruwan kasa, monochromatic ko taguwar.
Rukunan Mongoose
Iyalin Herpestidae (Mongoose) sun ƙunshi zuriya 17 tare da nau'ikan 35. Daga cikin jinsin dozin biyu (kusan), mafi yawan sune:
- ruwa da dodon ruwan rawaya;
- baki mai kafa da fari;
- dwarf da taguwar ruwa;
- Kuzimans da mongooes na Laberiya;
- Dologale da Paracynictis;
- Suricata da Rhynchogale.
Wannan ya hada da mafi yawan jinsin Herpestes (Mongoose) tare da nau'in 12:
- ƙananan mongooses;
- gajeren gajere da doguwar hanci;
- Gwanin Javanese da na Masar;
- mangwaro mai launi da taguwar ruwa;
- dabbar dabbar dabbar dabbar dolgo da mongose;
- Indiya da mongooses gama gari.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Jinsi biyu ne na karshe daga jinsi na Herpestes waɗanda ake ɗaukar mayaƙan da ba za a iya fin ƙarfin su ba a cikin faɗa tare da macizai masu dafi. Misali, ɗan mongose ɗan ƙarami na Indiya, yana da ikon kashe irin wannan maƙiyi mai ƙarfi kamar kumuruwa mai tsayin mita 2.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Tare da yanki mai faɗi, ba duk dabbobi ke shirye don yin gwagwarmaya don rukunin yanar gizon su ba: a matsayin ƙa'ida, suna cikin nutsuwa tare da sauran dabbobi. Aikin maraice na al'ada ne ga ɗumbin dusar kankara, kuma aikin rana shine ga waɗanda suka gwammace su zauna cikin ƙungiyoyi (meerkats, masu ratsi da dwarf mongooses). Waɗannan nau'ikan suna tona nasu ko kuma suna mamaye ramuka na wasu mutane, sam ba sa jin kunyar kasancewar masu su, alal misali, ɓarnar ƙasa.
Dodanniya / taguwar dusar ƙanƙara kamar suna zaune tsofaffin tuddai, suna barin yara da manya 1-2 a wurin yayin da sauran ke samun abinci. Theungiyar dangi yawanci ta ƙunshi biran 5-40, suna aiki (ban da ciyarwa) tare da tsefe ulu da wasanni masu hayaniya tare da kwaikwayon faɗa da farauta.
A lokacin zafi, dabbobin suna dusashewa a karkashin rana kusa da burbushin, suna fatan launinsu mai kama, wanda ke taimaka musu haɗewa da shimfidar wuri. Koyaya, a koyaushe akwai mai tsaro a cikin ƙungiyar, yana lura da yankin kuma yana faɗakar da haɗarin tare da kuka, bayan haka dusar kankara ta tsere don ɓoyewa.
Har yaushe mongose yake rayuwa
Mongoose, wanda aka haifa a cikin manyan al'ummomi, yana da kyakkyawar damar rayuwa mai tsawo idan aka kwatanta da maras aure. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ɗawainiyar ɗawainiyar - bayan mutuwar iyayensu, jariran suna ɗauke da wasu mambobin ƙungiyar.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Dabbobin Mongooses sun koyi gwagwarmaya don rayukansu da kansu: tsallake cizon maciji, suna cin "mangusvile", tushen magani wanda ke taimakawa wajen magance tasirin dafin maciji.
Matsakaicin rayuwar mongose a cikin yanayi ya kai kimanin shekaru 8, kuma kusan ninki biyu na zaman talala (a gidan zoo ko a gida).
Wurin zama, mazaunin mongose
Mongoose yana zaune musamman yankunan Afirka da Asiya, da wasu nau'ikan, alal misali, ana iya samun mongose na Masar ba kawai a cikin Asiya ba, har ma da kudancin Turai. Hakanan, an gabatar da wannan nau'in a nahiyar ta Amurka.
Wuraren Mongoose:
- kurmin daji;
- duwatsu masu dazuzzuka;
- savannah;
- ciyawar ciyawa;
- Semi-hamada da hamada;
- bakin teku;
- yankunan birni.
A cikin birane, dusar ƙanƙara sau da yawa suna daidaita magudanan ruwa, ramuka, ramuka a cikin duwatsu, ramuka, rubabbun katako, sararin samaniya don gidaje. Wasu nau'ikan suna ajiye kusa da ruwan, suna rayuwa a gabar ruwan tafki da fadama, harma da wuraren kogunan ruwa (mongoose na ruwa). Mafi yawa daga cikin masu cin abincin suna na duniya ne, kuma biyu (masu sanyin zobe da siririn mongoses na Afirka) sun fi son zama da abinci a cikin bishiyoyi.
Ana iya samun "gidajen" Mongoose a cikin wurare masu ban mamaki, gami da ƙarƙashin ƙasa, inda suke gina rassan rami a ƙarƙashin ƙasa... Nau'ukan kiwo suna canza gidaje kusan kowane kwana biyu.
Abinci, abin da dodo yake ci
Kusan dukkanin kifin mongoose suna neman abinci da kansu, suna hada kansu kawai idan sun sami wasu manyan abubuwa. Ana yin wannan, misali, ta dwarf mongooses. Ba su da komai kuma ba sa kame-kame: suna cin kusan duk abin da ya fado akan ido. Mafi yawan abincin sun hada da kwari, kanana - kananan dabbobi da tsirrai, wani lokacin kuma gawa.
Abincin Mongoose:
- kananan beraye;
- kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa;
- kananan tsuntsaye;
- dabbobi masu rarrafe da amphibians;
- qwai na tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu rarrafe;
- kwari;
- ciyayi da suka hada da ‘ya’yan itace, tubers, ganye, da saiwa.
Gwaggon da ke cin kaguwa galibi ya dogara ne da kayan ɓawon burodi, waɗanda ɗumbin ruwa ba sa yin watsi da su.... Latterarshen suna neman abinci (ɓawon burodi, kaguji da amphibians) a cikin koramu, suna fitar da ganima daga cikin dutsen tare da faratan kaifi. Gwaggon ruwan ba ya guje wa kwan kwai da kananan kifi. Sauran dabbobin kuma suna amfani da farcensu don abinci, suna yayyayan ganyaye / kasa dasu kuma suna fitar da dabbobi, gami da gizo-gizo, beetles da larvae.
Makiya na halitta
Don mongose, wadannan tsuntsayen ganima ne, macizai da manyan dabbobi kamar damisa, caracals, jackals, servals da sauransu. Mafi sau da yawa, thean raƙuman suna shiga cikin haƙoran masu farauta, waɗanda ba su da lokacin ɓoyewa a cikin rami a kan lokaci.
Wani dodo mai girman kai yana kokarin tserewa daga abokan gaba, amma, an tura shi zuwa wani kusurwa, yana nuna hali - ya lankwasa bayansa da hump, ya murza gashinta, ya daga jelarsa a tsorace, ihu da gurnani, cizon da gobara daga ruwan wari daga gwaiwar dubura.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Ba a yi cikakken nazarin wannan rayuwar rayuwar mongoses ba: an sani cewa mace na kawowa daga yara 2 zuwa 3 makafi da tsirara, tana haihuwar su a cikin dutsen kogo ko dutse. Yaran suna girma bayan makonni 2, kuma kafin hakan sun dogara ne akan uwar, wacce, amma, tana kula da zuriyar gaba ɗaya.
Mahimmanci! Anyi nazarin halayyar hayayyafa ta zamantakewar dan adam a daki-daki - a kusan kusan dukkan nau'ikan halittu, daukar ciki na daukewa na tsawon watanni 2, ban da mongooses na Indiya (kwanaki 42) da kuma daddare masu laushi (kwanaki 105).
A lokacin haihuwa, dabbar ba ta da nauyi fiye da 20 g, kuma a cikin kowane ɗayan ana samun 2-3, sau da yawa yara 6. Kubiyolin mata duka ana kiyaye su tare kuma ba uwarsu kaɗai ke iya ciyar da su ba, har ma da kowane ɗayan.
Tsarin zamantakewar jama'a da halayyar jima'i na dwarf mongooses, waɗanda al'ummominsu na yau da kullun suka ƙunshi dabbobin 10-12 (da wuya 20-40), waɗanda ke da alaƙa ta layin mahaifiya, suna da sha'awar sosai. Irin wannan rukuni na gudana ne daga ma'aurata masu auren mace daya, inda matsayin maigidan ya koma ga babbar mace, kuma mataimaki ga abokiyar zamanta.
Ma'auratan ne kaɗai ke da izinin haifuwa zuriya: mace mai rinjaye tana murƙushe halayyar wasu mutane... Sauran mazan rukunin, waɗanda ba sa son haƙura da irin wannan halin, galibi suna zuwa gefe, zuwa ƙungiyoyi inda za su iya samun childrena ownansu.
Lokacin da jarirai suka bayyana, maza suna daukar nauyin masu kula da yara, yayin da mata ke barin neman abinci. Mazaje suna kula da jariran kuma, idan ya cancanta, suna jan su, suna kama mai napee da haƙoransu, zuwa wurare masu aminci. Lokacin da jariran suka girma, ana basu abinci mai ƙarfi, kuma daga baya sai su ɗauka tare da su don koya musu yadda za su sami abincin da ya dace. Haihuwa a cikin matasa mongooses yana faruwa kimanin shekaru 1.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Jihohi da yawa sun hana shigowa da mongose, saboda suna da matukar amfani, suna ninka cikin sauri kuma sun zama babban bala'i ga manoma, suna kashe baƙarru da yawa kamar kiwon kaji.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Don haka, a farkon karnin da ya gabata, an gabatar da dabbobin zuwa tsibirin Hawaii don yakar beraye da berayen da ke cin naman rake. A sakamakon haka, masu farauta sun fara zama babbar barazana ga dabbobin gida.
A gefe guda kuma, su kansu mongozin (mafi mahimmanci, wasu daga jinsinsu) ana sanya su a cikin ɓarnar saboda ayyukan mutumin da ya yanke dazuzzuka, ya samar da sabbin yankuna na noma kuma ya lalata wuraren zama na yau da kullun. Kari kan haka, ana lalata dabbobi saboda wutsiyoyi masu laushi, kuma ana farautar su da karnuka.
Duk wannan yana tilasta wa ɗumbin bijira yin ƙaura don neman abinci da sababbin wuraren zama.... A zamanin yau, babu daidaito tsakanin nau'ikan halittu, wasu daga cikinsu sun kusanci (saboda ayyukan mutane marasa hankali) ƙofar halaka, wasu kuma sun yi bala'in bala'i, suna yin barazanar abin da ke tattare da dabbobin asali.
