Bison, ko bishiyar Turai (Vison bonasus) dabbobi ne na jinsi Bison (Vison) da kuma dangin bovines (Bovinae). Wakilin dangin bovids (Bovidae) da kuma umarnin artiodactyls (Artiodactyla) shine dangi mafi kusa na bison Amurka (Vison bison), lokacin da aka haye ta inda aka haifa offspringa fera fera calleda masu suna bison.
Bayanin bison
Bis na Turai ya kasance mafi tsananin nauyi da girma a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa a Turai. Koyaya, tuni a ƙarshen karni na goma sha tara, an lura da halin kusan rage girman dabbar.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Bambance-bambancen da ke bayyane a tsakanin mata da maza ya zama sananne kimanin shekara uku, kuma ya ci gaba a tsawon rayuwar artiodactyls.
A farkon rabin karnin da ya gabata, akwai mazan da suka balaga da jima'i na wasu nau'ikan rabe-raben, wadanda nauyin jikinsu ya kai kilogiram dubu 1,2... Bison na zamani yana da ƙarancin daraja ga kakanninsu a cikin girma, saboda haka matsakaicin nauyin manya ya bambanta tsakanin 400-980 kg.
Bayyanar
Matsakaicin tsayin jikin ɗan bijimi ɗan shekara shida ya kai kimanin mita uku, kuma tsayin dabbar a bushe ya kai mita 1.9, tare da kewayen kirji a cikin 2.8 m.
- matsakaicin tsayin jiki - 2.7 m;
- tsawo na dabba a bushe - 1.67 m;
- girth a cikin yankin kirji - 2.46 m.
Sashin gaban jikin bison yana da halin girma, da kuma sanadin tsayi da nisa, idan aka kwatanta shi da na bayan dabbar. Wani ɗan tudu mai tsayi sosai daga saman gajeriyar wuya da gaban bayanta. Yankin kirji yana da fadi, kuma cikin ciki na bison an like shi, ba zamewa ba.
Nono, ko da a cikin mata masu shayarwa, ba a cika gani ba, saboda haka nonuwa hudu ne kawai za a iya gani a sarari. Wannan fasalin ya samo asali ne daga kebantaccen wurin da mammary gland yake a wasu tabon da suka shimfida har zuwa tsakiyar ciki.
Kan bison yana da ƙasa kaɗan, saboda haka gindin wutsiya a bayyane yake mafi girma fiye da yankin parietal. Gabanta yana da fadi kuma yana da kwari, kuma bakin bakin kadan ne. A cikin yankin parietal, akwai kaho wadanda suke gaba suna tazara sosai, wadanda suke da fadi sosai a gindi.
Amma suna taper a ƙarshen. Theahonin baƙar fata ne, tare da santsi, mai gogewa, rami kuma zagaye a sashe tare da tsawon. Theahonin tsoffin dabbobi, galibi galibi, suna da ban tsoro kuma an ɗan fade su. Kunnun bison gajere ne kuma mai fadi, an rufe shi da ulu kuma an rufe shi da gashi mai kauri a kai.
Babban halayen bayyanar bishiyar Turai:
- harshe, leɓɓa da bakinsu duhu ne, shuɗi-shuɗi;
- kasancewar manyan papillae a saman harshen sifa ce;
- bakin lebe, an rufe shi a ciki tare da ci gaban fata mai haske;
- Hakora 32 a cikin ramin baka, gami da canines, premolars, molars da incisors;
- idanun baƙi ne, ƙanana a cikin girma, tare da fitattun ƙwallan idanu;
- gefunan gashin ido yana da baƙi, tare da gashin ido mai tsayi da kauri;
- yankin wuyan yana da kauri da karfi, ba tare da dewlap ba;
- gabobin kafafu masu karfi ne, sun fi kauri, tare da manyan kofatan kofato, haka nan kuma tare da kasantuwar kananan kofato-tsora da ke gefe wadanda ba su isa saman kasa ba;
- wata jela da ta kai tsawon 76-80 cm, an rufe ta da dogon gashi, tare da kaurin goga mai kama da gashi a saman kai;
- jiki da gabobin bison an lullub'e shi da kauri mai kauri, kuma fatar ba ta tsirara tana nan a tsakiyar leben sama da kuma gefen gefen hancin hancin;
- a gaban jiki da yankin kirji, doguwar suma ta yi kama da abin gogewa, kuma dogon gashin da ke cikin makogwaro da cinya ya zama "gemu";
- kai da goshin dabbar an lullubeshi da gashi mai lankwasa.
Launin gashi ya bambanta dangane da ƙananan... Misali, ana nuna bison Bialowieza da launi mai launin toka-kalar kasa-kasa tare da launukan ocher-brown. A cikin bison na ƙananan Caucasian, launi ya fi duhu, launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa, tare da ɗanyun cakulan. Launin kan yana da duhu fiye da launin suturar da ke jiki. "Gemu" baki ne mai launi, kuma man ɗin yana da tsatsa-launin ruwan kasa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Bison yana da ci gaba mai kyau na jin ji da jin kamshi, amma hangen nesan irin wannan artiodactyl bai bunkasa ba sosai. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, launin dabba a lokacin hunturu yana da duhu sosai, kuma rigar a wannan lokacin takan yi kauri da tsayi, ta fi karko.
Babban bambance-bambance a cikin bayyanar tsakanin bishiyar Turai da bison na Amurka ba su da yawa. Bison yana da tudu mafi girma, wanda yake daban da sifa, kazalika da doguwar wutsiya da ƙaho. Shugaban bison yana da saiti mafi girma idan aka kwatanta shi da bison. Jikin bison yana dauke da sifa mafi girman murabba'i, yayin da sifar bizn ta fi yin kama da wani dogon murabba'in rectangle, wanda ya samu ne saboda doguwar kafa da gajerun gaɓoɓi.
Hali da halayya
Lokacin saduwa da mutum, haƙoran Turai, a matsayin mai ƙa'ida, yana nuna nutsuwa kuma gaba ɗaya ba mai tashin hankali bane. Dabbar da kofato ba ta jin tsoro, amma a wani yanayi ko don kare kai, na iya ƙoƙarin tsoratar da mutum ta amfani da hare-hare ba tsammani a inda yake. Mafi sau da yawa, bison yakan kusanci mutum ba tare da cutar da shi ba.
Dangane da abubuwan lura, bison baya yunƙurin fasa shinge ko afkawa mutane.... Wannan nau'in halayyar ta al'ada ce ga wakilan jinsunan da ake ajiyewa a aviaries. Lokacin cikin yanayin yanayi, dabbar dafato-kofato tana nuna hali yadda ya kamata, kuma tana ƙoƙari kada mutane su kusance shi.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Duk da alama kyakkyawar dabi'a da kwanciyar hankali, ana buƙatar yin aiki tare da bishiyar Turai sosai, tunda halayyar dabbar daji a cikin yanayin yanayi na iya zama mara tabbas.
Saboda wata ma'ana ta kiyaye kai, lokacin saduwa da mutum, dabbar ta fi son barin. A ka’ida, mace baligi da ke tsaron maraƙinta na da haɗari ga mutane. A wani yunƙuri na kare jariri ta kowace hanya, mace na iya yin faɗa a kan duk wanda ya kusance ta.
Rayuwa da tsawon rai
Bison ya haɗu a cikin ƙananan garken dabbobi, wanda ya ƙunshi dabbobi 3-20, wani ɓangare mai mahimmanci wanda mata da calan maraƙi ke wakilta. Jagoranci a cikin garke koyaushe na mace baliga ce. Mazan da suka manyanta a cikin jima'i sun gwammace su zauna su kadai, amma suna iya shiga cikin garken don manufar saduwa. Don lokacin hunturu, ɗayan garken garken suna iya haɗuwa cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Maza masu gasa a sauƙaƙe suna shiga faɗa, wanda sau da yawa yakan ƙare da mummunan rauni.
Bayyanar halayen jima'i yana da iyakancewa ta zafin rana, sanyi da rashin kuzari, saboda haka, a cikin yawan jama'a, lokacin rutuwa yana faruwa a watan Agusta-Satumba. Matsakaicin rayuwar bison Turai, koda a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau, da wuya ya wuce kwata na karni.
Matsakaicin bishiyar Turai
Da farko, an lura da rarraba bison a kan manyan yankuna, daga yankin Iberian zuwa Yammacin Siberia, gami da yankin kudancin Scandinavia da Ingila. Yanzu a yankin Turai, wasu manyan samfuran bishiyar Turai sun kafa: :asar Turai mai ƙasƙanci, wanda aka fi sani da Bialowieza ko Lithuanian, da bison Caucasian. A yau ana samun irin wannan bison a cikin ƙasashe talatin, inda ake kiyaye su kyauta kuma a cikin kushin.
Akwai cibiyoyi guda takwas a cikin Belarus da ke kula da kulawa da kiwo na tsirarun mazauna bishiyar Turai. Manyan wuraren zama na artiodactyls suna wakiltar manya-manyan bishiyoyi, dazuzzuka da keɓaɓɓen yankunan gandun daji masu haɗewa, da kuma filayen da ke cike da ruwa tare da ingantaccen ganye mai ɗanɗano.
Abinci, menene bison yake ci
A lokacin bazara-bazara, bishiyar Turai ta fi son zama a wuraren da ke da bambancin yanayi da yawan ciyawar ciyayi. A cikin shekaru goma na ƙarshe na bazara kuma da farkon kaka, dabbobi masu ƙafafun ƙafafu, a matsayin mai mulkin, a ajiye a cikin yankunan da ke kwararar dazuzzuka da kuma gandun daji masu alder, waɗanda suke da damshi ko ƙasa mai laima da ke ba da gudummawa wajen kiyaye mafi tsawon ciyawar ciyawar mara ciyawa.
A ƙarshen lokacin kaka, bison Turai ya fi son wurare tare da adadi mai yawa na itacen oak. A lokacin hunturu, dabbobi masu ratse-kofato suna mai da hankali sosai kusa da filayen ciyarwa na tsaye.
Da farkon bazara, ana shuka manyan filayen abinci don bison, inda ake amfani da ƙa'idar "kore mai ɗaukar kaya".
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Mata na kai wa ga balagar jima’i a shekaru uku ko huɗu, amma mafi yawan lokuta dabba na shiga matakin haihuwa a cikin shekaru 4.5. Namijin bishiyar Bature yana shiga cikin rut karo na farko a kusan shekaru uku. Lokacin ruttuwa ya tsawaita sosai, amma kusan kashi 70% na dabbobin masu ƙafafu suna shiga cikin rudani daga kwanaki goma na ƙarshe na Yuli har zuwa farkon Oktoba.
Ciki ya kai kwanaki 257-272, kuma mata masu shekaru 4-14 sun fi haihuwa. Tsakanin Mayu da tsakiyar bazara, an haifi ɗiya ɗaya, tana ciyar da madarar uwa har shekara ɗaya.
Bayan samari sun bar garken uwa, abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare a samar da garken garken gaba daya, wanda ya kunshi irin wadannan samari. Bayan kimanin shekaru goma sha biyu, an lura da raunin ƙwayar spermatogenesis a cikin maza na bishiyar Turai, wanda ke shafar lamba da ingancin zuriya.
Makiya na halitta
Abokan gaba na cikin balagaggu da waɗanda suka manyanta na bishiyar Turai, saboda haka, kusan ba su nan, amma ga matasa, kerkecin kerkeci na iya haifar da haɗari musamman. Dangane da kididdiga da lura na dogon lokaci, mutane ne ke da alhakin batan bison a cikin daji.
Sakamakon farauta, lalata mahalli da harbin dabbobi da ba a takaita ba shi ne cikakken lalata bison a yanayi tuni cikin 1927. Adana wasu adon bison ne kawai a wuraren shakatawar dabbobi da kuma masu mallakar masu zaman kansu ba za a rasa irin wannan dabbar mai kofato ba.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Duk da cewa bison yana da babban kundin tsarin mulki, motsin irin wannan dabbar yana da sauki da sauri, don haka dabbar mai kofato tana iya yin sauri da sauri, cikin sauki shawo kan shinge na mita biyu, kuma a hankali yana tafiya tare da gangaren.
Ara yawan bison ya sami sauƙaƙa ta hanyar aiwatar da kiwo mai ma'ana, tare da ƙirƙirar wuraren kula da yara na musamman da kuma sakin samari dabbobi cikin tsari.
Matsayin yawan jama'a, kariyar dabbobi
A yanzu haka, an kammala matakin farko na aikin da nufin kiyaye bishiyar Turai, don haka ba za a yi barazanar bacewar irin wannan dabbar da ke da kofato ba a nan gaba.... Koyaya, bisa ga IUCN Red List, wannan jinsin ana sanya shi azaman Raunin rauni ko "VU". A cikin Littafin Bayar da Bayani na Rasha, bison Turai an lasafta shi azaman dabbobin da ke cikin haɗari.
A yau, masana kimiyyar dabbobi sun tsunduma cikin ceton yawan bishiyar Turai, don haka adadin dabbobin da aka kofato da su na wannan nau'in kusan mutane dubu uku ne. Wasu daga cikin bison Turawan suna ajiye a wasu wuraren shakatawa na dabbobi, kuma ana fitar da adadi mai yawa a cikin yankuna na gari masu kariya, mafi girma daga cikinsu shine sanannen wurin ajiyar yanayi "Belovezhskaya Pushcha".
