Swallows (Нirundinidae) tsuntsayen ne wadanda ke karkashin umarnin passerines, kuma suna samun wakilcin wasu jinsunan da suka banbanta ba kawai a cikin halaye na waje ba, harma da mazauninsu.
Bayanin haɗiye
Zuwa yau, an bayar da cikakken bayanin kusan dozin takwas na wakilai na dangin haɗiye... Irin waɗannan halittu masu fuka fukai ana samunsu kusan ko'ina.
Mahimmanci! Tsarin jiki na musamman yana sanya tsuntsu mai motsi sosai kuma yana bashi damar kama koda kwari mafi sauri yayin tashi, kuma bakin da yake tsattsagewa yana ba shi damar ciyar da tsuntsayen kai tsaye a kan tashi.
Bayyanar
Duk da bambancin da yake da shi, duk nau'ikan haɗiye da ke yanzu a duniya suna da fasali iri ɗaya, waɗanda aka gabatar da su:
- ƙarfe sheen fuka-fukai a baya;
- fadi kirji;
- faɗaɗa a gindi kuma ya gajarta baki;
- isasshen baki;
- rashin bambance-bambancen waje tsakanin daidaikun maza da mata;
- plumage jikin jiki;
- yatsun hannu masu tsini da dogon fika;
- babu bambancin launin launi a cikin kajin da manyan tsuntsaye.
Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, hadiyaye suna daga cikin nau'ikan tsuntsayen da basu da girman jiki da girman fika-fikai. Dukkanin nau'ikan hadiyaye suna da yanayin kasancewar fukafukai masu tsayi sosai idan aka kwatanta da jiki. Matsakaicin iyakar su na iya bambanta tsakanin 33-35 cm.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Limananan gabobin da ke haɗiye ba su da cikakkiyar daidaituwa don motsi a ƙasa, kuma idan yanayi ya tilasta irin wannan motsi, to tsuntsayen wannan nau'in yana tafiya da kyar.
Duk da tsayi mai ban sha'awa, fuka-fukan fuka fukai suna da ɗan kaɗan, kuma ɓangaren wutsiya suna kama da cokali mai yatsu a cikin sifar. Filayen haɗiyar a bangon baya an bambanta da launi mai duhu, kuma gashin da ke rufe ciki an bayyana shi da launi mai launi fari ko haske. Dogaro da halayen nau'in, dutsen hadiye na iya zama mai ban mamaki a launi da inuwa.
Salon rayuwa da hali
Swallows na cikin nau'ikan tsuntsayen ƙaura masu ƙaura, wanda ke jagorancin rayuwa ta musamman. Zuwan irin wadannan tsuntsayen na faruwa ne a tsakiyar watan bazarar da ya gabata. Rabin na biyu na watan an sadaukar da shi ga ginin gida da kwan kwan.
Tsarin bautar qwai ta haɗiye yana ɗaukar ƙasa da ƙasa da makonni kaɗan, kuma lokacin ciyar da kajin yana ɗaukar makonni uku. Tsuntsaye suna shirye don tashi taro tare da farkon kaka.
Waƙar haɗiyewa baƙon abu ne wanda ke tuna da kururuwa, yana ƙarewa cikin wata ma'ana, wacce ke da alaƙar gaske da wannan nau'in tsuntsaye. Kusan dukkanin nau'ikan haɗiye suna da fuka-fukai, suna jagorancin rayuwar jama'a, don haka suna haɗuwa cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A ƙa'ida, haɗiya suna ƙoƙari su zauna kusa da wuraren ajiyar ruwa, inda akwai adadi mai yawa don gina gida da kwari na abinci, gami da ƙananan ciyawar, da matsakaitan matsakaitan mazari da kwarkwata.
Mafi yawan lokuta, garken tumaki suna zama a kan wayoyi ko wasu tsaunuka iri daban-daban. Hakanan manyan lonan mulkin mallaka suna gina gida-gida, inda kowane ɗayan yake ragargaza yankin da ke kusa da gidansa.
Har yaushe haɗiya ke rayuwa
Dangane da lura na dogon lokaci, matsakaicin rayuwar hadiye ya kai kimanin shekaru huɗu. Koyaya, daga cikin haɗiyar da kwararru suka yi, an lura da rayuwar tsawon shekaru takwas.
Hadiye nau'in
Duk da cewa akwai kusan nau'ikan dozin takwas na haɗiye a sikelin duniya, mafi yaduwa da kusan wuraren zama sune:
- sito ya haɗiye... An halicci nau'in ta baya da fuka-fuki masu launin shuɗi, kirji mai fari-fari da ciki. Daga cikin mutane, wannan nau'in ya sami kyakkyawar suna kuma asalin suna "mai kifin kifi." Wadannan tsuntsayen sun fi son zama kusa da mazaunin ɗan adam. Mafi yawan lokuta tsuntsayen wannan jinsin suna yin sheƙarsu a ƙarƙashin rufin gidajen zama ko kuma wawaye. Gwanin sito ya isa bayan ƙarshen lokacin hunturu, tare da farkon lokacin rani;
- gari ya haɗiye... Bambancin halayyar jinsin daga wurin hadiye sito shine kasancewar wani abu mara nauyi a ciki. Daga cikin wadansu abubuwa, hadiye birnin, wanda aka fi sani da "mazurari", ya fi yaduwa ne kawai a yankunan arewacin kasarmu;
- ƙasa ta haɗiye... Wannan nau'ikan ya hada da swifts gama gari, babban banbanci tsakanin wanda daga mafi yawan dangi na kusa shine ikon ware ramuka masu zurfin rami, da aka haƙa a ƙasa, don gidajensu. Koyaya, duk da sunansa, wani ɓangare mai mahimmanci na rayuwar haɗiyar ƙasa yana faruwa kai tsaye a cikin gudu, kuma wannan nau'in yana haifar da salon rayuwar ƙasa ne kawai lokacin shirya gida, haka kuma kwanciya da ƙyanƙyashe zuriyarta;
- itace ke hadiyewa... Wani fasali na irin wannan haɗiya daga wasu nau'ikan halittu shine mai tsananin haske da kuma ban sha'awa sosai game da ƙirar. Gashin fuka-fukan wadannan tsuntsaye masu yaduwa ba su da launi mai sauki baƙar fata, amma tare da halaye masu kyau kuma kyawawa, masu kalar ruwan hoda mai kauri.
Haɗar tururuwa tana da ban sha'awa musamman. Ana rarraba irin wannan tsuntsu mai matsakaiciyar ta musamman a Kudancin Amurka. Babban bambanci daga wani muhimmin ɓangare na sauran wakilai na wannan dangin shine rashin iya ƙaura.
Mahimmanci! Babban haɗari mafi haɗari a Arewacin Amurka shi ne haɗiye na gandun daji, wanda ke da kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na mita, kuma sunan ya samo asali ne saboda bayyanar dusar da ta shunayya cikin kajin a lokacin sanyi.
Haɗar tururuwa ba ta da nutsuwa, kuma sunan ya samo asali ne saboda irin ikon da irin waɗannan tsuntsayen ke da shi na amfani da gandun tururuwa na mulkin mallaka a matsayin babban abinci. Halin sifa na wannan nau'in shine kasancewar kafafu masu ƙarfi da ƙarfi.
Wurin zama da mazauni
Swallows suna kashe kuzari da yawa a cikin aikin neman abinci kuma wannan shine dalilin da ya sa irin waɗannan tsuntsayen suke buƙatar adadi mai yawa. A matsayinka na ƙa'ida, mazaunin ƙasa don yawancin nau'in haɗiye galibi ƙasashen kudu ne, inda ƙasa da yanayin yanayi ke da kyau ga tsuntsaye, kuma ƙari akwai wadataccen abinci.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Ya kamata a sani cewa duk nau'ikan dake zaune a yankuna masu zafi suna cikin rukunin masu zaman kashe wando, kuma nau'ikan dake cikin yanayin yanayin yanayi masu ƙaura ne, suna tashi zuwa ƙasashe masu dumi da suka fara daga watan rani na ƙarshe.
Kusan gaba daya tsuntsayen kowane irin nau'in tsari ne na masu wucewa babu su a yankin yankuna masu zagaye kuma a arewacin yankin mai yanayin yanayi. Bambancin nau'ikan nau'ikan haɗiye yana wakiltar yankin Afirka, amma ana samun irin waɗannan tsuntsayen suma a wasu nahiyoyin. Misali, yankin narkakken wurin hadiye sito yana da fadi sosai kuma yana wakiltar manya da kananan matsugunai, ba tare da shimfidar birni ba.
Hadiye ciyarwa da kamawa
Don abincinsu, haɗiyar nau'ikan nau'ikan suna amfani da kowane nau'in kwari masu tashi. Ko da a yanayi mai tsananin gaske, ba tashin jirgi, tsuntsayen ba sa maye gurbin wannan nau'in abinci da tsutsa iri daban-daban ko tsaba da tsutsa, wanda ke sa irin waɗannan tsuntsayen su kasance cikin rauni a lokacin rashin abinci.
Yankin ciyarwa, a matsayin mai ƙa'ida, yana cikin radius wanda bai wuce rabin kilomita daga gida ba.... Mafi yawanci, haɗiya tana kama farautar ta a cikin buɗaɗɗun wurare, gami da ciyawa, kwari, kololuwa da filaye.
Kwari, waɗanda sauro, matsakaita, kwari, ƙaramin butterflies, ƙwaro da mazari ke wakilta, sun zama tushen abincin. Nan da nan kafin ruwan sama, tare da ƙaruwar ɗumi a cikin iska, gudun kwari na zama da wahala sosai, kuma saboda wannan dalilin ne haɗiyar ta haɗi kusa da ƙasa, inda babban adadin abinci yake. Wannan yanayin halayyar haɗiya ya zama tushen alamun da aka yi amfani dasu a cikin hasashen yanayi.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Flightsananan jiragen haɗiye ba koyaushe ake haɗuwa da gabatowar ruwan sama ba, tun da maraice masu kyau, yawancin kwari galibi sukan tara kai tsaye sama da ƙasa, kuma ana tilasta tsuntsayen tashi ƙasa ƙwarai.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Swallows na daga cikin nau'ikan tsuntsaye masu auren mata daya, saboda haka, an ƙirƙira su ne daga manya da suka manyanta ta hanyar jima'i, suna rayuwa, a matsayin mai mulkin, a tsawon rayuwarsu. Koyaya, kamar yadda lura ya nuna, bayan aiwatar da kwafin, shan haɗi maza yakan sami kanshi kusa da wasu gurbi.
A cikin ƙasashen Turai, haɗiye suna komawa wuraren zamansu a cikin watan Afrilu ko Mayu, yayin da mazaunan kan iyakokin arewacin keɓaɓɓun yanayinsu suna da halin gina gida da kuma shirya kwan kwan a tsakiyar watan rani na farko. Kamar yadda al'adar ta nuna, jama'ar Arewacin Afirka sun fara gina gida gida a cikin shekaru goman karshe na Maris ko farkon Afrilu.
A cikin yanayi na ɗabi'a, sau da yawa sukan zauna gida ta haɗiye daji a cikin kogwan dutse ko kuma a cikin ƙwarƙwara. Abubuwan lura na dogon lokaci sun nuna cewa wasu nau'i-nau'i daga irin wadannan tsuntsayen zasu iya shiga garuruwan haɗiyewar bakin teku kuma su mallaki burbushin da aka watsar a cikin yankunan kogin bakin ruwa.
Swallows tsuntsaye ne na zamantakewar al'umma da ke rayuwa a cikin yankuna da yawa ko ma daruruwan nau'i-nau'i. Gidajen da tsuntsaye suka gina, a wannan yanayin, suna kusa da juna, kuma tsuntsayen dake zaune dasu suna jituwa da juna. Matsakaicin lokacin gina gida yana kusan makonni biyu.
Sau da yawa akan sami zuwan mace da wuri kuma gida mai zaman kansa ya gina gidanta don kwanciya. Bayan zuwan namiji, kusa da gidan da ba a karasa ba, memba ne kawai daga cikin ma'auratan ke kan aiki koyaushe, na biyun kuma ya tsunduma cikin neman kayayyakin gini tsawon wani lokaci mai muhimmanci.
Mahimmanci! Yawancin adadin haɗiye na birni sun fi son sheƙa a cikin birane, inda ake gina gidajen tsuntsaye a ƙarƙashin rufin, a kafa a ƙarƙashin masasan taga da ƙarƙashin gadoji, kuma wani lokacin ma a wuraren da ba a saba gani ba, gami da kwale-kwalen kogin.
Bayyanar waje na sheƙan sheƙiyar tana kama da rufaffiyar hemisphere, kuma babban kayan gini don ƙirƙirar wannan wurin shine filaye na ƙasa da kuma miyau na tsuntsaye. Nisa na ƙãre gida ne kamar 110-130 mm tare da tsawo na 70-120 mm.
A ɓangaren sama na gida na haɗiyar, ƙarami a cikin abin, abin da ake kira mashigar ruwa, dole ne ya kasance sanye take... Girman wannan rata ya isa ga gwarare ya yi rarrafe a cikin gida. Lokacin da gwara ya bayyana a cikin gurbi, haɗiye dole ne ya bar shi kuma ya nemi sabon wuri don gidansa.
An rufe ɓangaren gida na gida tare da lalatattun abubuwa masu laushi, wanda za'a iya wakiltar ciyawa, ulu da ƙasa, waɗanda tsuntsaye suke samu yayin tashi. Bayan aikin hadi, mace tana yin fararen kwai kamar biyar, masu auna 1.9-2.0x1.3-1.4 cm. Matsakaicin nauyin kwai ya kai kimanin 1.6-1.7 g.Duk tsawon lokacin shiryawar yana dauke da makonni biyu, amma a ƙarƙashin yanayi mara kyau, zai iya ɗaukar makonni uku sosai.
A yayin aiwatarwa, kawai haɗiyar mace ce ke da hannu, kuma idan yanayi ya yi kyau, namiji yakan karɓe ta. A ranakun da ake ruwan sama, dole ne mace ta samu nata abinci ita kadai.
A lokacin haihuwa, kajin suna da rauni sosai har ya zama dole iyayen su karya harsashin da kansu kuma su taimaki zuriyarsu da haihuwa. Bayan kajin sun hadiye sun kai sati uku ko hudu, zasu iya tashi sama da kansu, amma sati daya iyayen biyu suna basu abinci.
Makiya na halitta
Babban haɗari ga haɗiye shine babban fallon sha'awa, wanda aka rarrabe shi da saurinsa da saurinsa, kuma yana iya kama tarkon abincinsa kai tsaye a cikin iska. Koyaya, ƙwarewar tashi sama ta ba da izinin haɗuwa don kaucewa haɗuwa da yawancin masu saurin lalata cikin sauƙi.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Musamman masu rauni ga makiya, haɗiya sun zama kan kusantar jikin ruwa da lokacin neman kayan don gina gida.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Kimanin nau'in biyar na wannan dangin suna zaune a ƙasarmu. Yawancin miliyoyin abincin da aka haɗiye suna wakiltar miliyoyin miliyoyi, kuma yawanci yawanci yawanci ana ajiye shi a tsayayyen matakin. Koyaya, a wasu jihohin, an kiyaye matsayin kiyaye halittu da yawa zuwa launin rawaya, yana buƙatar "ƙarar hankali".
