A halin yanzu, akwai nau'ikan desman 2: Rashanci da Pyrenean. Rashancin Rasha a hanyoyi da yawa dabba ce ta musamman da ke yin kyau a Duniya sama da shekaru miliyan 30. Desman ɗinmu ya fi Pyrenean girma.
A wannan yanayin, za mu mayar da hankali kan desman na Rasha. Kamar yadda yake a da, da kuma a wannan zamanin namu, bayyanar wannan dabba ta sirri, kama da bera kuma mallakar dangi, bai canza sosai ba saboda karfin ban mamaki na gina ramuka masu zurfi.
Bayanin Desman
Babban fasalin fasalin desman shine dogon hanci mai kama da akwati, ƙafafu tare da membranes tsakanin yatsun ƙafafu, wutsiya mai ƙarfi, an lulluɓe ta da sikeli mai taurin gaske, wanda dabba ke amfani da shi azaman abin kwatance. Jikin mutumin Rashanci (hohuli) ya daidaita kuma da alama an halicce shi ne don rayuwa mai aiki duka a cikin ƙasa da cikin ruwa, cikin dabbar yana da fari-fari, baya yana da duhu.
Wannan launi na dabbar ta sa shi ba damuwa a cikin yanayin ruwa.... Gashi yana da kauri sosai kuma baya samun ruwa, tunda dabbar tana sanya mata mai miski kullum, wanda ake samar dashi da taimakon gland na musamman. Idan launi na desman ya ba da izinin rufe shi, to, ƙanshi mai ƙarfi yakan ba shi.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Ganin desman yana da rauni sosai, amma baya taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwarsu, ƙari ma, wannan rashi kusan yana biyan cikakkiyar ma'anar ƙamshi.
Ji a cikin wannan dabba shima ya bunkasa sosai, amma har yanzu yana da wasu sifofi. Wataƙila ba za ta iya jin sautuka masu ƙarfi ba, kamar su mutane suna magana, amma tana amsawa kai tsaye ga ƙananan rustles, reshen reshe ko kuma ruwan feshin ruwa. Masana kimiyya sunyi bayanin wannan fasalin ta yanayin rayuwa.
Bayyanar
Wannan wata karamar dabba ce, tsawon jiki na babban balaguron Rashanci ya kai cm 20. Ba tare da wutsiya ba, tana da tsayi iri ɗaya, an rufe ta da sikeli masu ban tsoro da gashi masu wuya. Ya zama cewa jimlar tsawon ya kai kusan 40 cm.
Nauyin dabba kusan gram 500 ne. Desman yana da babban hancin motsi, wanda akansa akwai gashin baki mai matukar damuwa - wannan kayan aiki ne mai matukar mahimmanci a cikin dabba. Idanun kanana ne, kamar bakin fata, wanda ke zagaye da wani yanki na fata mara haske wanda bai cika gashi ba.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Hannun baya da na gaba suna da gajarta sosai, tare da ƙafafun kafa na baya da yatsun kafa haɗe da yanar gizo, yana mai da su kyakkyawar kayan aiki don motsawa cikin ruwa. Kaifi masu kaifi suna sauƙaƙa tona rami mai zurfi waɗanda waɗannan dabbobin suke rayuwa a ciki.
Salon rayuwa
Waɗannan dabbobin suna rayuwa ta salon-ruwa... Baƙon Rashanci yana zaɓar wuraren zama tare da hayaniyar koguna, da baya da tabkuna. Suna haƙa ramuka - kuma waɗannan su ne ainihin gine-ginen injiniya 10 m ko fiye da tsawo, tare da wurare da yawa da rassa.
Wannan yana bawa Desman damar adana kayan abincin da zasu ci a lokacin yunwa, ya buya daga makiya, ya kuma zagaya neman abinci. Wadannan rami suna da kyau musamman a lokacin hunturu: suna da dumi sosai kuma akwai damar samun ganima. A gefen tafkunan, zaka iya samun cikakkun hanyoyin sadarwa na rami na ƙasa, ƙofar shiga waɗanda aka ɓoye a ƙarƙashin ginshiƙin ruwa.
A lokacin zafi, idan matakin ruwa ya sauka da kyau, dabbar tana zurfafa ramuka ta karkashin kasa, ta sake daukar ta karkashin ruwan. Yana da matukar wahala a samu irin wadannan gidajen, kasancewar dabbobi ne masu lura sosai.
Haɗari da yawa, mafarauta da masu farauta sun koya wa waɗannan dabbobin yin rayuwa ta sirri. Domin shekaru miliyan 30, desman ya koyi ɓoyewa da kyau daga duniyar waje. Amma har yanzu, mazauninsu galibi suna bayar da ragowar abincin da suka bari kusa da kabarinsu. Wannan shine abin da masu farauta ke amfani da shi.
Har yaushe Desman ke rayuwa
A cikin yanayin yanayi, waɗannan dabbobi ne masu rauni sosai, abubuwa masu yawa na rinjayi rayuwarsu: hawa da sauka a cikin matakin ruwa a tafkunan ruwa, masu farauta da mutane. Sabili da haka, a matsayin ƙa'ida, basa rayuwa a cikin yanayin su na asali sama da shekaru 3-4.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A cikin kyakkyawan yanayi na wuraren bautar namun daji ko gidajen zoo, lokacin da mai shaƙatawa ba ya tsoma baki kuma bai yi barazanar ba, zai iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 5-6.
Tsammani ne na rayuwa, mai rauni ga abubuwan halitta da ƙananan haihuwa a hanyoyi da yawa wanda ya sanya wannan nau'in haɗari. Abu ne mai wahala musamman ga yara 'yan fata, saboda sun zama marasa taimako kuma duk wani abin da zai faru na iya katse rayuwarsu. Sabili da haka, a matakin farko na ci gaba, 'ya'yan desman suna buƙatar kulawa ta musamman.
Yanki, rarraba
Rashancin Rasha yana yaduwa a tsakiyar Rasha... Manyan wuraren zama suna tare da rafuka tare da raƙuman raƙuman ruwa ko kusa da raƙuman ruwa. Yana da kyau sosai idan bankunan irin wadannan wuraren ajiyar ruwa suna cike da ciyayi masu yawa, kuma kasar ta kunshi galibin sandstones da loams. Waɗannan su ne mafi dacewa da yanayin desman na Rasha.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Sau da yawa suna rayuwa tare da masu sayar da bea kuma suna raba wuraren zama tare da su cikin lumana, tunda su ba jinsin masu gasa ba ne, kuma ba su da sha'awar beavers a matsayin kayan abinci.
A baya can, wadannan dabbobin galibi ana samun su a dazukan Gabas da wani bangare na Yammacin Turai, yanzu suna gab da karewa kuma ana daukar su karkashin kariyar kungiyoyin kasa da kasa.
Abinci, abinci khokhuli
A lokacin dumi, daga watan Mayu zuwa Oktoba, babban abincin da ake amfani da shi na desman ya kunshi kananan kwari, larvae da crustaceans, karancin lokuta da shuke-shuke. Tunda waɗannan dabbobin ba sa yin bacci a cikin hunturu, ba sa tara kantuna masu ƙiba. A lokacin hunturu, halin da ake ciki na abinci don hohuli yafi wahala.
A matsayin abinci, suna iya kama kwado, ƙaramin kifi, wanda shima ya zama mai sauƙin ganima a wannan lokacin, da kuma mollusks na kogi. Shawarwarin waɗannan dabbobin suna da kyau ƙwarai, wani lokacin nauyin abincin da ake ci daidai yake da na dabbar kanta. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa suna da hannu sosai kuma suna da saurin saurin aiki.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Yawancin lokaci ana kawo zuriyar Desman a bazara da ƙarshen kaka. Ciki yana ɗauke da kusan rabin wata, sa'annan an haifa har zuwa yara 5, waɗanda ke da cikakken iko kuma kowannensu nauyinsa bai wuce gram 2-3 ba - wannan ya ninka na baligi sau 250.
A matakin farko, iyayen duka suna cikin tarbiyyar su da ciyarwar su. Bayan kamar watanni 6, yaran sun zama masu cin gashin kansu kuma sun bar iyayensu. Bayan sun kai watanni 11-12, mutane sun zama masu haihuwa. Ba kowa ya rayu har zuwa wannan matakin ba, ɓangaren zuriya babu makawa zai mutu.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Wasannin wasan kwaikwayo na dabbobi masu kama da nutsuwa suna tare da sautuka masu ƙarfi da maza ke yi da sautuka masu daɗi na mata. Akwai fada mai zafi tsakanin maza don mace, wanda ke da wahalar tsammani daga wadannan kananan dabbobi.
Makiya na halitta
Desman dabba ce mai matukar rauni, ba don komai ba aka sanya ta a cikin Littafin Ja... Tana da makiya na zahiri. Wannan galibi mutum ne: mafarauta da kuma halayen ɗan adam. Foxes, karnuka da tsuntsayen dabbobi ma suna da babban haɗari. Yayin ambaliyar koguna a cikin bazara, waɗannan dabbobin suna fuskantar wata haɗari daga manyan kifaye masu cin nama: kifin kifi, pike da pike perch.
A wannan lokacin, suna cikin yunwa musamman. Sau da yawa yakan faru cewa burukan burina suna ambaliya kuma basu da lokacin tserewa, da yawa daga cikinsu sun mutu. Wataƙila kawai maƙwabtan waɗannan dabbobi, wanda babu haɗari daga gare su, masu fatawa ne.
Girman mutane, kariyar dabbobi
A cikin karni na 19, an kashe desman da yawa saboda fatarsu da ruwa mai laushi, wanda aka saba amfani dashi a kayan kamshi don inganta ƙanshin. Irin waɗannan ayyukan sun haifar da raguwar mutane sosai. A halin yanzu, ba a san ainihin adadin waɗannan dabbobin ba, tun da hohula yana jagorantar salon ɓoye kuma yana da wuya a sadu da shi a kan ƙasa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Dangane da ƙididdigar ƙididdigar masana, yawan mutane a yau kusan mutane dubu 30 ne. Wannan ba ƙimar mahimmanci bane, amma har yanzu wannan lambar ta riga ta kan iyaka.
Gurbacewar muhalli da mummunar ambaliyar ruwa, gurbacewar koguna da ke girma a magudanan ruwa, gina madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa, ci gaban yankuna masu kariya na ruwa da ragar kamun kifi, wadanda galibi suna samun desman.
Don magance halin da ake ciki, an saka sunan Rasha desman (hochula) a cikin jerin dabbobi daga littafin Red Book na Rasha tare da matsayin wani nau'in kayan tarihi, wanda ke ta raguwa a adadi. Yanzu akwai ajiyar 4 da kimanin tanadi 80, inda wannan dabba take karkashin kulawar masana kimiyya.
Ana ɗaukar matakan aiki don kiyayewa da kiyaye waɗannan dabbobin da dawo da lambobin su... A shekarar 2000, an kirkiro wani aiki na musamman da ake kira "Mu Ajiye Rashancin Rashanci", wanda ya kiyasta adadin desman kuma ya samar da matakan kiyayewa.
