Kowane igiyar ruwa mai daɗi ne, amma ba kowa ke iya yin alfahari da wutsiyar wutsiyar da ke ba da sunan ta ga wannan babbar ƙungiyar ta fiye da ɗari biyu.
Bayani
Rattlesnakes (a cikin mafi mahimmancin ma'anar kalmar) sun haɗa da ɗayan ƙananan gidajen dangi na viper... Masana ilimin herpeto sun sanya su a matsayin Crotalinae, a lokaci guda kuma suna kiran su rattlesnakes ko vipers vipers (saboda wasu fossa thermal locators, dasa tsakanin hanci da idanu).
Surukuku (suma manyan masanan daji ne), keffiys na haikalin, gararacks, rattlesnakes, macizai, urutus, macizan mashin Amurka - duk waɗannan ire-iren masu rarrafe na talan gidan Crotalinae ne, wanda ya ƙunshi jinsi 21 da nau'ikan 224.
Ofaya daga cikin masu haifar da ɗa mai suna Crotalus - ainihin rattlesnakes. Wannan jinsi ya hada da nau'ikan 36, gami da kananan dwarf rattlesnakes, mai kusan rabin mita, da kuma rhombic rattlesnakes (Crotalus adamanteus), ya kai mita 2 da rabi. A hanyar, yawancin masana ilimin herpeto suna ɗaukar na ƙarshen su ne kyawawan kyawawan rattlesnakes.
Bayyanar maciji
Macizai masu kaifin rami sun bambanta a girmansu (daga 0.5 m zuwa 3.5 m) da launi, wanda, a ƙa'ida, yana da halayen polychrome. Ana iya zana sikeli a kusan dukkan launukan bakan gizo - fari, baki, ƙarfe, m, Emerald, ja-ruwan hoda, launin ruwan kasa, rawaya da ƙari. Waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe ba su da ƙarancin ƙarfi, ba sa tsoron nuna salo mai rikitarwa da launuka masu jan hankali.
Babban bango galibi yana kama da curin saƙar ratsiyoyi masu yawa, streaks ko rhombuses. Wasu lokuta, kamar yadda yake a cikin shagalin bikin keffiyeh, babban rinjaye (kore mai haske) an ɗanɗanzata shi da kayatattun shuɗi masu launin shuɗi da fari.
Raunƙun raga suna da kai mai kamanni, mai ɗaɗɗen hanji biyu (wanda guba ke wucewa) da wutsiyar da aka yi da keratinities masu fasalin zobe.
Mahimmanci! Ba duk dabbobi masu rarrafe ke da ruɓaɓɓu ba - alal misali, a cikin shitomordnikov, haka kuma a cikin katakon katako na Catalin da ke rayuwa kusan. Santa Catalina (Tekun Kalifoniya).
Macijin yana buƙatar wutsiyar wutsiya don tsoratar da abokan gaba, kuma haɓakarta tana ci gaba a tsawon rayuwarsa. Yin kaurin a karshen wutsiyar ya bayyana bayan narkakkiyar farko. Yayin nishadi na gaba, guntun tsofaffin fata na manne da wannan haɓakar, wanda ke haifar da samuwar hanzarin taimako.
Lokacin motsi, zobban sun ɓace, amma mafi yawansu suna kasancewa don zama abun aiki mai guba / gargaɗi. Faɗuwar rawar wutsiya da aka ɗora, tare da ɗan ƙaramin motsi, yana nuna cewa dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da juyayi kuma ya fi kyau ku fita daga hanyarsa.
A cewar Nikolai Drozdov, sautin ringi masu motsi kamar yayi da fashewar da wani dan karamin fim mai daukar hoto ya samar kuma ana iya jin sa a nesa har zuwa mita 30.
Tsawon rayuwa
Idan rattlesnakes ya rayu duk tsawon lokacin da aka tsara ta yanayi, ba zasu bar wannan duniyar ba kafin shekaru 30. Aƙalla, wannan daidai ne yadda yawancin rami-rami ke rayuwa cikin bauta (cikin ƙoshin lafiya ba tare da abokan gaba ba). Gabaɗaya, waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe ba koyaushe suke kaiwa ashirin ba, kuma yawancinsu suna mutuwa da wuri.
Wurin zama, mazauni
A cewar masana ilimin kiwon dabbobi, kusan rabin rattlesnakes (nau'ikan 106) suna zaune ne a nahiyar Amurka kuma wasu kalilan (nau'in 69) a kudu maso gabashin Asiya.
Iyakar ramin-ramuka da suka ratsa duka sassan duniya ana kiran su shitomordniki... Gaskiya ne, a Arewacin Amurka akwai mafi ƙarancin su - nau'ikan halittu uku ne kawai. Guda biyu (gabas da gama gari shitomordniki) an same su a Gabas mai nisa na ƙasarmu, a Asiya ta Tsakiya da Azerbaijan. Hakanan ana samun kasashen gabas a kasashen China, Japan da Korea, wadanda mazaunansu suka koyi girkin abinci mai kyau daga naman maciji.
Ana iya ganin macijin na kowa a Afghanistan, Iran, Korea, Mongolia da China, kuma ana iya ganin hunchback a Sri Lanka da Indiya. Mace mai santsi na rayuwa ne a Yankin Indochina, Sumatra da Java. Himalayan ya fi son duwatsu, yana cin kololuwa har zuwa mita dubu 5.
Gabas ta Tsakiya gida ce ga keffis iri-iri, mafi burgewa ana ɗaukarsu mazaunin Japan - mita ɗaya da rabi. Mountain keffiyeh an yi masa rijista a Yankin Indochina da a cikin Himalayas, da gora - a Indiya, Nepal da Pakistan.
A Yankin Yammacin Turai, wasu ramuka masu rami da ake kira botrops suma galibi ne. Yawancin rattlesnakes da yawa a cikin Brazil, Paraguay da Uruguay ana ɗaukarsu azaman zafi ne, kuma a Meziko - urutu.
Salon rayuwa
Shugabannin rami suna da al'umma iri-iri da za'a iya samunsu ko'ina daga hamada zuwa tsaunuka.... Misali, macijin ruwa yana "kiwo" a fadama, ciyawar ciyawa, bankunan tafkuna da koguna, yayin da Bothrops athrox ya fi son gandun daji na wurare masu zafi.
Wasu raƙuman raƙuman ruwa kusan ba sa sauka daga bishiyoyi, wasu kuma sun fi ƙarfin zuciya a ƙasa, wasu kuma sun zaɓi duwatsu.
A wata rana da rana mai zafi, rattlesnakes suna hutawa a ƙarƙashin manyan duwatsu, kututtukan bishiyun da suka faɗi, ƙarƙashin ganyen da suka faɗi, a gindin kututture da kuma cikin ramuka da ƙurara suka bari, suna samun kuzari gab da magariba. Aikin dare misali ne na lokacin zafi: a cikin yanayi mai sanyi, macizai suna da dara a cikin rana.
Chilly a lokacin sanyi, da dabbobi masu rarrafe, yawanci rana.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Yawancin raƙuman raƙuman ruwa suna da aminci har tsawon shekaru zuwa ɗayan zababben burrow, wanda zuriyarsu da yawa ke ci gaba da rayuwa a ciki. Nora kamar ana gadonta shekaru goma da ɗaruruwan shekaru.
A cikin irin wannan rami na dangi, manyan mazaunan maciji suna rayuwa. Farkon fita, farauta, saduwa har ma da yanayi na ƙaura ana faruwa kusa da kabarin. Wasu nau'ikan rattlesnakes suna yin bacci a cikin manyan kamfanoni, suna ɗumama junan su yayin ɓoye, yayin da wasu kuma suke keɓewa.
Abinci, samarwa
Rattlesnakes, a matsayin masu farautar kwanton-bauna na yau da kullun, ɗauki matsayi kuma jira abin farautar su ya zuwa cikin nesa. Alamar hari mai zuwa ita ce lanƙwasa mai kama da S, wanda a kansa yake hangen abokan gaba. Tsawon jifa daidai yake da 1/3 na tsawon jikin macijin.
Kamar sauran macizai, macizai masu rami suna kai farmaki da dafi maimakon daƙile. Rattlesnakes suna ciyarwa galibi akan ƙananan dabbobin da ke da jini, amma ba su kaɗai ba. Abincin (dangane da yankin) ya ƙunshi:
- beraye, gami da beraye, beraye da zomaye;
- tsuntsaye;
- kifi;
- kwadi;
- kadangaru;
- kananan macizai;
- kwari, gami da cicada da kwari.
Macizai masu ƙuruciya sukan yi amfani da matattun wutsiya masu launuka masu launi don jan hankalin kadangaru da kwadi.
Da rana, rattlesnakes suna samun ganima tare da taimakon gabobin gani na yau da kullun, amma wani abu da ya daskarewa ba tare da motsi ba ba za a lura da shi ba. Da dare, suna zuwa taimakonsu, suna amsa zafin jikin ramuka, suna rarrabe ƙananan ɓangarori na digiri. Ko da a cikin baƙin duhu, macijin yana ganin yanayin zafin wanda aka azabtar da shi ta hanyar haɓakar infrared radiation.
Abokan gaba na rattlesnake
Da farko dai, wannan shine mutumin da yake lalata dabbobi masu rarrafe a cikin farautar farauta ko kuma saboda tsoro mara dalili. An murkushe raƙuman ruwa da yawa a kan hanyoyi. Gabaɗaya, yawan ramin rami, kamar sauran macizai, a duniya ya ragu sosai.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Godiya ga rattlesnakes, ɗayan al'adun gargajiya na rumba na Mexico ya bayyana: mai rawa lokaci-lokaci yana jefa ƙafarsa gaba ko gefe, yana danna wani abu tare da diddige. Ya zama cewa macizai suna mamaye rawa sau da yawa har mazaje suka koyi tattake dabbobi masu rarrafe, kusan ba tare da katse romba.
Abokan gaba na rattlesnakes, tare da mutane, sune:
- shaho mai launin ja;
- fararen fata
- raccoons;
- dawakai;
- macizai, gami da manya-manyan (har zuwa mita 2.4) musurans;
- Kogin California mai gudana.
Abubuwan da ke rage yawan raƙuman ciyawar sun haɗa da sanyi na dare, wanda ke yin lahani ga sabbin yara da aka ƙyanƙyashe.
Sake haifuwa da rago
Yawancin rattlesnakes suna rayuwa bayan sanyi (a cikin Afrilu-Mayu) ko kuma daga baya, ya danganta da kewayon... Sau da yawa, ana adana maniyyin rani a jikin mace har zuwa bazara mai zuwa, kuma a watan Yuni ne kawai dabbobi masu rarrafe ke ƙwai. A cikin kama akwai daga 2 zuwa 86 (Bothrops atrox) guda, amma a kan kusan 9-12, kuma bayan watanni uku ana haihuwar 'ya'yan.
A ka’ida, kafin sanya kwai, mata na rarrafe daga ramin su na tsawon kilomita 0.5, amma yana faruwa cewa macizai suna kyankyashewa a cikin gida na gida. Bayan shekaru 2, mace, bayan ta sami ƙarfin ƙarfinta, za ta kasance cikin shiri don saduwa ta gaba.
Zai zama mai ban sha'awa: yadda macizai ke yin kiwo
Tun yana da shekaru 10, rattlesnakes ya zubar da fatarsu a karon farko, yayin da ake kirkirar "maballin" a saman jelar, wanda daga karshe ya rikide. A kusan farkon watan Oktoba, macizai suna ƙoƙari su nemi hanyar shiga cikin ramin nasu, amma ba kowa ya yi nasara ba: wasu suna mutuwa daga sanyi da masu farauta, wasu kuma suna ɓata.
Maza ungulu masu rami sun isa balaga ta shekaru 2, mata na uku.
Dafin giya, cizon maciji
Mafi tsananin gugu mai daɗi da ake kira Crotalus scutulatus, wanda ke zaune a cikin hamada da dazuzzuka na Arewacin Amurka. Lokacin kai hari, yayi allurar neurotoxin.
Koyaya, kusan dukkanin rattlesnakes suna da guba musamman: guba galibi tana haifar da zubar jini na cikin gida, yana haifar da tashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi, gazawar numfashi, gazawar koda da mutuwa.
Gaskiya ne, idan aka yi la'akari da kididdiga, a Amurka duk shekara mutane 10-15 suna mutuwa daga cikin dubu 8 da aka cije, wanda ke nuna babban matakin magani da kuma kasancewar kyawawan magungunan zamani.
Ya kamata a tuna cewa rattlesnake ba safai yake afkawa mutum ba, ya fi son yin ritaya yayin ganawa... A lokaci guda, tana iya girgiza dutsen, ta sanar da dangi game da yiwuwar hadari.
Idan shitomordnik ya cije ku, kuma ba ku shirya maganin guba ba, ku tuna da hanyoyin gargajiya na magance dafin macizai:
- sha shayi da yawa (mai zafi, mai daɗi kuma mai ƙarfi sosai);
- sha vodka (idan kun same shi);
- dauki cordiamine (kawai idan akwai);
- shiga / sha antihistamines (suprastin, tavegil ko wasu).
Kuma kar a manta cewa maciji, idan aka cizge shi, ba koyaushe yake sanya guba ba: wani lokacin wani nau'in al'ada ne wanda aka tsara don nuna barazanar.
Tsayawa raƙumi a gida
Da farko, yi tunani a hankali game da ko zaku iya tabbatar da lafiyar kanku da na waɗanda ke kusa da ku ta hanyar fara wasan ƙwanƙwasa. Idan amsar e ce, sami terrarium a kwance (tare da girma 80 * 50 * 50 na manya 2-3).
Abin da kuke buƙata don ba da kogon maciji nan gaba:
- whichasa wanda substan kwakwa ko itacen ɓaure na gari wanda aka gauraya da gansakuka da ciyawa cikakke ne;
- wani launi na ganye (a saman ƙasa) don kawo mazaunin kusa da na halitta. Kuna iya ɗaukar kowane ganye, gami da Linden, Birch da oak;
- karamin dutse mai zafi wanda zai maye gurbin duwatsu;
- haushi da busasshiyar itaciya, inda raguna ke ɓoyewa;
- mashayin giya mai laushi da gishiri: ta wannan hanyar zaku sami yankin danshi mai zafi, yayin kare ruwa daga yawo cikin ƙasa.
Dabbobin gidan ku zasu buƙaci yanayin zafin gidan su... Wannan yana nufin cewa da daddare a cikin terrarium bai kamata ya zama sanyi + 21 + 23 digiri ba, kuma da rana - + 29 + 32 digiri (a cikin wani yanki mai dumi) da + 25 + 27 digiri (a wurare masu inuwa). Ana kiyaye danshi a matakin kashi 40-50% ta hanyar fesa terrarium da bindiga mai fesawa sau daya a rana ko ta sanya janareto na hazo.
Zai zama mai ban sha'awa: ajiye macizai a gida
Ana ciyar da dabbobi masu rarrafe a kowace kwanaki 10-14 don kada su tsokano kiba. Babban abincin rattlesnakes zai kasance ƙananan beraye; tare da farkon bazara, ana gabatar da manyan kwari da kwadi a cikin abincin.
