Puffin (Parus montanus) ko madaidaicin ruwan kasa na mallakar Passeriformes ne. Tsuntsun ya samo sunanta ne da siffar kwallon ƙwallo mai walƙiya, wanda kamannin ta gashin fuka-fukai ne masu walƙiya.
Alamomin waje na foda
Babban launin ruwan kasa mai ƙanƙan da ƙanƙan da baƙi 11-12 cm kuma an banbanta shi da ɗan kwalliyar baki mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin fari da manyan kunci fari. Nauyin jiki shine gram 10-12. Fukafukan fikafikan daga 16.5 cm zuwa cm 22. Fuka-fukan suna gajere, 6.0 - 6.5 cm, wutsiya ita ce cm 6. Gaban hannu gajere ne, 1 cm.
Mace da namiji suna da launi iri ɗaya. Bayan baya launin ruwan kasa ne-mai launin toka, ciki yana da haske, kusan fari da ɗan ƙaramin walƙiya. Wutsiya da fikafikan sun fi jikin sama duhu. Shafukan yanar gizo na gashin fuka-fukan suna kewaye da farin fari. Wadannan layuka akan faffadadden reshe suna kama da madaidaiciyar tsiri. Alamar duhu akan kai a hankali tana narkar da baya, don haka kai yana da girman da bai dace ba. Asan kai fari ne, launuka mai haske ya mai da hankali ga duhun hular. Babban tabo baƙar fata tare da ƙyallen iyaka tare da ƙananan gefen yana ƙarƙashin bakin. Bakin sa baki ne, mai launin toka mai toshi mai baki. Bakin tabo tare da hazo mai ƙananan hazo yana ƙarƙashin bakin. Iris na ido baki ne. Safafu suna da launin toka. Ana rarrabe samari tsuntsaye da launin toka-toka na plumage, hular tana da baƙar fata - launin ruwan kasa, an bayyana furannin ocher akan kumatun. Wurin da ke ƙarƙashin baki yana da haske, launin ruwan kasa ne. Underasasan ƙasa farare ne, masu walƙiya a tarnaƙi. Haka ocher tinge yake a karkashin mama. Bakin nasa launin ruwan kasa ne, babban baki da ƙananan baki tare da gefuna masu rawaya.
Fushin ya bambanta da sauran nau'ikan gaits a cikin babban kansa da gajeren wutsiya, murfin gashin tsuntsu a kan hula, ba tare da haske ba. Farin kunci ana sane dashi ba tare da alamar ocher ba. Farin fili mai banbanci tare da gefunan fuka-fukan yana taimakawa sauƙin rarrabe foda daga nau'in tsuntsaye masu alaƙa.
Foda ya bazu
Foda ya bazu a yankin Palaearctic daga Yammacin Turai, Turai ta Turai zuwa Kamchatka da Sakhalin. Yana zaune a Turai Rasha. A cikin Turai, ya samar da samfuran sama da goma. Range a cikin Turai an iyakance shi zuwa 45 ° arewa latitude. Ana samun yawan hoda a cikin Italia a tsaunukan Alps a tsaunuka daga mita dubu daga saman teku zuwa dubu biyu.
Mazaunin foda
Pukhlyak yana zaune a cikin gandun daji masu yanke jiki da kuma tsiro waɗanda suke samar da taiga. Yana faruwa a cikin gandun daji na pine, spruce, hadaddun gandun daji, gandun daji na pine da aka gauraye da tsofaffin bishiyun bishiyun bishiyoyi, waɗanda aka samo a kusa da sphagnum bogs, a cikin dazuzzuka masu ruwa. Yana ciyarwa a gefen gefuna da kuma cikin zurfin gandun daji. Wasu lokuta yakan bayyana a cikin shimfidar yanayin anthropogenic, gurbi a cikin ramuka na tsohuwar birches, yana cike da rubabben itace. A matsayin wani ɓangare na garken tsuntsaye masu yawo, yana lura a wuraren shakatawa, lambuna, da filayen gida.
Pukhlyak nau'ine ne wanda ke zaune, yana yin ƙananan ƙaura bayan hayayyafa. Tsuntsaye daga yankuna na arewa suna yawo fiye da yawan mutanen kudu. Isasshen adadin abinci yana baka damar tsira daga lokacin hunturu; idan aka sami mummunan girbi na 'ya'yan itacen coniferous, foda yana motsawa zuwa yankunan da wadataccen abinci. Suna yin ƙaura a cikin kananan garken tumaki; tsakanin tsuntsaye, ana samun rikitarwa dangantaka tsakanin mutane na shekaru daban-daban, maza da mata.
Sake haifuwa na foda
Puwararru suna yin nau'i-nau'i na dindindin. Suna ciyarwa a yanki na 4.5 - dubu 11 m². Lokacin gurbi daga Afrilu zuwa Yuli. Wasu tsuntsayen baƙaƙen kaya ko tsinken korama a cikin rubabben kututture, busassun kututturan, wani lokacin sukan sami gidan da aka watsar da bishiyar katako, squirrels. Ginin gida ba ya fi mita 10 daga saman duniya ba.
Don yin rufi, macen fulawar tana amfani da yanki na baƙi, busasshiyar ciyawa, shuke-shuken shuke-shuke, gashin fuka-fukai, gashi, girar gizo.
Wani lokaci ƙurar itace ne kawai ke kasancewa a cikin gida, wanda ƙwai ke kwance a kai. Tirin yana da diamita na cm 5. Mace tana yin farin ƙwai 5-10 tare da bawo mai ƙyalli wanda aka rufe shi da ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa ko ja.
Eggsananan ƙwai, 14-17 x 11-13 a cikin sifa, suna da nauyin 1.2 - 1.3 g.Mace na ɗaukar makonni biyu, namiji yana kawo mata abinci a wannan lokacin. Bayan kajin sun bayyana, duk manyan tsuntsayen suna ciyar da samari. Bayan kwana 18, zuriyar sun bar gida. Iyaye suna ci gaba da ciyar da kajin na wasu kwanaki 7-11, sannan suna ciyar da kansu. Bayan barin gidansu, gan tsaran sun haɗu a cikin ƙaramin garken, sa'annan suka tashi zuwa sabbin yankuna kuma zuwa tsakiyar lokacin hunturu sun canza zuwa salon rayuwa.
Foda abinci
Ffsanƙulu suna ciyarwa akan ƙananan ƙananan invertebrates. Suna cin gizo-gizo, ƙananan ƙwayoyi, tsutsotsi, larvae. An tattara tsaba na pine, spruce, juniper, alder, ash ash, blueberry, Birch. A lokacin bazara, kajin masu launin ruwan kasa suna cin ciyawar fure, buds da kuma nectar.
Kafin farkon lokacin hunturu, ana yin hannayen jari, ana tura tsaba a cikin fasa na haushi, ƙarƙashin duwatsu, lichen. Kowane mutum yana tsara ƙananan kayan abincinsa kuma yana bincika kayan lokaci-lokaci, wasu lokuta yana ɓoye su a wasu wurare. Tsuntsayen da ake adanawa tsuntsaye ne ke cinye su a lokacin sanyi lokacin da akwai ƙarancin abinci.
Matsayin kiyayewar foda
Ana kiyaye foda ta Yarjejeniyar Berne (Shafi II). Yarjejeniyar ta fayyace matakan kariya da kariyar tsirrai da dabbobin, da kuma mazauninsu na asali. Wannan matsalar ta dace da jinsunan da ke zaune a yankin ƙasashen Turai da yawa. Game da hoda, matakan kariya suna da amfani a wuraren kiwo da hijirar tsuntsaye. Titaramar da ke da launin ruwan kasa, duk da adadi da yawa da aka samu na ƙananan raƙuman ruwa, ana fuskantar barazanar sare dazuzzuka da canjin yanayi.
Wannan nau'in yana da matukar mahimmanci game da dumamar yanayi a Turai, damuna mai sanyi tare da ƙanƙara yana shafar raguwar lambobin tsuntsaye. Sabili da haka, wanzuwar nau'ikan jinsin ya zama da wahala tare da canje-canje kwatsam na zafin jiki. Kari kan haka, kaji na nuna alamun gurguwar gurji - suna jefa kwayayensu cikin gidajen wasu nau'o'in tsuntsaye. Wannan halayyar tana da ban tsoro kuma tana nuna cewa nau'ikan na fuskantar barazana a mazauninsu.
