DUMAMAR YANAYI NA YANAYI A DUNIYA DA RASHA - SAKAMAKON DA SANADINSA, MAGANIN MATSALAR

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Dumamar yanayi - gaskiyar lamari mara dadi wanda muke lura dashi tsawon shekaru, ba tare da la'akari da ra'ayin masana kimiyya ba. Don yin wannan, isa kawai don tambaya game da tasirin yanayin matsakaicin yanayin duniya.

Irin waɗannan bayanan ana iya samun su kuma bincika su a cikin tushe guda uku lokaci ɗaya:

Administrationofar Gudanar da Atasa ta Amurka;
Jami'ar Gabas Anglia Portal;
Shafin NASA, ko kuma, Cibiyar Goddard don Binciken Sararin Samaniya.

Hotunan Grinnell Glacier a cikin Glacier National Park (Kanada) a cikin 1940 da 2006.

Menene dumamar yanayi?

Dumamar yanayi yana wakiltar haɓaka a hankali amma kwari a cikin matakin mai nuna matsakaicin zazzabi na shekara-shekara. Dalilin wannan lamarin ana kiransa iri-iri marasa iyaka, wanda ya faro daga ƙaruwar aikin rana zuwa sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam.

Irin wannan dumamarwar ana iya saninta ba kawai ta hanyar alamun zafin kai tsaye ba - ana iya gano ta ta hanyar bayanan kai tsaye:

Canji da ƙaruwa a matakin teku (waɗannan layukan an rubuta su ta layin mai lura da masu zaman kansu). An bayyana wannan lamarin ta hanyar fadada ruwa na farko karkashin tasirin karuwar zazzabi;
Rage yankin dusar ƙanƙara da murfin kankara a cikin Arctic;
Narkewar ruwan kankara.

Koyaya, yawancin masana kimiyya suna goyan bayan ra'ayin kasancewa cikin ɗan adam a cikin wannan aikin.

Matsalar dumamar yanayi

Shekaru dubbai, 'yan adam, ba tare da sun ɓata duniya ba, sun yi amfani da shi don amfanin kansu. Fitowar melopolise, hakar ma'adinai, lalata kyaututtukan yanayi - tsuntsaye, dabbobi, sare bishiyoyi.

Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa yanayi yana shirin kawo mana mummunan rauni, ta yadda mutum zai iya fuskantar duk sakamakon irin wannan halayyar a kansa: Bayan haka, dabi'a za ta wanzu daidai ba tare da mu ba, amma mutum ba zai iya rayuwa ba tare da albarkatun kasa ba.

Kuma, da farko dai, lokacin da suke magana game da irin wannan sakamakon, suna nufin daidai ɗumamar duniya, wanda zai iya zama wani bala'i ba kawai ga mutane ba, har ma ga dukkan kwayoyin da ke rayuwa a Duniya.

Matakin wannan tsari, wanda aka lura cikin shekarun da suka gabata, bashi da wani abu makamancin wannan a cikin shekaru dubu 2 da suka gabata. Kuma girman canje-canjen da ke faruwa a Duniya, a cewar masana kimiyya a Jami'ar Switzerland ta Bern, ba shi da kwatankwacin ko da da Icean lokacin Icean Ice wanda kowane ɗan makaranta ya sani (ya kasance daga ƙarni na 14 zuwa 19).

Abubuwan da ke haifar da dumamar yanayi

Dumamar yanayi na daya daga cikin mahimman matsalolin muhalli a yau. Kuma wannan aikin yana hanzarta kuma yana cigaba da aiki ƙarƙashin tasirin mahimman abubuwa da yawa.

Masana kimiyya sun kira wadannan dalilan da ke haifar da dumamar yanayi babban kuma mai muhimmanci ga muhalli:

Inara cikin yanayin yanayin matakin carbon dioxide da sauran ƙazamtattun cutarwa: nitrogen, methane, da makamantansu. Wannan shi ne saboda ƙwazon aiki na shuke-shuke da masana'antu, da aikin ababen hawa, da mummunan tasirin tasirin yanayin muhalli ta hanyar bala'oi daban-daban: haɗari babba, fashewar abubuwa, gobara.
Hawan tururi saboda ƙaruwar yanayin zafin jiki. Dangane da wannan yanayin, ruwan Duniya (koguna, tabkuna, tekuna) sun fara yin ƙaura sosai - kuma idan wannan aikin ya ci gaba a daidai wannan matakin, to a cikin ɗaruruwan shekaru masu zuwa, ruwan Tekun Duniya na iya raguwa sosai.
Narkewar kankara, wanda ke taimakawa ga karuwar matakan ruwa a cikin tekuna. Kuma, sakamakon haka, bakin tekun nahiyoyin ya cika, wanda hakan ke nufin kai tsaye yana nufin ambaliyar ruwa da lalata ƙauyuka.

Wannan aikin yana tare da sakin gas mai cutarwa ga yanayi - methane, da ƙarin gurɓatar sa.

Sakamakon dumamar yanayi

Dumamar yanayi na da matukar hadari ga bil'adama, kuma, sama da duka, ana buƙatar fahimtar duk sakamakon wannan tsari da ba za a iya sauyawa ba:

Girman matsakaicin yanayin zafin shekara-shekara: yana ƙaruwa a kowace shekara, wanda masana ke faɗi tare da nadama;
Narkewar kankara, wanda babu wanda yayi jayayya dashi ko daya: misali, kankarar Argentina Uppsala (yankin ta yana kilomita 250)²), wanda ya kasance ɗayan mahimmin mahimmanci a cikin babban yankin, yana narkewa a cikin bala'in mita 200 kowace shekara;
Inara yawan matakan ruwan teku.

Sakamakon narkewar kankarar (galibi Greenland, Antarctica, Arctic), matakin ruwa yakan hauhawa duk shekara - yanzu ya canza da kusan mita 20.

Yawancin nau'ikan dabbobi zasu shafi;
Adadin ruwan sama zai karu, kuma a wasu yankuna, akasin haka, za a kafa yanayi mara kyau.

Sakamakon dumamar yanayi a yau

Zuwa yau, masana kimiyya sun jaddada (kuma an buga karatunsu a cikin manyan mujallu na kimiyya Nature da Nature Geoscience) cewa waɗanda ke da shakku game da ra'ayin da aka yarda da shi game da lalata ɗumamar yanayi suna da ƙananan muhawara a ajiye.

Masana kimiyya sun zana jadawalin sauyin yanayi a cikin shekaru dubu 2 da suka gabata, wanda ya nuna a sarari cewa tsarin ɗumamar yanayi da ke faruwa a yau ba shi da kwatankwacinsa cikin sauri da sikeli.

Dangane da wannan, masu bin ka'idar cewa sauye-sauyen da ke faruwa a cikin muhalli a yau na zamani ne kawai, kuma bayan haka dole ne a maye gurbinsu da wani lokacin sanyaya, dole ne su yarda da rashin dacewar irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin. Wannan bincike ya dogara ne akan bincike mai mahimmanci kamar canje-canje na murjani, nazarin zoben shekara-shekara, da nazarin abubuwan lalatattun abubuwan laushi. A halin yanzu, yankin ƙasar da ke duniyar ma ya canza - ya ƙaru da murabba'in mita dubu 58. km cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata.

Hatta a lokacin canjin yanayi, wanda ake kira da "Matsakaiciyar Zamani na Zamani" (a cikin lokacin har zuwa 1250 AD), lokacin da zamanin yanayi mai ɗumi ya mamaye duniyar tamu, duk canje-canjen da ke da alaƙa da Northernasashen Arewa ne kawai, kuma basu shafe su ba dayawa - bai wuce kashi 40% na dukkan fadin duniya ba.

Kuma dumamarwar ta yanzu ta riga ta mamaye kusan duk duniya - kusan kashi 98 cikin ɗari na yankin Duniya.

Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa masana ke jaddada rashin daidaiton maganganun waɗanda suke da shakku game da aikin ɗumamar da kuma yin tambaya game da abubuwan da ba a taɓa gani ba a yau, da kuma yanayin anthropogenicity ɗinsu.

Dumamar yanayi a Rasha

Masana ilimin kimiyar yanayi na zamani sun yi gargadin cewa: a kasarmu, canjin yanayi yana kara dumi fiye da yadda yake a duk duniya - baki daya, sau 2.5. Masana kimiyya da yawa suna kimanta wannan aikin daga mahanga daban-daban: misali, akwai ra'ayi cewa Rasha, a matsayinta na arewa, ƙasa mai sanyi, kawai za ta ci gajiyar irin waɗannan canje-canjen har ma ta sami wani fa'ida.

Amma idan kuka bincika batun ta fuskoki da dama, ya bayyana cewa fa'idodi masu fa'ida ta kowace hanya ba za su iya rufe lalacewar da canjin yanayi da ke gudana zai haifar ga tattalin arzikin ƙasa ba, da kuma kasancewar mutane gaba ɗaya. A yau, bisa ga binciken da yawa, matsakaicin zazzabi na shekara-shekara a yankin Turai na ƙasar yana ƙaruwa kowace shekara goma da mahimman kashi 0.4%.

Irin waɗannan alamun canje-canje sun kasance ne saboda yanayin ƙasar da ke ƙasa: a cikin teku, ɗumamar yanayi da kuma sakamakonsa ba abin lura bane saboda yawan yankuna, yayin da a ƙasa duk abin da ke faruwa yana canzawa da tsanani da sauri.

Misali, a cikin Arctic, yanayin ɗumamar yanayi ya fi aiki sosai - a nan muna magana ne game da ninki uku na ƙaruwa a cikin sauyin yanayin canjin yanayin idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankin. Masana kimiyya sun hango cewa tuni a 2050, kankara a cikin Arctic za a kiyaye shi ne kawai lokaci-lokaci, a lokacin sanyi.

Dumamar yanayi na nufin barazana ga adadi mai yawa na tsarin halittu a cikin Rasha, da masana'antar ta da yanayin tattalin arzikin gaba daya, ba tare da ambaton rayukan 'yan kasar ba.

Taswirar dumi a Rasha

Koyaya, ba kowane abu ne mai sauki ba: akwai waɗanda ke jayayya cewa don ɗumamar ƙasarmu na iya haifar da fa'idodi masu yawa:

Yawa zai karu

Wannan ita ce hujja mafi yawan lokuta da za a iya saurara dangane da canjin yanayi: sau da yawa ana faɗin cewa wannan yanayin zai ba da damar faɗaɗa yankin noman albarkatu masu yawa. Wannan yana nufin, kusan magana, zai yiwu a shuka alkama a Arewa, kuma a jira girbin peach a tsakiyar latitude.

Amma waɗanda ke ba da shawarar irin wannan gardamar ba sa la’akari da cewa ana shuka manyan albarkatun ne a yankunan kudancin ƙasar. Kuma a can ne masana'antar aikin gona za ta wahala matuka saboda yanayi mara kyau.

Misali, a shekara ta 2010, saboda tsananin rani, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan amfanin gonar sun lalace, kuma a cikin 2012 waɗannan adadi sun kusan zuwa kwata. Asara a cikin waɗannan shekarun zafi biyu sun kai kimanin biliyan 300.

Duk lokacin rani da ruwan sama mai karfi suna da matukar illa ga ayyukan noma: a cikin 2019, irin waɗannan bala'o'in yanayi a kusan yankuna 20 sun tilasta gabatar da tsarin gaggawa a harkar noma.

Rage yawan farashin da ke tattare da rufi

Mafi yawan lokuta, daga cikin "saukaka" na dumamar yanayi, wasu masanan suna ambaton ragin kuɗaɗen da ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da gidajen dumama ɗumi. Amma a nan ma, komai ba shi da tabbas. Tabbas, lokacin dumama kansa da kansa zai canza tsawon lokacinsa, amma daidai da waɗannan canje-canje, za'a buƙaci kwandishan. Kuma wannan abu ne mai tsadar gaske.

Bugu da kari, babu makawa zafin zai shafi lafiyar jama'a: hadarin annoba, da raguwar tsawon rai a karkashin tasirin jijiyoyin zuciya, cututtukan huhu da sauran matsaloli ga tsofaffi.

Daga dumamar yanayi ne adadin barbashin da ke haifar da rashin jiji a cikin iska (pollen da makamantansu) ke karuwa, wanda kuma yake yin mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar jama'a - musamman wadanda ke fama da matsalolin huhu (asma, misali).

Don haka, ya kasance shekarar 2010, a cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma tsananin zafin nasa ya kasance a matsayi na 7 a cikin jerin masifu masu hadari: a babban birnin kasar Rasha a wannan lokacin, yawan mace-mace ya karu da kashi 50.7, kuma wani mummunan zafi a yankin Turai na ƙasar ya kashe aƙalla mutane dubu 55.

Canja cikin kwanciyar hankali

Abubuwan al'adu waɗanda ɗumamar yanayi ta haifar ya zama ba sanadin matsaloli ba kawai a cikin masana'antar agro-masana'antu, amma kuma ya shafi matsayin rayuwar Russia.

A cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata, yawan hadurran da ke faruwa a duk shekara a kasar ya ninka sau biyu daidai: ƙanƙara, ambaliyar ruwa, shawa, fari, da ƙari.

Misali, a cikin yankin Khabarovsk, kazalika a cikin yankunan da ke kusa da su (Irkutsk da Amur), yawancin hanyoyi da gine-gine sun nitse a ƙarƙashin ruwa. A wannan batun, an yi ƙaura mai yawa, saboda adadi mai yawa na waɗanda abin ya shafa da mutanen da suka ɓace, da kuma matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da dakatar da hanyoyin jigilar kayayyaki.

A cikin yankuna na Arewa, ƙaruwar yanayin ɗumi ya zama sanadin kai tsaye na canje-canje da lalata da ke haɗe da kayayyakin birane. Gine-gine da yawa sun lalace saboda tasirin karuwar ƙarancin abinci da sauye-sauye sau da yawa a cikin alamomin zafin jiki a cikin gajeren lokaci - ƙasa da shekaru goma.

Fadada lokacin kewayawa (musamman, akan Hanyar Tekun Arewa)

Narkewa da raguwa na yankin permafrost (kuma yankinta yakai kusan kashi 63 cikin 100 na ƙasarmu) ɗayan mahimman halayen haɗari ne waɗanda dumamar yanayi ke kawowa. A cikin wannan shiyyar, akwai adadi mai yawa ba kawai hanyoyi da tituna ba, har ma da birane, masana'antu, sauran wuraren masana'antu - kuma dukkansu an gina su ne la'akari da takamaiman ƙasan daskarewa. Irin wannan canjin ya zama barazana ga dukkanin kayayyakin aiki - saboda shi, bututu suka fashe, gine-gine suka ruguje, da sauran abubuwan gaggawa.

Godiya ga rahoton 2017 wanda tsarin yanayi na Roshydrometeorological Center ya bayar, garin Norilsk na arewacin na iya yin alfahari da adadi mai yawa na gidaje da aka lalata da lalacewa sakamakon lalacewar ƙasa: sun fi su yawa fiye da rabin karnin da ya gabata.

Lokaci guda tare da waɗannan matsalolin, raguwa a cikin yankin permafrost kai tsaye yana zama dalilin karuwar adadin koguna - kuma wannan yana haifar da mummunar ambaliyar ruwa.

Yakin dumamar yanayi

Baya ga matsalar ɗumamar yanayi, akwai wasu abubuwan a dabi'a (na ɗabi'a da na ɗan adam) waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga aiwatar da raguwarta. Da farko dai, igiyoyin teku suna taimakawa sosai ga wannan tsari. Don haka, kwanan nan, an lura da tafiyar hawainiya a Kogin Gulf, tare da raguwar yanayin zafi a Arctic.

Hanyoyin yaƙi da ɗumamar yanayi da kuma hanya mafi inganci da inganci don magance wannan matsalar sun haɗa da ɗabi'a mai ma'ana game da batun musayar albarkatu ta hanyar rage yawan hayaƙin hayaki mai gurbata yanayi.

Worldasashen duniya suna yin ƙoƙari don ƙaura daga hanyoyin yau da kullun na samar da makamashi, galibinsu suna da alaƙa da konewar abubuwan carbon, zuwa wasu hanyoyin samun man. Ana amfani da bangarorin amfani da hasken rana, madadin kamfanonin wutar lantarki (iska, geothermal da sauransu) da makamantansu.

A lokaci guda, ci gaba, gami da tsarin inganta takaddun ka'idoji, wanda aka tsara don rage matakin hayaki mai gurbata muhalli, ba karamar mahimmanci ba ce.

Dangane da wannan, ƙasashe da yawa na duniya sun amince da Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar UNinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi, wanda aka ƙaddamar da Kyoto Protocol. A lokaci guda, dokokin da ke kula da fitar hayaki a matakin gwamnatocin jihohi suma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen magance matsalar.

Magance Batutuwan dumamar yanayi

Wani rukuni na masana kimiyya daga wata jami’a a Burtaniya (sanannen Cambridge) ya ɗauki batun nazarin shawarwari don ceton Duniya daga ɗumamar yanayi. Wannan yunƙurin ya sami goyan bayan sanannen farfesa David King, wanda ya jaddada cewa a halin yanzu hanyoyin da ake son samarwa ba za su iya yin tasiri ba kuma su hana canjin yanayi da ke tafe. Sabili da haka, ƙirƙirar cibiya ta musamman da ya ƙaddara ta goyi bayanta, wacce ke kan aikin daidaita batun. Masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa ƙoƙari da ayyukan da za a yi nan gaba kaɗan za su iya yanke hukunci game da makomar bil'adama, kuma wannan matsalar yanzu tana ɗaya daga cikin mafiya muhimmanci.

Farfesa David King

Kuma babban aikin wannan cibiya ba wai kawai aiki ne mai yawa ba tare da ayyukan kera halittu da kimantawa kai tsaye dangane da tsangwama a cikin aikin dumamar yanayi, har ma da magance matsalolin yanayi. Wannan cibiya ta zama wani muhimmin bangare na yunƙurin jami'ar, wanda ake kira "A Future without Greenhouse Gases," wanda ya kamata ya haɗu da masana kimiyyar yanayi, injiniyoyi har ma da masu ilimin zamantakewar al'umma.

Daga cikin shawarwarin cibiyar don warware batun ɗumamar yanayi, akwai zaɓuɓɓuka masu ban sha'awa da na musamman:

cire CO2 daga yanayin duniya da zubar da carbon dioxide. Bambanci mai ban sha'awa game da binciken da aka riga aka yi nazari game da keɓewar CO2 daga yanayin yanayi, wanda ya dogara da tsinkayar gurɓataccen hayaƙin carbon dioxide a matakin tsire-tsire masu ƙarfi (gawayi ko iskar gas) da binne shi a ƙarƙashin ɓawon ƙasa. Don haka, an riga an ƙaddamar da aikin matukin jirgi don amfani da carbon dioxide a Kudancin Wales tare da kamfanin ƙarfe na Tata Karfe.

Feshin gishiri akan yankin Tekun Duniya. Wannan ra'ayin yana daya daga cikin abubuwanda suke fadada kuma yana baka damar canza canjin yanayin yanayin gira-gizan sama da doron duniya. A saboda wannan dalili, ana tunanin yiwuwar feshin ruwan teku ta amfani da madarar ruwa mai ƙarfi, wanda za a girka a kan jiragen ruwa masu zuwa teku tare da sarrafa kai tsaye a yankunan arewacin, ana yin la'akari da su. A karshen wannan, an ba da shawarar fesa ruwan teku ta amfani da ruwa masu ƙarfi waɗanda aka ɗora kan jiragen ruwa masu sarrafa kansu a cikin ruwan polar.

Saboda wannan, za a ƙirƙiri microdroplets na maganin a cikin iska, tare da taimakon abin da girgije zai bayyana tare da haɓakar albedo (a wasu kalmomin, nuna haske) - kuma zai kasance, tare da inuwarsa, zai shafi aikin sanyaya na duka ruwa da iska.

Shuka yankin teku tare da rayayyun al'adun algae. Amfani da wannan hanyar, ana sa ran ƙara haɓakar carbon dioxide. Irin wannan makircin ya tanadi yadda ake fesa baƙin ƙarfe a cikin hanyar hoda a kan rufin ruwa, wanda ke motsa samar da phytoplankton.

Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ci gaban sun haɗa da narkar da murjani na GMO, wanda zai iya tsayayya da ƙananan yanayin zafi a cikin ruwa, da wadatar ruwan teku da sinadarai waɗanda ke rage haɓakarta.

Sakamakon rushewar da masana kimiyya suka yi hasashen saboda dumamar yanayi tabbas suna barazanar bala'i, amma ba duk abin da ke da mahimmanci ba. Don haka, ɗan adam ya san misalai da yawa lokacin da sha'awar rayuwa, duk da komai, ta sami gagarumar nasara. ,Auka, misali, sanannen sanannen zamanin. Masana kimiyya da yawa suna da niyyar gaskatawa cewa tsarin ɗumamar yanayi ba wani irin bala'i bane, amma yana magana ne kawai zuwa wani lokaci na yanayin yanayi a Duniya, yana faruwa a duk tarihinta.

'Yan Adam suna ƙoƙari don inganta yanayin duniyar na dogon lokaci - kuma, ci gaba da irin wannan ruhun, muna da kowace dama don tsira a wannan lokacin tare da ƙaramar haɗari.