Antarctica wataƙila ita ce mafi ban mamaki nahiya a duniyarmu. Ko a yanzu, lokacin da ɗan adam ke da isasshen ilimi da dama don balaguro zuwa wurare mafi nisa, Antarctica ba ta ci gaba da karatu ba.
Har zuwa karni na 19 AD, ba a san nahiyar sosai ba. Har ma akwai tatsuniyoyi cewa akwai wani yankin da ba a san shi ba a kudancin Australiya, wanda ke cike da dusar ƙanƙara da kankara. Kuma bayan shekaru 100 kawai, balaguron farko ya fara, amma tunda kayan aiki kamar haka babu su a lokacin, kusan babu ma'ana a cikin irin wannan binciken.
Tarihin bincike
Duk da cewa akwai kusan bayanai game da wurin da irin wannan ƙasar ta kudu ta Ostiraliya, binciken ƙasar na dogon lokaci ba a yi masa alama da nasara ba. Binciken ma'anar nahiyar ya fara ne a lokacin balaguron James Cook a duk duniya a cikin 1772-1775. Dayawa sunyi imanin cewa wannan shine ainihin dalilin da yasa aka gano ƙasar ba da daɗewa ba.
Gaskiyar ita ce, a zamansa na farko a yankin Antarctic, Cook ya ci karo da katuwar katangar kankara, wanda ba zai iya shawo kansa ba ya juya baya. Daidai bayan shekara ɗaya, mai kula da jirgin ya sake komawa waɗannan ƙasashe, amma bai sami yankin na Antarctic ba, don haka ya yanke shawarar cewa ƙasar da ke wannan yankin ba ta da wani amfani ga ɗan adam.
Wadannan maganganun James Cook ne suka jinkirta ci gaba da bincike a wannan yankin - tsawon rabin karni, ba a sake tura balaguron nan ba. Koyaya, mafarautan hatimi sun sami babban garken hatimai a Tsibirin Antarctic kuma sun ci gaba da yawo a waɗannan yankuna. Amma, tare da gaskiyar cewa sha'awar su kawai ta masana'antu ce, babu wani ci gaban kimiyya.
Matakan bincike
Tarihin nazarin wannan nahiya ya ƙunshi matakai da yawa. Babu wata yarjejeniya a nan, amma akwai yanayin sharaɗin irin wannan shirin:
- matakin farko, karni na 19 - gano tsibiran da ke kusa, binciken babban yankin kanta;
- mataki na biyu - gano nahiyar kanta, balaguron kimiyya na farko da ya yi nasara (karni na 19);
- mataki na uku - nazarin bakin teku da cikin babban yankin (farkon karni na 20);
- mataki na huɗu - karatun ƙasa da ƙasa (karni na 20 zuwa yau).
A zahiri, gano Antarctica da kuma nazarin yankin ya dace da masana kimiyyar Rasha, tunda sune suka fara dawo da balaguro zuwa wannan yankin.
Binciken Antarctica da masana kimiyyar Rasha suka yi
Masu jirgin ruwan Rasha ne suka yi tambaya game da ƙarshen Cook kuma suka yanke shawarar ci gaba da nazarin Antarctica. Tunanin cewa duniya tana nan har yanzu, kuma James Cook yayi kuskure sosai a cikin abubuwan da ya kawo, wadanda masana kimiyya na Rasha Golovnin, Sarychev da Kruzenshtern suka bayyana a baya.
A farkon watan Fabrairun 1819, Alexander na farko ya amince da binciken, kuma an fara shirye-shirye don sabbin balaguro zuwa nahiyar ta kudu.
Balaguron farko a ranakun 22 da 23 na Disamba, 1819 sun gano wasu ƙananan tsibirai guda uku, kuma wannan ya riga ya zama hujja da ba za a iya musantawa ba cewa a wani lokaci James Cook ya yi kuskure sosai a bincikensa.
A ci gaba da bincikensu da matsawa zuwa kudu, rukunin masana kimiyya sun isa "Sandasar Sandwich", wanda Cook ya riga ya gano shi, amma a zahiri ya zama tsibiri. Koyaya, masu binciken sun yanke shawarar kada su canza sunan kwata-kwata, don haka aka sanyawa yankin suna Tsuburai na Kudancin Sandwich.
Ya kamata a sani cewa masu binciken na Rasha ne waɗanda, a yayin wannan balaguron, suka kafa alaƙa tsakanin waɗannan tsibirai da duwatsu na Kudu maso Yammacin Antarctica, kuma sun ƙaddara cewa akwai alaƙa tsakanin su ta hanyar tsaka-tsakin ruwa.
Ba a kammala balaguron a kan wannan ba - a cikin kwanaki 60 masu zuwa, masana kimiyyar tukin jirgin ruwa sun kusanci gabar Antarctica, kuma tuni a ranar 5 ga Agusta 1821, masu binciken sun koma Kronstadt. Irin wannan sakamakon binciken ya karyata ra'ayin Cook wanda a baya aka yi imani da shi na gaskiya ne, kuma duk masanan ƙasa na Yammacin Turai sun yarda da shi.
Bayan ɗan lokaci kaɗan, wato daga 1838 zuwa 1842, an sami ci gaba irinsa a cikin nazarin waɗannan ƙasashe - balaguro uku sun sauka a babban yankin gaba ɗaya. A wannan matakin kamfen, an gudanar da bincike-binciken kimiyya mafi girma a wancan lokacin.
Ya tafi ba tare da faɗi cewa bincike ya ci gaba a zamaninmu ba. Bugu da ƙari, akwai ayyukan da, dangane da aiwatar da su, zai ba masana kimiyya damar kasancewa a yankin Antarctica koyaushe - an tsara shi don ƙirƙirar tushe wanda zai dace da mazaunin mutane na dindindin.
Ya kamata a lura cewa ba masana kimiyya kawai ba, har ma masu yawon bude ido sun ziyarci yankin Antarctic kwanan nan. Amma, da rashin alheri, wannan ba shi da sakamako mai kyau a cikin yanayin nahiyar, wanda, ba zato ba tsammani, ba abin mamaki ba ne, tunda aikin ɓarnar mutum yana da alamun da ke kan duniyar gaba ɗaya.
