Saiga, ko saiga (Saiga tatarica) wakili ne na dabbobi masu shayarwa na artiodactyl wadanda ke karkashin dangi na ainihin dabbobin daji. Wani lokaci yanayin jikin mutum na musamman yana ba da gudummawa ga aikin saiga, tare da antelope na Tibet, zuwa gidan Saiginae na musamman. Ana kiran namiji da margach ko saiga, kuma mace galibi ana kiranta saiga.
Saiga bayanin
Sunan Rashanci na wakilan jinsin ya samo asali ne a ƙarƙashin tasirin yarukan da ke cikin ƙungiyar Turkic... Yana daga cikin waɗannan mutanen ana kiran irin wannan dabbar "chagat". Ma'anar Latin, wacce daga baya ta zama ta duniya, ta bayyana, a bayyane, kawai godiya ga sanannun ayyukan masanin diflomasiyyar Austriya da masanin tarihi Sigismund von Herberstein. Sunan shirin gaskiya "saiga" an rubuta shi a cikin "Bayanan kula akan Muscovy" daga wannan marubucin, wanda yayi kwanan wata 1549.
Bayyanar
Relativelyananan ƙarami, dabba mai ƙafafu mai ƙafafu tana da tsayin jiki a tsakanin 110-146 cm, da jela - bai fi cm 8-12 ba. A lokaci guda, tsayin dusar ƙanƙan da dabba babba ya bambanta tsakanin 60-79 cm, tare da nauyin jiki na 23-40 kg. Saiga yana da tsayayyen jiki da siriri kuma gajerun kafafu. Hancin, wanda mai taushi da kumbura ya wakilta, maimakon haka ya nuna wayar hannu tare da zagaye da hankulan hanta tare da hancin hancin, yana haifar da wani irin tasirin abin da ake kira "rufin bakin ciki" An bambanta kunnuwa ta saman mai zagaye.
Hooyallen tsakuwa na saiga sun fi na gefe girma, kuma ƙahonin suna ado da kan na maza kawai. Theahonin sun fi dacewa daidai da tsayi da girman kai, amma a matsakaita suna kaiwa kwata na mita ko kaɗan. Suna da ma'ana, halayyar nau'in launuka masu launin rawaya-launin fari, siffa irin ta yau da kullun, kuma kashi biyu cikin uku na su a cikin ƙananan ɓangaren suna da ƙuƙuka masu jujjuyawar annular. Nsahonin Saiga suna kusan tsaye a tsaye a kan kai.
Furucin bazara na wakilan mambobi na artiodactyl mallakar dangi na ainihi antelopes na gaskiya an bambanta da launin rawaya-ja. Jawo mai duhu yana tsaye tare da layin ƙarshen tsakiya kuma a hankali yana haskakawa zuwa yankin ciki. Saiga bashi da madubin jela. Jawo lokacin hunturu na dabba ya fi tsayi da kuma lura sosai, na launi mai laushi mai laushi-launin toka. Molting yana faruwa sau biyu a shekara: a lokacin bazara da kaka. Akwai ƙananan inguinal, infraorbital, interdigital da carpal takamaiman gland na fata. Mata suna da halin kasancewar nonuwa biyu.
Salon rayuwa, hali
Dabbobin daji ko saigas sun fi son zama a cikin manyan garkunan dabbobi. Suchaya daga cikin irin wannan garken na iya lambobi daga kai zuwa dozin goma zuwa dozin. Wasu lokuta zaka iya samun garken dabbobi inda mutum dari ko ma fiye da haka suka hada kai lokaci daya. Irin waɗannan dabbobi kusan suna yawo koyaushe daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan. Misali, tare da farkon lokacin hunturu, wakilan irin wadannan dabbobi masu shayarwa na artiodactyl wadanda ke karkashin dangi na ainihin dabbobin daji suna kokarin matsawa zuwa yankunan hamada, wadanda galibi galibinsu ke dauke da karamin dusar kankara, amma a lokacin rani wadannan dabbobin koyaushe suna komawa yankuna masu tarko.
Saigas dabbobi ne masu taurin kai waɗanda ke da sauƙin sauƙaƙawa da sauri don daidaitawa da nau'ikan yanayi da yanayi. Zasu iya jurewa ba kawai zafi mai yawa ba, har ma da yanayin sanyi mai ban sha'awa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Da farkon lokacin sanyi, saigas suna farawa rututu na lokacinsu, kuma a wannan lokacin ana yin faɗa ta gargajiya tsakanin shugabannin ƙungiyar, yawancinsu suna ƙare ba kawai cikin rauni mai tsanani ba, har ma da mutuwa.
Saboda jimirinsu na yau da kullun, saigas galibi suna ciyar da ciyawar ƙarancin ciyawa, kuma zasu iya zama ba tare da ruwa na dogon lokaci ba. Koyaya, sauye-sauye akai-akai daga wuri guda zuwa wani ƙarshen mutuwa don yawancin dabbobin daji. A ƙa'ida, shugabannin ƙungiyar da aka kafa sun yi ƙoƙari su rufe iyakar kilomita a cikin rana ɗaya, saboda haka, mafi rauni ko rashin isassun mutane na saiga, ba sa iya kula da irin wannan saurin, sun faɗi mutu.
Saiga nawa suke rayuwa
Matsakaicin tsawon rai na saiga a cikin yanayin yanayi kai tsaye ya dogara da jinsi... Maza masu wakiltar dabbobi masu shayarwa na artiodactyl wadanda ke cikin dangin halittar dabbobi na gaskiya, galibi galibi suna rayuwa ne a cikin yanayin yanayi daga shekaru huɗu zuwa biyar, kuma matsakaiciyar rayuwar mata, a matsayinka na mai mulki, an iyakance ta da shekaru goma.
Jima'i dimorphism
Za a iya bambanta samarin saiga na jima'i ta hanyar sauƙin mata ta hanyar kasancewar ƙaramin ƙaho kuma koyaushe ya kafa ƙaho tare da yanayin haƙarƙarin halayya. Ga sauran sigogin, jinsin maza da mata sunyi dai-dai.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Saigas ko'ina cikin kewayon su mazauna yankuna ne. Irin waɗannan dabbobi masu ƙafafun ƙafafu ba tare da ƙwanƙwasawa ba, har ma da duk wani yanki mai wuyar sha'ani, kuma, a matsayin mai mulkin, ba sa faruwa tsakanin ƙananan tsaunuka. Saigas basa zama dunes masu yashi wanda aka rufe da ciyayi. Sai kawai a lokacin hunturu, a lokacin tsananin ruwan sama mai dusar ƙanƙara, mai ƙafafun dabba yana matsowa kusa da rairayi masu tudu ko tuddai, inda zaka sami kariya daga guguwar iska.
Babu shakka, samuwar saiga a matsayin jinsin ya faru ne a yankuna masu fadi, inda za a iya ci gaba da gudanar da mafi yawan nau'ikan gudu a cikin irin wannan dabbar kofato, wanda amble ke wakilta. Saiga na iya haɓaka saurin gudu har zuwa 70-80 km / h. Koyaya, dabbar tana da wahalar yin tsalle, don haka dabbar mai kofato tana kokarin kauce wa cikas ko da ta hanyar kananan ramuka. Guji haɗari kawai, saiga zai iya yin tsalle-tsalle “kallo” zuwa sama, ajiye jikinsa kusan a tsaye. Artiodactyls sun fi son yankuna masu filayen hamada-hamada tare da ƙasa mai kauri, da kuma gefen manyan takyrs.
Manuniya masu tsayi sama da matakin teku ba sa taka rawar gani a cikin kansu, sabili da haka saiga a cikin yankin filayen Caspian suna zaune kusa da ruwa, kuma a cikin Kazakhstan ana wakiltar zangon da tsawan 200-600 m. A Mongolia, dabbar ta bazu ko'ina a cikin raunin tabki a tsawan mita 900-1600... Matsakaicin zamani na dabba mai yatsotsi mai ƙyalƙyali yana cikin busassun steppes da rabin hamada. Wadannan yankuna, saboda rikitarwa na ƙungiyoyin tsire-tsire, sun fi dacewa mafi kyau ga jinsunan. A cikin iyakantattun yankuna, saiga na iya samun abinci ba tare da la'akari da lokacin ba. Yunkurin yanayi yawanci baya wuce irin wannan yankin. Wataƙila, a cikin ƙarnnin da suka gabata, saigas sun shiga yankin masarufin ba na kowace shekara ba, amma na musamman a lokacin bushe.
Yankuna masu bushe-bushe da yankuna masu tudu, inda dabbobi masu ƙafafun kafafu suke zaune, suna faɗuwa daga ƙasan Volga da Ergeni, ta cikin yankin dukkanin Kazakhstan zuwa gefen yankunan Zaisan da Alakul, har ma da yammacin Mongolia, suna da yawa iri-iri. Koyaya, saitin sifofin masu mahimmanci sun kasance kusan ɗaya a ko'ina. A matsayinka na mai mulki, ana ba da fifiko ga ciyawar da ke fama da fari a cikin nau'in fescue, ciyawar fuka-fukai, ciyawar alkama, har ma da dwarf shrubs a cikin ɗakunan wormwood, twig da chamomile. Daban-daban iri na itacen wormwood, ciyawar fuka-fukai, ciyawar alkama (wheatgrass) sun canza daga yamma zuwa gabas.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Dabbar mai shafar kofato tana kokarin kauce wa yankin filaye da sauran filayen noma, amma a lokacin tsananin fari mai tsanani, haka nan kuma idan babu rami mai shayarwa, dabbobin suna da niyyar ziyartar amfanin gona da hatsi mai yawa, masara, Sudan da sauran kayan gona.
Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, hamadar hamada ta Turai-Kazakh tana da halin adadi mai yawa na ephemeroids da ephemerals, kuma viviparous bluegrass da tulips suna da yawa musamman a nan. Ana bayyana filayen ƙasa na lichens sau da yawa sosai. A yankin gabas mai nisa, a cikin Dzungaria da Mongolia, kalmomin jeji ma ba sa nan, kuma itaciya tana wakiltar ƙaramin ɓangaren ciyawar ne kawai. A cikin irin waɗannan yankuna, tare da ciyawar fuka-fukai na yau da kullun, gishirin gishiri (Anabasis, Reaumuria, Salsola) da albasarta galibi suna mamayewa. A yankunan Turai-Kazakh na yankin hamada, solyanka (Nannophyton, Anabasis, Atriplex, Salsold) suma suna iya mamaye wurare, wanda ke haifar da haɗuwa da bayyanar hamada. Hannun kayan lambu a babban saiga biotopes yayi daidai kuma yana da ƙanƙan gaske, don haka yanzu sun kai kimanin 2-5-7 na tsakiya / ha.
Yankunan da yawancin saiga ke kasancewa a cikin hunturu galibi suna cikin ƙungiyoyin hatsi-saltwort da ƙungiyoyin-wormwood ƙungiyoyi, galibi suna girma akan ƙasa mai yashi. Wurin zama na Saiga a lokacin rani, yafi yawa a cikin ciyawa ko busassun tsintsiya mai ɗaci. A lokacin ruwan sama mai dusar ƙanƙara ko ruwan sama mai zafi, saiga ya fi son shiga yashi mai tudu da sandar daji ko sandar daji, da kuma wasu tsirrai masu tsayi a gefen tafkuna da koguna.
Saiga rage cin abinci
Jerin jerin manyan tsire-tsire waɗanda saigas ke ci a cikin mazauninsu yana wakiltar nau'in ɗari. Koyaya, ana maye gurbin nau'ikan nau'ikan irin wadannan tsarukan dangane da yanayin yanayin zangon da kuma yawan saiga. Misali, a cikin yankin Kazakhstan a halin yanzu kusan hamsin irin waɗannan shuke-shuke an san su. Saigas a gefen dama na Kogin Volga suna cin kusan nau'in dozin takwas. Adadin nau'ikan ciyawar fodder a lokacin kaka daya bai wuce talatin ba. Don haka, yawan ciyawar da saiga ke cinyewa kadan ne.
Matsayi mafi girma a yankin ciyarwar saiga shine ciyawar ciyawar (Agropyrum, Festuca, Sttpa, Bromus, Koelerid), twig da sauran hodgepodge, forbs, ephemera, ephedra, da kuma wormwood da steppe lichens. Jinsuna daban-daban da rukunin shuke-shuke suna canzawa daidai da lokutan. A lokacin bazara, irin wadannan dabbobi masu kofato suna cin iri iri biyu na tsirrai, gami da bluegrass, mortuk da bonfire, ferrules da astragalus, hatsi, wormwood, hodgepodge da lichens. Bankin dama na Kogin Volga yana da halin cin itaciya da hatsi, tulip foliage, rhubarb, quinoa, kermek da prutnyak. Matsayi na biyu a cikin abincin saigas a cikin bazara shine na ephemerals, beetroots, irises, tulips, goose albasa da ephemeral ciyawa, gami da wuta da kuma bluegrass.
A lokacin bazara, saltwort (Anabasis, Salsola), twig and stag beetles (Ceratocarpus), da quinoa (Atriplex), riparian (Aeluropus) da ephedra suna da mahimmancin gaske a cikin abincin mai shayarwa na artiodactyl.
A cikin yankin Kazakhstan, a lokacin rani, saigas suna cin ciyawa (Hulthemia), ruhu, licorice, ƙaya ta raƙumi (Alhagi), reshe, a cikin ƙananan hatsi da abinci mai ɗaci, da lichens (Aspicilium). A yankin Yammacin Kazakhstan, abincin ya hada da hatsi, shuki da ɗaci, da licorice da astragalus. Solyanka (Salsola da Anabasis) da hatsi (ciyawar alkama da ciyawar fika) suna da mahimmancin gaske.
Yana da ban sha'awa!A lokacin dusar kankara, ana farautar dabbobi cikin dazuzzuka na ciyayi kuma galibi suna fama da yunwa, amma kuma suna iya cin catail, ciyawa da wasu nau'ikan roughage a wannan lokacin. Dunes sand a cikin mazaunin suna ba dabbobi damar cin babban hatsi (Elymus), har da shrubs, wanda teresken, tamarix, da loch ke wakilta, amma irin wannan abincin ana tilasta shi kuma baya iya samar da dabba mai ƙyallen ƙafafu mai cike da ƙima.
A lokacin kaka, saigas suna cin nau'ikan ciyayi goma sha biyar, wadanda suka hada da gishirin gishiri (musamman Anabasis), ƙaya ta raƙumi da ɗan itaciya, har ilayau ba rassan saxaul masu kauri ba. A yankin Kazakhstan, itaciya da gishirin gishiri (Salsola) sune duniya mafi mahimmanci abincin kaka ga saiga... A gefen dama na Kogin Volga, lasisi shine ke kan gaba wajen cin abincin saigas. Wheatgrass da twig suna kan wuri na biyu. Nau'in abincin da aka fi amfani da shi ga dabbobi masu shaƙuwa mai ƙafafu yana wakiltar koren tsire-tsire na ciyawar gashin tsuntsu, tiptsa, ciyawar filin, da kuma beraye (Setaria), camphorosis (Catnphorosma) da kwayayen toadflax (Linaria). Sauran nau'ikan hodgepodge, hatsi da abinci mai ɗaci suna da mahimmancin gaske. Forbs zauna karami wuri a cikin abinci.
A lokacin hunturu, gishirin gishiri (Anabasis da Salsola), da kuma tsumman ciyawa, sune mafi girman mahimmanci a cikin abincin dabbobi masu shayarwa na artiodactyl. A yammacin Kazakhstan, saiga yana cin itaciya, saltwort, prutnyak da chamomile. A gefen dama na Kogin Volga, dabbar tana cin ciyawar alkama, camphorosis, twig da lichens iri-iri. A watan Fabrairu, babban abincin saiga shine wormwood, da ciyawar alkama, ciyawar fuka-fukai, wuta da fescue, lichens da hatsi.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Saigas nau'ikan fasaha ne masu yawan aure. A yankin bankin yamma na Kogin Volga, lokacin saduwa yana sauka ne a kwanakin ƙarshe na Nuwamba da Disamba. Mass saigas a cikin Kalmyk steppe yana ɗaukar kwanaki goma - daga 15 zuwa 25 Disamba. A Kazakhstan, an sauya irin waɗannan sharuɗɗan makonni biyu.
Maganin saigas da yawa ya gabata ta hanyar abin da ake kira samuwar "harems". Maza suna fada da garken mata, wadanda suka kunshi kimanin kawuna 5-10, wadanda ake kiyaye su daga kutse daga wasu mazan. Adadin mata a cikin irin wannan "harem" kai tsaye ya dogara da yanayin jima'i a cikin jama'a da ƙarfin jima'i na namiji, saboda haka yana iya zama mata dozin biyar. Ana kiyaye harem da namiji ya ƙirƙira a cikin ƙaramin yanki tare da radius na mita 30-80.
Yayin lokacin saduwa, saiga namiji yana fitar da kwayar cutar daga glandar infraorbital da glandon fata na ciki. An rufe dabbar mai kofato da irin wannan sirrin. Dabino yana faruwa da daddare, kuma da rana, mazan da suka manyanta a jima'i sun fi son hutawa. Yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin mazan da ke girma suna da zafi sosai kuma wani lokacin ma yakan kan mutu da mutuwar maƙiyi.
A lokacin rutting, maza kusan basa kiwo, amma galibi suna cin dusar ƙanƙara. A wannan lokacin, maza suna yin taka tsantsan, kuma hare-hare kan mutane ma suna faruwa. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, a wannan lokacin, maza sun ragu, sun yi rauni sosai kuma suna iya zama sauƙin ganima ga yawancin masu lalata.
Mafi yawan lokuta, mata saiga suna saduwa da farko a lokacin da suke da watanni takwas, don haka zuriyarsu ke bayyana a cikin mutane masu shekara ɗaya. Saiga maza suna shiga cikin rut kawai a cikin shekara ta biyu ta rayuwarsu. Ciki yakai wata biyar ko kimanin kwanaki 145. Ana samun ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da mata ɗayan da ke kawo zuriya a cikin dukkanin kewayon, amma yawancin saigas masu ciki suna tattara ne kawai a wasu yankuna. Wurare don yawan haihuwar saiga ana wakiltar su ta fili mai budewa tare da rashin saurin sauƙin kama-daɗa. Mafi sau da yawa, ciyayi a cikin irin waɗannan wuraren ba su da yawa, kuma ana wakiltar su game da abinci mai ɗaci na hatsi ko gishirin gishiri.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Abin lura ne cewa a cikin namiji, ana lura da samuwar ƙaho nan da nan bayan haihuwa, kuma mace a ƙarshen lokacin kaka tana kama da dabba ɗan shekara uku a cikin bayyanarta.
Sababbin saigas suna da nauyin kilogram 3.4-3.5. A cikin fewan kwanakin farko na rayuwarsu, igaasan saiga kusan basa motsi, saboda haka yana da matuƙar wahala a hango dabbobi a yankunan da babu ciyayi, koda a tazarar mita biyu zuwa uku. Bayan rago, sai matar ta tashi daga zuriyarta don neman abinci da ruwa, amma da rana sai ta koma wurin yaran sau da yawa don ciyar da su. Yaran Saiga suna girma da haɓaka cikin sauri. Tuni a rana ta takwas ko goma a rayuwarsu, saiga calves suna da ikon bin mahaifiyarsu.
Makiya na halitta
'Ya'yan saiga da ba su balaga ba sau da yawa suna fama da hare-hare ta diloli, kerkeci ko ɓatattun karnukan da suka taru don rami na shayarwa kusa da tafki. Manyan isassun maharan da ke cin ganimar saigas na manya. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, saigas wani abu ne mai mahimmanci na farauta, kuma ana kashe su saboda ƙimar su mai mahimmanci da nama mai daɗi wanda za'a iya soyayyen shi, a dafa shi kuma a dafa shi.
Theahonin dabbare mai ƙafafu, waɗanda ake amfani da su sosai a magungunan gargajiyar gargajiyar ƙasar Sin, suna da ƙima mafi girma. Saiga horn foda shine mai maganin antipyretic mai kyau kuma yana taimakawa tsaftace jiki. Ana amfani dashi ko'ina cikin sauƙin ƙwayar cuta da kuma magance zazzabi. Doctorsahonin da aka shafa suna amfani da su ne likitocin China don maganin wasu cututtukan hanta, don ciwon kai ko jiri.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Saigas suna cikin Lissafin dabbobin da aka sanya su a matsayin abubuwan farauta, waɗanda Dokar Gwamnati ta amince da su. Ma'aikatar farautar Rasha ta haɓaka manufofin ƙasa, ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodin doka game da al'amuran kiyayewa da kiyayewa, haifuwa da nazarin saigas.
