Sauyin yanayi a duniya ya banbanta matuka saboda yadda duniya take zafin ta ba daidai ba, kuma damuna ta fadi ba daidai ba. An fara ba da shawarar rarraba yanayi a cikin karni na 19, kusan 70s. Farfesan jami'ar jihar Moscow B.P. Alisova yayi magana game da nau'ikan yanayi guda 7 wadanda suka hada da yankin nasu na canjin yanayi. A ganinta, yankuna huɗu ne kawai za a iya kiransu manyan, kuma shiyyoyi uku ne na rikon kwarya. Bari muyi la’akari da manyan halaye da sifofin yankuna masu yanayi.
Ire-iren yankuna masu yanayi:
Bel din Equatorial
Airididdigar iska ta Equatorial ta mamaye nan cikin shekara. A lokacin da rana take tsaye sama da bel, kuma waɗannan kwanakin kwanakin bazara da na kaka, akwai zafin rana a cikin belin yankin, yanayin zafin ya kai kimanin digiri 28 sama da sifili. Zafin ruwan bai bambanta sosai daga zafin jikin iska ba, da kimanin digiri 1. Akwai hazo mai yawa anan, kimanin 3000 mm. Tushewar ruwa ba ta da yawa a nan, saboda haka akwai dausayi da yawa a cikin wannan bel din, haka kuma akwai dazuzzuka masu yawa da yawa, saboda dausayin. Ana kawo hazo a cikin waɗannan yankuna na belin kwaminisanci ta iskar kasuwanci, wato, iskar ruwa. Irin wannan yanayin yana saman arewacin Kudancin Amurka, a kan Tekun Gini, kan Kogin Congo da Kogin Nilu na sama, har ma da kusan kusan duk tsibirin Indonesiya, a wani yanki na Tekun Fasifik da Indiya, waɗanda suke a Asiya da gefen tafkin Victoria, wanda ke Afirka.
Bel mai zafi
Irin wannan yanki na yanayin yanayi ya kasance lokaci guda a cikin Kudancin da Arewacin Hemispheres. Wannan nau'in yanayi ya kasu kashi biyu zuwa nahiyoyi da na yankuna masu zafi. Babban yankin yana kan wani yanki mafi girma na yankin matsin lamba, saboda haka, akwai ƙarancin ruwa a cikin wannan bel ɗin, kusan 250 mm. Lokacin rani yana da zafi a nan, don haka zafin iska ya tashi zuwa digiri 40 sama da sifili. A lokacin hunturu, yawan zafin jiki bai taɓa ƙasa da digiri 10 sama da sifili ba.
Babu gajimare a sararin samaniya, don haka wannan yanayin yana da alamun dare mai sanyi. Ruwan zafin yau da kullun yana da girma, don haka wannan yana ba da gudummawar lalata duwatsu.
Saboda yawan warwatsewar duwatsu, an samar da turbaya da yashi mai yawa, wanda daga baya ya zama gizagizai. Waɗannan guguwar suna da haɗari ga mutane. Yammacin Yamma da gabashin Yankin Yankin ya banbanta matuka. Tunda raƙuman sanyi suna kwarara zuwa gaɓar yammacin Afirka, Australia, sabili da haka yanayin zafin iska a nan ya fi ƙasa, akwai ƙarancin ruwa, kusan 100 mm. Idan ka kalli gabar gabas, canjin ruwa mai dumi yana gudana a nan, sabili da haka, yanayin zafin sama ya fi girma kuma mafi hazo yana faɗuwa. Wannan yankin ya dace sosai da yawon bude ido.
Yanayin Oceanic
Irin wannan yanayin yana da kama da yanayin kwata-kwata, banbancin kawai shi ne cewa akwai karancin murfin gajimare da iska mai karfi. Yanayin iska na bazara a nan baya tashi sama da digiri 27, kuma a lokacin sanyi ba ya sauka kasa da digiri 15. Lokacin hazo a nan yafi bazara, amma kaɗan ne daga cikinsu, kimanin 50 mm. Wannan yankin busasshe yana cike da yawon buɗe ido da baƙi zuwa garuruwan bakin teku a lokacin bazara.
Yanayin yanayi
Hazo yana sauka nan da nan kuma yakan faru a duk shekara. Wannan na faruwa ne a ƙarƙashin tasirin iska ta yamma. A lokacin bazara, yawan zafin iska ba ya tashi sama da digiri 28, kuma a lokacin sanyi yakan kai -50 digiri. Akwai hazo mai yawa a gabar teku - 3000 mm, kuma a cikin yankunan tsakiya - 1000 mm. Sauye-sauye masu haske suna bayyana lokacin da lokutan shekara suka canza. An kirkiro wani yanayi mai tsaka-tsakin yanayi biyu - arewa da kudanci kuma yana saman latitude mai yanayin zafi. Yankin ƙaramin ƙarfi ya mamaye nan.
An rarraba wannan nau'in yanayin cikin ƙananan yanayi: na ruwa da na nahiyoyi.
Yankin karkara na ruwa ya mamaye yammacin Amurka ta Arewa, Eurasia da Kudancin Amurka. Ana kawo iska daga cikin teku zuwa babban yankin. Daga wannan zamu iya yanke hukuncin cewa lokacin rani yayi sanyi a nan (+ digiri 20), amma lokacin sanyi yana da ɗan dumi da taushi (+ digiri 5). Akwai hazo mai yawa - har zuwa 6000 mm a cikin tsaunuka.
Casashe-yankuna na duniya - sun mamaye yankunan tsakiyar. Akwai karancin ruwa a nan, tunda kusan iska ba zata wuce nan ba. A lokacin rani, yawan zafin jiki ya kusan digiri + 26, kuma a lokacin sanyi yana da sanyi ƙwarai-digiri 24-tare da dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa. A cikin Eurasia, a bayyane yake kawai a cikin Yakutia. Winters suna da sanyi anan tare da ƙarancin ruwa. Wannan saboda a cikin yankuna na ciki na Eurasia, yankuna basu da tasirin iskar ruwa da iska. A bakin tekun, ƙarƙashin tasirin babban hazo, sanyi yayi laushi a lokacin hunturu, kuma zafi yayi laushi a lokacin bazara.
Hakanan akwai yanayin yanayin damina wanda ya mamaye Kamchatka, Koriya, arewacin Japan, da wani yanki na China. Ana nuna wannan ƙaramin nau'in ta sauyin yanayi na damuna. Monsoons iska ne wanda a ƙa'ida, yakan kawo ruwan sama zuwa gaɓar ƙasa kuma koyaushe yakan busa daga teku zuwa ƙasa. Winters suna da sanyi anan saboda iska mai sanyi, kuma lokacin bazara ana ruwa. Ana kawo ruwan sama ko damina a nan ta iska daga Tekun Pacific. A tsibirin Sakhalin da Kamchatka, hazo ba ƙarami ba ne, kusan 2000 mm. Talakawan iska a cikin dukkanin yanayin yanayi mai matsakaici ne kawai. Saboda tsananin damshin waɗannan tsibirai, tare da 2000 mm na hazo a kowace shekara ga mutumin da bai saba da shi ba, haɓakawa ya zama dole a wannan yankin.
Yanayin iyakacin duniya
Irin wannan yanayin yana samar da bel guda biyu: Antarctic da Arctic. Matakan iska na polar sun mamaye nan duk shekara. A lokacin dare a cikin irin wannan yanayi, rana ba ta nan tsawon watanni, kuma a lokacin rana ba za ta tafi gaba ɗaya ba, amma tana haskakawa har tsawon watanni. Murfin dusar ƙanƙara bai taɓa narkewa a nan ba, kuma kankara da dusar ƙanƙara mai ɗumi da ɗumi suna ɗaukar iska mai ɗumi koyaushe cikin iska. Anan iskoki sun yi rauni kuma babu gajimare kwata-kwata. Akwai ƙarancin ruwan sama a nan, amma ƙwayoyin kama da allurai suna yawo a sama koyaushe. Akwai matsakaicin 100 mm na hazo. A lokacin rani, yawan zafin iska bai wuce digiri 0 ba, kuma a lokacin sanyi yakan kai -40 digiri. A lokacin rani, yayyafin lokaci-lokaci yana mamaye iska. Lokacin tafiya zuwa wannan yankin, zaku iya lura cewa fuska tana ɗan huɗuwa kaɗan tare da sanyi, don haka da alama zafin jiki ya fi yadda yake.
Duk nau'ikan yanayin da aka tattauna a sama ana ɗaukar su na asali, saboda a nan yawancin iska sun dace da waɗannan yankuna. Akwai kuma tsaka-tsakin nau'ikan yanayi, waɗanda ke ɗauke da kari "sub" a cikin sunansu. A cikin waɗannan nau'ikan yanayi, ana maye gurbin talakawan iska da yanayin yanayi masu zuwa. Suna wucewa daga bel din kusa. Masana kimiyya sunyi bayanin wannan ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa lokacin da Duniya take zagaye da asalinta, ana jujjuya bangarorin canjin yanayi daban-daban, sannan zuwa kudu, sannan zuwa arewa.
Matsakaicin yanayi
Yanayin yanayi na Subequatorial
Talakawan Equatorial suna zuwa nan a lokacin bazara, kuma talakawa masu zafi suna mamaye lokacin sanyi. Akwai hazo mai yawa kawai a lokacin bazara - kimanin 3000 mm, amma, duk da wannan, rana ba ta da tausayi a nan kuma yanayin zafin iska ya kai +30 digiri duk bazara. Lokacin hunturu yayi sanyi.
A cikin wannan yankin na yanayi, kasar gona tana da iska sosai kuma tana da ruwa. Yanayin iska a nan ya kai digiri + 14 kuma dangane da hazo, ƙalilan ne daga cikinsu a cikin hunturu. Kyakkyawan malalewar ƙasa ba ya ba da izinin ruwa ya samar da dausayi, kamar yadda yake a cikin yanayin yanayin ƙasa. Irin wannan yanayin yana ba da damar daidaitawa. Anan ga jihohin da mutane suka cika iyaka, misali, Indiya, Habasha, Indochina. Yawancin tsire-tsire masu namo suna girma a nan, waɗanda aka fitar da su zuwa ƙasashe daban-daban. A arewacin wannan bel din akwai Venezuela, Guinea, India, Indochina, Afirka, Australia, Kudancin Amurka, Bangladesh da sauran jihohi. A kudu akwai Amazonia, Brazil, arewacin Australia da tsakiyar Afirka.
Nau'in yanayin yanayi
Yawan iska mai zafi yana nan a lokacin rani, kuma a lokacin hunturu suna zuwa nan daga tsaunuka masu ɗimbin yanayi kuma suna ɗaukar hazo mai yawa. Jummatai sun bushe kuma suna da zafi, kuma yawan zafin ya kai + 50 digiri. Winters yana da sauƙin gaske tare da matsakaicin zazzabi na -20 digiri. Amountananan hazo, kimanin 120 mm.
Yammacin yana mamaye da Yankin Bahar Rum wanda ke da yanayin bazara mai zafi da damuna. Wannan yankin ya banbanta ta yadda yake karbar 'dan karin ruwan sama. Kimanin 600 mm na hazo ke faɗuwa a nan kowace shekara. Wannan yankin ya dace da wuraren shakatawa da rayuwar mutane gaba ɗaya.
Amfanin gona sun hada da inabi, ‘ya’yan itacen citta da zaitun. Iskar damina ta mamaye nan. Rana ne mai sanyi kuma a lokacin sanyi, kuma a lokacin rani mai zafi da zafi. Hazo ya fadi anan kusan 800 mm a shekara. Wurin gandun daji daga iska zuwa ƙasa yana kawo hazo tare da su, kuma a lokacin hunturu iskoki ke tashi daga ƙasa zuwa teku. Wannan nau'in yanayi ana furta shi a yankin Arewa da gabashin Asiya. Ciyayi suna girma sosai anan saboda yawan ruwan sama. Hakanan, saboda yawan ruwan sama, an bunkasa noma a nan, wanda ke ba mazauna yankin rai.
Nau'in yanayin yanayi
Jumlar sanyi da danshi anan. Zazzabi ya tashi zuwa + 10, kuma hazo kusan 300 mm. A tsaunukan tsaunuka adadin hazo ya fi wanda yake a fili. Yammacin yankin yana nuna ƙarancin zaizayar yankin, kuma akwai adadi mai yawa a nan. Winters a nan suna da tsayi da sanyi, kuma yawan zafin jiki ya kai -50 digiri. Iyakokin sandunan ba su da daidaito, wannan shi ne abin da ke magana game da rashin dumamar Duniya da bambancin taimako.
Yankin Antarctic da arctic climatic
Iskar Arctic ta mamaye nan, kuma ɓawon dusar ƙanƙara ba ya narkewa. A lokacin hunturu, yanayin zafin iska ya kai -71 digiri kasa da sifili. A lokacin rani, yawan zafin jiki na iya hawa zuwa -20 digiri kawai. Akwai karancin ruwan sama a nan.
A cikin wadannan yankuna na yanayi, yawan iska ya canza daga arctic, wanda ya yi nasara a lokacin hunturu, zuwa matsakaiciyar iska, wacce ke mamaye lokacin rani. Lokacin hunturu anan yakan kwashe watanni 9, kuma yana da sanyi sosai, saboda matsakaicin zafin jiki ya sauka zuwa -40 digiri. A lokacin rani, a matsakaita, yawan zafin jiki ya kusan digiri 0. Don irin wannan yanayin, akwai yanayin zafi mai yawa, wanda yake kusan 200 mm, da kuma rashin ƙarancin danshi na danshi. Iskokin suna da ƙarfi kuma galibi suna hurawa a yankin. Irin wannan yanayin yana bakin gabar arewacin arewacin Amurka da Eurasia, da Antarctica da Aleutian Islands.
Yankin canjin yanayi matsakaici
A irin wannan yanki na yanayi, iska daga yamma ta mamaye sauran, kuma damuna daga gabas. Idan damina tana busawa, hazo zai dogara ne da nisan yankin daga tekun, da kuma yankin. Kusa da tekun, mafi yawan hazo yana faɗuwa. Yankunan arewaci da yammacin nahiyoyin na dauke da hazo mai yawa, yayin da a bangaren kudanci kuwa kadan ne. Lokacin hunturu da na bazara sun banbanta sosai a nan, akwai kuma bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin kasa da kuma kan teku. Murfin dusar ƙanƙara a nan yana ɗaukar ,an watanni ne kawai, a lokacin sanyi yanayin zafin jiki ya bambanta ƙwarai da zafin jikin iska na bazara.
Yankin mai yanayin yanayi ya ƙunshi yankuna huɗu na yanayi: yankin yanayin yanayin ruwa (lokacin zafi mai dumi da lokacin bazara), yankin yanayin yanki na ƙasa (yanayin zafi mai yawa a lokacin bazara), yankin damina mai sanyi (damuna mai sanyi da lokacin bazara), da kuma canjin yanayi daga yanayin yanayin teku. belts zuwa yankin na yanayin yanayi.
Yankuna masu yanayin zafi da na wurare masu zafi
A cikin wurare masu zafi, iska mai ɗumi da bushe yawanci yana rinjaye. Tsakanin hunturu da rani, bambancin yanayin zafin jiki yana da girma har ma da mahimmanci. A lokacin bazara, matsakaita zafin jiki ya kai + 35 digiri, kuma a lokacin sanyi + digiri 10. Manyan bambance-bambance sun bayyana anan tsakanin yanayin dare da rana. A cikin yanayin yanayi na wurare masu zafi, akwai ƙarancin ruwan sama, aƙalla 150 mm a kowace shekara. A gabar teku, akwai karin ruwan sama, amma ba yawa, tunda danshi yakan sauka daga teku.
A cikin subtropics, iska tana bushewa a lokacin bazara fiye da lokacin sanyi. A lokacin sanyi, ya fi zafi. Lokacin bazara yana da zafi sosai a nan, yayin da yanayin iska ke hawa zuwa digiri 30. A lokacin hunturu, yanayin yanayin iska ba kasafai yake kasa da digiri ba, don haka koda a lokacin hunturu ba shi da sanyi musamman a nan. Lokacin da dusar ƙanƙara ta faɗi, tana narkewa da sauri sosai kuma baya barin murfin dusar ƙanƙara. Akwai karancin ruwan sama - kusan 500 mm. A cikin subtropics akwai yankuna masu yanayin yanayi da yawa: monsoon, wanda ke kawo ruwan sama daga teku zuwa kasa da kuma gabar tekun, Rum, wanda ke da yanayin yawan ruwan sama, da nahiyoyi, inda hazo yafi karancinsa kuma yana da bushewa da dumi.
Yankunan yanki da yankuna masu canjin yanayi
Matsakaicin yanayin iska ya kai + digiri 28, kuma bambance-bambancensa daga rana zuwa yanayin zafin dare ba su da muhimmanci. Isasshen ɗimbin zafi da iska mai sauƙi sune irin wannan yanayin. Hazo yana sauka anan duk shekara 2000 mm. Wasu lokutan ruwa sama daban tare da karancin lokacin damuna. Yankin tsaka-tsakin yanayi yana cikin Amazon, a gabar Tekun Gulf of Guinea, Afirka, a yankin Malacca, a tsibirin New Guinea.
A bangarorin biyu na yankin sauyin yanayi akwai yankuna masu maƙwabtaka. Nau'in yanayin yanayin duniya yana nan a lokacin rani, kuma yana da zafi da rani a lokacin sanyi. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ake samun ruwan sama a lokacin bazara fiye da lokacin sanyi. A gangaren tsaunuka, hazo ma yana kan sikelin kuma ya kai 10,000 mm a shekara, kuma wannan duk godiya ne ga ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya da ya mamaye nan duk shekara. A matsakaita, yawan zafin jiki ya kusan digiri + 30. Bambanci tsakanin hunturu da bazara ya fi na yanayin yanayin yanayi. Nau'in yanayin subequatorial yana cikin tsaunukan Brazil, New Guinea da Kudancin Amurka, da kuma Arewacin Ostiraliya.
Nau'in yanayi
A yau, akwai sharuɗɗa guda uku don rarrabewar yanayin:
- ta hanyar fasalulluka na yaduwar tarin iska;
- ta yanayin sauyin yanayi;
- gwargwadon yanayin yanayi.
Dangane da wasu alamomi ana iya bambanta nau'ikan yanayi masu zuwa:
- Hasken rana. Yana ƙayyade adadin rashi da rarraba rawanin ultraviolet akan fuskar duniya. Tabbatar da yanayin yanayin rana yana da tasirin alamun astronomical, yanayi da latitude;
- Dutse. Yanayin yanayi a tsauni a cikin tsaunuka ana alakanta shi da ƙarancin yanayi da iska mai tsafta, ƙara hasken rana da haɓakar hazo;
- Ciyawa Ya mamaye cikin hamada da hamadar hamada. Akwai manyan canje-canje a yanayin dare da rana, kuma hazo kusan ba ya nan kuma wannan lamari ne da ba kasafai ake faruwarsa ba kowane everyan shekaru;
- Humidny. Yanayi mai tsananin zafi. Yana samuwa a wuraren da babu wadataccen hasken rana, don haka danshi bashi da lokacin ƙafewa;
- Nivalny. Wannan yanayin yana tattare da shi a wuraren da hazo ya faɗi galibi cikin tsari mai ƙarfi, suna zama a cikin yanayin ƙanƙara da toshewar dusar ƙanƙara, ba su da lokacin narkewa da ƙafewa;
- Birni. Yawan zafin jiki a cikin birni koyaushe ya fi na yankin kewaye. Ana karɓar hasken rana cikin ragi kaɗan, sabili da haka, lokutan hasken rana sun fi ƙasa da abubuwa na halitta kusa da su. Cloudarin gajimare yana tattara kan birane, kuma hazo yakan faɗo sau da yawa, kodayake a wasu ƙauyuka yanayin danshi ba shi da kyau.
Gabaɗaya, yankuna masu canjin yanayi a duniya suna canzawa ta hanyar yanayi, amma ba koyaushe ake furtawa ba. Kari kan haka, siffofin yanayin ya dogara da sauki da filin kasa.A cikin yankin da aka fi bayyana tasirin ɗan adam, yanayin zai bambanta da yanayin abubuwa na halitta. Ya kamata a lura cewa tsawon lokaci, wannan ko wancan yankin canjin yana fuskantar canje-canje, canje-canjen alamun canjin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da canje-canje a cikin yanayin halittu a duniya.
