Tafkin Balkhash yana gabas da tsakiyar Kazakhstan, a cikin babban tafkin Balkash-Alakel a tsawan 342 m sama da matakin teku da kilomita 966 gabas da Tekun Aral. Dukan tsawonsa ya kai kilomita 605 daga yamma zuwa gabas. Yankin ya bambanta sosai, gwargwadon ma'aunin ruwa. A cikin shekarun da yawancin ruwa ke da muhimmanci (kamar a farkon ƙarni na 20 da 1958-69), yankin tafkin ya kai kilomita murabba'in 18,000 - 19,000. Koyaya, a lokacin lokuta masu alaƙa da fari (duka a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da 1930 da 40s), yankin tafkin ya ragu zuwa 15,500-16,300 km2. Irin waɗannan canje-canje a yankin suna tare da canje-canje a cikin matakin ruwa har zuwa 3 m.
Saukaka fuska
Tafkin Balkhash yana cikin tekun Balkhash-Alakol, wanda aka kirkira sakamakon lalacewar farantin Turan.
A saman ruwa, zaku iya ƙidaya tsibirai 43 da sashin ƙasa ɗaya - Samyrsek, wanda ya sa tafkin ya zama na musamman. Gaskiyar ita ce saboda wannan, Balkhash ya kasu kashi biyu daban-daban na sassan halittun ruwa: yamma, mai fadi da mara zurfi, da kuma bangaren gabas - kunkuntar kuma mai dan nisa. Dangane da haka, fadin tafkin ya bambanta daga kilomita 74-27 a yammacin kuma daga 10 zuwa 19 kilomita a bangaren gabas. Zurfin ɓangaren yamma bai wuce mita 11 ba, kuma ɓangaren gabas ya kai mita 26. twoananan ɓangarorin tafkin suna haɗuwa da wani matsattsun mashigar, Uzunaral, mai zurfin kusan 6 m.
Yankin arewacin tafkin yana da tsayi da duwatsu, tare da alamun alamun dadaddun tuddai. Na kudu masu ƙanƙan da yashi ne, kuma an rufe bel ɗinsu da yalwar tsutsa da yashi da ƙananan tafkuna masu yawa.
Lake Balkhash akan taswira
Tafkin abinci mai gina jiki
Babban kogin Il, wanda ke gudana daga kudu, yana gudana zuwa yammacin tafkin, kuma ya bayar da kashi 80 zuwa 90 na jimlar shigarwar a cikin tabkin har sai tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki da aka gina a karshen karni na 20 ya rage girman shigar kogin. Yankin gabashin tabkin ana samun abinci ne ta hanyar kananan koguna kamar Karatal, Aksu, Ayaguz da Lepsi. Tare da kusan matakan daidai a ɓangarorin biyu na tafkin, wannan halin yana haifar da kwararar ruwa mai gudana daga yamma zuwa gabas. Ruwa a cikin ɓangaren yamma ya kasance sabo ne kuma ya dace da amfani da masana'antu da kuma ci, yayin da ɓangaren gabas yana da ɗanɗano mai gishiri.
Sauyin yanayi a cikin matakan ruwa suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da adadin hazo da dusar ƙanƙara mai narkewa wanda ke cika gadajen kogin tsauni da ke kwarara zuwa cikin tabkin.
Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na shekara shekara a yammacin tafkin shine 100C, kuma a gabashin - 90C. Matsakaicin ruwan sama kusan 430 mm ne. Tekun ya lulluɓe da kankara daga ƙarshen Nuwamba zuwa farkon Afrilu.
Fauna da flora
Dabbobin da ke da arzikin tafkin a da sun lalace sosai tun daga shekarun 1970, saboda raguwar ingancin ruwan tafkin. Kafin wannan lalacewar ta fara, nau'ikan kifaye 20 sun rayu akan tabkin, guda shida daga cikinsu halaye ne na musamman na halittar ruwan tabkin. Sauran an zauna ne ta hanyar wucin gadi kuma sun hada da kifi, sturgeon, bream na gabas, pike da Aral barbel. Babban abincin kifin shine irin kifi, pike da Balkhash perch.
Fiye da nau'ikan tsuntsaye daban-daban 100 sun zaɓi Balkhash a matsayin mazaunin su. Anan zaku iya ganin manyan kwarkwata, pheasants, egrets da gaggafa zinariya. Hakanan akwai jinsunan da ba safai ba waɗanda aka jera a cikin Littafin Ja:
- gaggafa mai farauta;
- whooper swans;
- masu kwalliyar kwalliya;
- cokali.
Willows, turangas, cattails, reeds, da reeds suna girma a gabar ruwan gishiri. Wani lokaci zaka iya samun boar daji a cikin waɗannan kaurin.
Mahimmancin tattalin arziki
A yau, kyawawan yankuna na Tafkin Balkhash sun fi jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido. Ana gina gidajen hutawa, ana kafa wuraren yada zango. Masu hutun ba kawai iska mai tsabta da sanyin ruwa mai kwantar da hankali suke jawowa ba, har ma da laka mai warkarwa da wuraren gishiri, kamun kifi da farauta.
Farawa a farkon rabin karni na 20, mahimmancin tattalin arzikin tafkin ya haɓaka sosai, musamman saboda noman kifi, wanda ya fara a cikin shekaru 30. Hakanan, an haɓaka zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa na yau da kullun tare da babban jigilar kaya.
Babban mataki na gaba game da ci gaban tattalin arzikin yankin shi ne gina kamfanin sarrafa tagulla na Balkash, wanda a kusa da shi babban garin na Balkash ya girma a gefen arewacin tafkin.
A shekarar 1970, tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Kapshaghai ta fara aiki a kan Kogin Ile. Karkatar da ruwa don cike tafkin Kapshaghai da samar da ban ruwa ya rage kwararar kogin da kashi biyu bisa uku, kuma hakan ya haifar da raguwar matakin ruwa a tafkin da miliyan 2.2 tsakanin 1970 da 1987.
Sakamakon irin wadannan ayyuka, a kowace shekara ruwan tafkin yana da daddaɗi da gishiri. Yankunan dazuzzuka da dausayi kewaye da tabkin sun ragu. Abin takaici, a yau kusan babu abin da ake yi don canza irin wannan mummunan halin.
