Congoni (Alcelaphus buselaphus), wani lokacin sananniya ko kumfa, ko kuma antelope saniya wani jinsi ne daga dangin bovids na dangin kumfa. Tattaunawa takwas ne masu bincike suka bayyana, wanda guda biyu wasu lokuta ana daukar su masu zaman kansu. Subsungiyoyin gama gari suna da manyan kofunan farauta saboda naman su mai daɗi, saboda haka sau da yawa ana farautar su. Yanzu akan Intanet yana da sauki a sami izinin farauta, gami da congoni, tunda jinsin ba sa motsi kuma baya ɓoyewa, saboda haka yana da sauƙin farautar dabbar.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Kongoni
Jinsi Bubal ya bayyana a wani wuri shekaru miliyan 4.4 da suka gabata a cikin iyali tare da wasu membobin: Damalops, Rabaticeras, Megalotragus, Connochaetes, Numidocapra, Oreonagor. Bincike ta amfani da alaƙar kwayar halitta a cikin jama'ar congoni ya nuna yiwuwar samun asalin gabashin Afirka. Bubal ya bazu cikin sauri a cikin savannah na Afirka, yana maye gurbin siffofin da yawa da suka gabata.
Masana kimiyya sun yi rubuce-rubuce game da farkon rabuwa da mutanen congoni zuwa layuka biyu mabanbanta shekaru dubu 500,000 da suka wuce - wani reshe a arewa na mai hadewa dayan kuma kudu. Reshen arewa ya kara karkata zuwa reshen gabas da yamma, kusan shekaru miliyan 0.4 da suka gabata. Wataƙila sakamakon fadada belin dazuzzuka a Afirka ta Tsakiya da kuma rage savannah da ke tafe.
Bidiyo: Kongoni
Kakannin gabas sun haifar da A. b. cokii, Swain, Attaura da Lelvel. Kuma daga reshen yamma suka fito Bubal da Congoni na Yammacin Afirka. Asalin Kudancin ya haifar da kaama. Waɗannan taxa biyu suna da kusanci da tsarin jiki, sun bambanta kawai shekaru miliyan 0.2 da suka gabata. Binciken ya kammala da cewa wadannan manyan abubuwan da suka faru a duk lokacin da aka samu congoni suna da nasaba da yanayin yanayi. Wannan na iya zama mahimmanci ga fahimtar tarihin juyin halitta ba kawai congoni ba, har ma da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa a Afirka.
Abubuwan tarihi na farko sun kasance kusan shekaru 70,000 da suka gabata. An gano burbushin Kaama a Elandsfontein, Cornelia da Florisbad a Afirka ta Kudu da Kabwe a Zambiya. A Isra’ila, an gano ragowar Congoni a arewacin Negev, Shephel, Sharon Plain da Tel Lachis. Wannan asalin congoni an asalinsa ne zuwa ga yankunan kudu na Levant. Wataƙila an farautar su a Misira, wanda ya shafi yawan jama'ar dake cikin Levant kuma ya katse shi daga manyan al'ummomin Afirka.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Yaya congoni yake
Kongoni babban yanki ne, wanda ya kai tsayi daga 1.5 zuwa 2.45 m, wutsiyarsa daga 300 zuwa 700 mm, kuma tsayi a kafada ya kai mita 1.1 zuwa 1.5. Bayyanar yanayin ana nuna shi da baya mai baya, dogayen ƙafa, manyan ƙusoshin a ƙarƙashin idanun, ƙuƙumi da dogon kunkuntar fure. Gashin jiki yakai 25mm tsayi kuma yana da kyau sosai. Mafi yawan yankinsa na farin ciki da kirji, da wasu sassan fuskarsa, suna da wuraren gashi masu haske.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Maza da mata na kowane yanki suna da ƙaho 2 jere tsawonsu daga 450 zuwa 700 mm, saboda haka yana da wahala a rarrabe tsakanin su. Suna da lankwasa a cikin siffar jinjirin wata kuma suna girma daga tushe ɗaya, kuma a cikin mata sun fi siriri.
Akwai nau'ikan ragi da yawa, waɗanda suka bambanta da juna a cikin launin gashi, wanda ya fara daga launin ruwan kasa zuwa launin toka mai launin toka, kuma a cikin siffar ƙaho:
- Western Congoni (A. babba) - launin ruwan kasa mai yashi, amma gaban ƙafafu ya fi duhu;
- Kaama (A. caama) - launi mai launi mai duhu, ruwan toka mai duhu. Ana ganin alamun baƙi a kan ƙugu, kafadu, bayan wuya, cinya da ƙafafu. Sun kasance sabanin bambanci da fararn faci masu faɗi waɗanda ke nuna gefensa da ƙananan gangar jikinsa;
- Lelvel (A. lelwel) - launin ruwan kasa mai ja. Launin jikin gangar jikin ya fara ne daga launin ja zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai launin rawaya a sassan sama;
- Congoni Lichtenstein (A. lichtensteinii) - launin ruwan kasa-ja, kodayake tarnaƙi suna da inuwa mai haske da tubercle fari;
- Peananan nau'ikan torus (A. tora) - jiki mai duhu mai duhu mai duhu, fuska, ƙafafun gaba da yankin farin ciki, amma ƙananan ciki da ƙafafun baya fari ne rawaya;
- Swaynei (A. swaynei) shine mai ruwan cakulan mai yalwa tare da fararen launuka masu ɗanɗano waɗanda sune ainihin fararen gashin gashi. Fuskar baƙar fata ce, ban da layin cakulan da ke ƙarƙashin idanuwa;
- Congoni (A. cokii) ƙananan ƙananan sune mafi yawancin, wanda ya ba da sunan ga dukkan nau'in.
Balaga na jima'i na iya faruwa tun farkon watanni 12, amma membobin wannan nau'in ba su kai girman nauyinsu ba har sai shekaru 4.
Yanzu kun san cewa booble daidai yake da congoni. Bari mu ga inda aka samo wannan ɓarnan saniyar.
Ina congoni yake zaune?
Hoto: Congoni a Afirka
Kongon ya kasance asalinsa a cikin ciyawa a duk faɗin yankin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ssasa da shrouds a yankin kudu da Saharar Afirka, da gandun dajin miombo a kudanci da tsakiyar Afirka, har zuwa ƙarshen kudancin Afirka. Yankin ya fadada daga Morocco zuwa arewa maso gabashin Tanzania, da kudancin Kongo - daga kudancin Angola zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. Ba su kasance ba ne kawai a cikin hamada da gandun daji, musamman a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi na Sahara da kogin Guinea da Kongo.
A Arewacin Afirka, an sami Congoni a Marokko, Algeria, kudancin Tunisia, Libya, da wasu yankuna na Hamada ta yamma a Misira (ba a san ainihin iyakokin kudu ba). An gano dimbin dabbobin a lokacin da aka binciko burbushin a Masar da Gabas ta Tsakiya, musamman a Isra’ila da Jordan.
Koyaya, radiyon congoni na ragin rarrabawa ya ragu sosai saboda farautar mutane, lalata mahalli da kuma gasa tare da dabbobi. A yau Congoni sun mutu a yankuna da yawa, tare da dabbobi na ƙarshe da aka harbe a arewacin Afirka tsakanin 1945 da 1954 a Algeria. Rahoton karshe daga kudu maso gabashin Morocco ya kasance a cikin 1945.
A halin yanzu, ana samun congoni ne kawai a cikin:
- Botswana;
- Namibia;
- Habasha;
- Tanzania;
- Kenya;
- Angola;
- Najeriya;
- Benin;
- Sudan;
- Zambiya;
- Burkina Faso;
- Uganda;
- Kamaru;
- Chadi;
- Congo;
- Ivory Coast;
- Ghana;
- Guinea;
- Mali;
- Nijar;
- Senegal;
- Afirka ta Kudu;
- Zimbabwe.
Congoni yana zaune cikin savannas da ciyawar Afirka. Yawancin lokaci ana samun su a gefen gefen gandun daji kuma suna guje wa wasu gandun daji da ke kewaye. An rubuta mutane daga jinsunan har zuwa 4000 m a kan Dutsen Kenya.
Menene congoni yake ci?
Hotuna: Kongoni, ko kumfa
Congoni yana ciyar da abinci ne kawai akan ciyawa, zababbu akan matsakaitan wuraren kiwo. Waɗannan dabbobin ba su da dogaro da ruwa fiye da sauran Bubal, amma, duk da haka, sun dogara da kasancewar ruwan sha a farfajiyar. A wuraren da ruwa ya yi ƙaranci, za su iya rayuwa kan kankana, saiwa da tubers. Fiye da kashi 95% na abincinsu a lokacin damina (Oktoba zuwa Mayu) ciyawa ce. A matsakaita, ciyawa ba ta cika kasa da kashi 80% na abincinsu ba. Congoni a Burkina Faso an same su ne suna ciyarwa galibi akan ciyawar gemu a lokacin damina.
Babban abincin congoni ya ƙunshi:
- ganye;
- ganye;
- tsaba;
- hatsi;
- kwayoyi
A lokacin bazara, abincinsu ya ƙunshi ciyawar ciyawa. Congoni yana cin ƙananan kashi na Hyparrenia (ganye) da kuma legumes a duk shekara. Jasmine kerstingii shima wani bangare ne na abincin sa a farkon lokacin damina. Kongoni yana da haƙuri ƙwarai da abinci mara kyau. Bakin dabba mai tsawo yana ƙara ikon taunawa kuma ya ba shi damar sare ciyawa fiye da sauran bovids. Don haka, lokacin da aka rage wadatar ciyawar ciyawa a lokacin rani, dabbar na iya ciyarwa a kan ciyawar da ta fi tauri tsufa.
Yawancin nau'ikan ciyawa ana cinsu a lokacin rani fiye da lokacin damina. Congoni na iya samun abinci mai gina jiki koda daga dogayen busassun ciyawa. Abubuwan da suke taunawa suna bawa dabba damar cin abinci mai kyau koda a lokacin rani, wanda yawanci lokaci ne mai wahala don kiwo artiodactyls. Dabbar ta fi kyau a kamawa da taunawa a kananun filayen ciyawa a wadancan lokutan lokacin da karancin abinci ya samu. Waɗannan keɓaɓɓun ƙwarewar sun ba wa nau'ikan damar yin nasara akan sauran dabbobi miliyoyin shekaru da suka gabata, wanda ya haifar da nasarar yaduwa a Afirka.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Congoni a cikin yanayi
Congoni dabbobi ne na zamantakewar al'umma wadanda suke rayuwa cikin tsari har zuwa mutane 300. Koyaya, motsa garken garken ba su da kusanci wuri ɗaya kuma suna yawan watsewa akai-akai. Akwai nau'ikan dabbobi guda huɗu a cikin tsarin: mazan da suka balaga kan yanki, manya baligi waɗanda ba na yanki ba, rukunin samari da samari da na mata da na yara. Mata suna yin ƙungiyoyi na dabbobi 5-12, kowannensu na iya samun 'ya'ya har zuwa ƙarni huɗu.
An yi imanin cewa ƙungiyoyin mata suna da ƙarfi sosai kuma waɗannan rukunin suna ƙayyade ƙungiyar zamantakewar dukkanin garken. Mata an lura dasu suna fada da juna lokaci zuwa lokaci. 'Ya'yan maza maza za su iya zama tare da mahaifiyarsu har tsawon shekaru uku, amma yawanci sukan bar iyayensu mata bayan kimanin watanni 20 don shiga cikin rukunin wasu samari. Tsakanin shekara 3 zuwa 4, maza na iya fara ƙoƙarin kame yanki. Maza suna da zafin rai kuma za su yi yaƙi da fushi idan aka ƙalubalance su.
Gaskiyar wasa: Congoni basa yin ƙaura, kodayake a cikin mawuyacin yanayi kamar fari, yawan jama'a na iya canza wurin da yake. Ita ce mafi ƙarancin jinsin ƙaura daga ƙabilar Bubal, kuma tana amfani da ƙaramin ruwa kuma tana da mafi ƙarancin yanayin rayuwa tsakanin ƙabilar.
Jerin motsin kai da kuma tallafi na wasu matakai suna gaban duk wani mai tuntuba. Idan wannan bai wadatar ba, maza na kan gaba kuma suna tsalle tare da kahonninsu ƙasa. Raunin rauni da mutuwa suna faruwa amma ba safai ba. Mata da ƙananan dabbobi suna da 'yanci su shiga kuma su bar yankunan. Maza sun rasa yankinsu bayan shekaru 7-8. Suna aiki, galibi suna aiki da rana, suna kiwo da sassafe da kuma yamma da yamma kuma suna hutawa a cikin inuwa kusa da azahar. Kongoni suna yin sautsi mai taushi da gurnani. Yaran dabbobi sun fi aiki.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Congoni Cub
Suna haɗuwa a cikin congoni a cikin shekara, tare da kololuwa da yawa dangane da wadatar abinci. Tsarin kiwo yana faruwa ne a wuraren da maza ke kadaita kuma ya fi dacewa a buɗe a wuraren da ke kan tsaunuka ko tsaunuka. Maza suna fada don mamaya, bayan haka kuma alpha alfa yana biye da mace mai fadi idan tana cikin sihiri.
Wasu lokuta mace takan dan kara jela kadan don nuna saukinta, kuma Namijin yakanyi kokarin toshe hanyarta. Daga ƙarshe, mace ta tsaya a wurin kuma ta ba wa namiji damar hawa ta. Yin ɗaukar hoto ba shi da tsawo, galibi ana maimaita shi, wani lokaci sau biyu ko fiye da haka a minti ɗaya. A cikin manyan garkunan dabbobi, ana iya yin jima'i tare da maza da yawa. Ana katse maniyyi idan wani namiji ya shiga ciki kuma an kore mai kutsawar.
Kiwo ya bambanta daga lokaci zuwa lokaci dangane da yawan congoni ko ƙananan. Ana ganin kololuwar haihuwa daga Oktoba zuwa Nuwamba a Afirka ta Kudu, Disamba zuwa Fabrairu a Habasha da Fabrairu zuwa Maris a Nairobi National Park. Lokacin haihuwar yana ɗaukar kwanaki 214-242, kuma wannan yakan haifar da haihuwar ɗa ɗaya. A farkon nakuda, mata suna keɓe kansu a wuraren shrub don haihuwar offspringa offspringa.
Wannan ya bambanta sosai da halaye na al'ada na dangin su na wildebeest, wanda ke haihuwa cikin rukuni a fili. Iyayen Congoni sai su bar 'ya'yansu a ɓoye a cikin daji har tsawon makonni, suna dawowa don ciyarwa kawai. Ana yaye samari watanni 4-5. Matsakaicin rayuwa shine shekaru 20.
Makiyan kongoni
Hoto: Kongoni, ko kuma irin ɓarnar saniya
Congoni dabbobi ne masu jin kunya kuma suna taka-tsantsan da wayewar kai sosai. Halin kwanciyar hankali na dabba a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun na iya zama mummunan idan an tsokane shi. Yayin ciyarwa, mutum daya ya rage ya kiyaye muhalli don gargadi sauran garken game da hatsarin. Galibi, masu gadin kan hau tudun duwatsu don ganin yadda zai yiwu. A lokacin haɗari, garken garken gaba ɗaya ya ɓace ta wata hanya.
Ana farautar kongoni ta:
- zakuna;
- damisa;
- kuraye;
- karnukan daji;
- cheetahs;
- jackals;
- kadoji.
Congoni suna bayyane sosai a wurin kiwo. Kodayake suna da alama ba su da wata matsala, amma suna iya saurin 70 zuwa 80 km / h. Dabbobi suna da taka-tsantsan kuma suna taka-tsantsan idan aka kwatanta da sauran marasa kulawa. Sun fi dogara ga ganinsu don hango masu farauta. Ture iska da kofato ya zama gargaɗi game da haɗarin da ke tafe. Congoni ya ratse ta hanya daya, amma bayan ya ga daya daga cikin garken da maharan ke kaiwa hari, yi saurin juyawa 90 ° bayan matakai 1-2 ne kawai a hanyar da aka bayar.
Siririn congoni, doguwar ƙafa yana ba da damar saurin tserewa a cikin buɗaɗɗun wuraren zama. Idan wani hari ya gabato, ana amfani da kaho masu karfi don kare kan mai farauta. Matsayin idanun da aka ɗauka ya ba da damar karken ya ci gaba da bincika yanayinsa, koda kuwa lokacin da yake kiwo.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Yaya congoni yake
Adadin mutanen congoni an kiyasta su dabbobi dubu 362,000 (gami da Liechtenstein). Wannan adadi na gaba ɗaya ya rinjayi yawan waɗanda suka tsira daga A. caama a kudancin Afirka, wanda aka kiyasta ya kai kusan 130,000 (40% a cikin ƙasa mai zaman kansa da kuma 25% a wuraren da aka kiyaye). Akasin haka, Habasha tana da ƙasa da mambobi 800 na jinsin Swain da ke raye, tare da yawancin yawancin mazaunan suna zaune a yankuna da yawa masu kariya.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Mafi yawan ƙananan raƙuman ruwa, yana ƙaruwa, kodayake a cikin sauran ƙananan ƙananan an sami halin rage lambobi. A kan wannan, jinsin baki ɗaya bai cika sharuɗɗan matsayin barazanar ko fuskantar haɗari ba.
Kididdigar yawan jama'a ga ragowar ragin sune: 36,000 na yammacin Afirka Congoni (kashi 95% a ciki da kewayen wuraren da aka kiyaye); 70,000 Lelwel (kimanin 40% a cikin yankunan kariya); 3,500 kolgoni na Kenya (6% a cikin yankunan kariya kuma galibi a wuraren kiwo); 82,000 Liechtenstein da 42,000 Congoni (A. cokii) (kimanin kashi 70% a cikin wuraren kariya).
Ba a san lambar Attaura da ta rage ba (idan akwai). A. lelwel na iya fuskantar gagarumin raguwa tun daga 1980s, lokacin da aka kiyasta duka a> 285,000, galibi a CAR da kudancin Sudan. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan a lokacin rani ya kiyasta adadin dabbobi 1,070 da 115. Wannan raguwa ce babba daga dabbobi sama da dubu 50 da aka kiyasta a lokacin rani na 1980.
Congoni mai gadi
Hotuna: Kongoni
Congoni Swayne (A. buselaphus swaynei) da Congoni tora (A. buselaphus tora) suna cikin haɗari mai haɗari saboda ƙarancin yawan jama'a. Sauran nau'ikan rabe-raben guda huɗu IUCN ta rarraba su a matsayin waɗanda ke da ƙananan haɗari, amma za a tantance su a cikin haɗari mai haɗari idan yunƙurin kiyayewar da ke gudana bai isa ba.
Ba a san dalilan da suka sa aka samu raguwar yawan mutane ba, amma an bayyana su ne ta hanyar fadada shanu a wuraren da ake ciyar da kolgoni kuma, zuwa wani karamin hali, lalata muhalli da farauta. Kindon ya lura cewa "mai yiwuwa ƙarancin dabbar da ta fi ƙarfi ya faru ne a cikin kewayon dukkan dabbobin Afirka."
Gaskiya mai Nishadi: A yankin Nzi-Komoe, lambobi sun ragu da kashi 60% daga 18,300 a 1984 zuwa kimanin 4,200. Rarraba yawancin akasarin congoni zai zama abin kara zama har sai an iyakance ga wuraren da ake sarrafa farauta da cin zarafin dabbobi yadda ya kamata. da ƙauyuka.
Congoni yayi gasa da dabbobi domin kiwo. Lambobinsa sun ragu sosai a duk inda take, kuma yadda yake rarrabawa yana kara faduwa sakamakon yawan farauta da fadada wuraren zama da dabbobi.Wannan ya riga ya faru a kan yawancin zangon farko, wasu mahimman mutane a yanzu suna raguwa saboda farauta da sauran dalilai kamar fari da cuta.
Ranar bugawa: 03.01.
Ranar da aka sabunta: 12.09.2019 a 14:48
