V.I. ne aka samu manyan nasarori a cikin ilimin kimiya. Vernadsky. Yana da ayyuka da yawa, kuma ya zama wanda ya kafa kimiyyar nazarin halittu - sabuwar hanyar kimiyya. Ya dogara ne da ka'idar biosphere, wacce ta dogara da rawar kwayar halitta a cikin tsarin kasa.
Jigon yanayin rayuwa
A yau akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da yanayin halittar, babban cikinsu shine mai biyowa: yanayin halittar shine mahalli don wanzuwar dukkan kwayoyin halitta. Yankin yana rufe mafi yawan yanayi kuma ya ƙare a farkon farkon lemar ozone. Hakanan, dukkanin hydrosphere da wani bangare na lithosphere suna hade a cikin biosphere. An fassara shi daga Girkanci, kalmar tana nufin "ƙwallo" kuma a cikin wannan sararin ne dukkanin ƙwayoyin halitta suke rayuwa.
Masanin kimiyyar Vernadsky yayi imanin cewa biosphere wani tsari ne na duniyan da ke mu'amala da rayuwa. Shi ne farkon wanda ya kirkiro cikakkiyar koyarwa kuma ya bayyana manufar "biosphere". Aikin masanin kimiyyar na Rasha ya fara ne a cikin 1919, kuma tuni a cikin 1926 baiwa ta gabatar da littafinsa "Biosphere" ga duniya.
A cewar Vernadsky, biosphere wani fili ne, yanki ne, wuri ne wanda ya kunshi kwayoyin halittu masu rai da kuma mazauninsu. Bugu da kari, masanin kimiyya ya yi la’akari da yanayin halittar da za a samu. Yayi jayayya cewa wannan wani abu ne na duniya tare da yanayin sararin samaniya. Fifikon wannan sararin shine "al'amarin mai rai" wanda yake zaune a sararin samaniya kuma yana ba da kamannuna na musamman ga duniyarmu. Ta hanyar rayuwa, masanin kimiyya ya fahimci dukkanin kwayoyin halittar duniyar tamu. Vernadsky yayi imani da cewa dalilai daban-daban suna tasiri kan iyakoki da ci gaban yanayin rayuwa:
- kwayar halitta;
- oxygen;
- carbon dioxide;
- ruwa mai ruwa.
Wannan yanayin, wanda rayuwa ke tattare da shi, ana iya iyakance shi ta ƙarancin iska da ƙarancin iska, ma'adinai da ruwan gishiri mai yawan gaske.
Abubuwan da ke tattare da yanayin rayuwa bisa ga Vernadsky
Da farko, Vernadsky yayi imani cewa halittar ta kunshi abubuwa daban-daban guda bakwai, wadanda suka shafi juna. Wadannan sun hada da:
- kwayar halitta - wannan sinadarin ya kunshi babban makamashin biochemical, wanda aka kirkireshi sakamakon ci gaba da haihuwa da mutuwar halittu masu rai;
- kwayar halitta - halitta da sarrafa ta ƙwayoyin halitta. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da ƙasa, burbushin halittu, da sauransu;
- abu mara amfani - yana nufin yanayi mara rai;
- kwayoyin halitta - saitin kwayoyin halitta, misali, daji, fili, plankton. Sakamakon mutuwarsu, ana samun duwatsun da ke rayar da halittu;
- sinadarin rediyo
- kayan kwalliya - abubuwan ƙura na sararin samaniya da meteorites;
- watsa kwayoyin halitta.
Nan gaba kadan, masanin ya kawo karshen cewa halittar ta dogara ne akan abu mai rai, wanda aka fahimta a matsayin wani yanki na rayayyun halittu masu mu'amala da kwayoyin kashin da basu da rai. Hakanan a cikin biosphere akwai kwayar halittar halittar da aka kirkira tare da taimakon kwayoyin halitta, kuma wadannan galibi duwatsu ne da ma'adanai. Bugu da kari, kwayar halittar ta hada da kwayoyin halitta, wanda ya faru sakamakon dangantakar halittu masu rai da kuma tafiyar da aiki.
Kadarorin Biosphere
Vernadsky yayi karatun ta nutsu sosai game da kaddarorin halittu kuma ya yanke hukunci akan cewa tushen aikin shine tsarin yaduwar abubuwa da kuzari mara iyaka. Wadannan matakai suna yiwuwa ne kawai sakamakon aikin kwayoyin halitta. Halittu masu rai (autotrophs da heterotrophs) suna ƙirƙirar abubuwan haɗin sunadarai masu dacewa yayin rayuwarsu. Don haka, tare da taimakon autotrophs, ƙarfin hasken rana yana canzawa zuwa mahaɗan sunadarai. Heterotrophs, bi da bi, suna cinye ƙarfin kuzari kuma suna haifar da lalata ƙwayoyin halitta zuwa mahaɗan ma'adinai. Thearshen su ne tushe don ƙirƙirar sababbin abubuwa ta hanyar autotrophs. Don haka, yaduwar abubuwa masu gudana.
Godiya ne ga zagayen ilimin halittar cewa tsarin halittar kai tsaye ne. Yawo da abubuwan sunadarai ginshiki ne ga halittu masu rai da wanzuwar su cikin sararin samaniya, yanayin ruwa da ƙasa.
Babban tanadi na koyaswar biosphere
Mahimman tanadi na koyaswar Vernadsky waɗanda aka zana a cikin ayyukan "Biosphere", "Yankin rayuwa", "Biosphere da sarari". Masanin kimiyya ya yi alama kan iyakokin halittar, gami da dukkanin halittun ruwa tare da zurfin teku, saman duniya (saman saman lithosphere) da kuma wani bangare na sararin samaniya. Tsarin halittu shine tsarin haɗin kai. Idan ɗayan abubuwanta ya mutu, to envelope ɗin na biosphere zai faɗi.
Vernadsky shine masanin kimiyya na farko wanda ya fara amfani da ma'anar "abu mai rai". Ya bayyana rayuwa a matsayin lokaci a cikin ci gaban kwayar halitta. Halittu ne masu rai waɗanda ke ɗaukar wasu matakai waɗanda ke faruwa a duniya.
Halin da ke tattare da yanayin halittu, Vernadsky yayi jayayya da tanadi masu zuwa:
- biosphere tsari ne mai tsari;
- rayayyun halittu sune babban abin dogaro a doron kasa, kuma sun tsara yadda duniyar tamu take a yanzu;
- rayuwa a duniya tana shafar tasirin duniya
Don haka, Vernadsky ya kafa harsashin ilimin biogeochemistry da kuma koyaswar biosphere. Yawancin maganganun sa suna da amfani a yau. Masana kimiyyar zamani suna ci gaba da nazarin halittu, amma kuma sun dogara da koyarwar Vernadsky. Rayuwa a cikin halittu sun yadu ko'ina kuma ko'ina akwai kwayoyin halitta da ba zasu iya wanzuwa a wajen dayan ba.
Fitarwa
Ayyukan sanannen masanin kimiyyar Rasha ya bazu ko'ina cikin duniya kuma ana amfani da shi a zamaninmu. Ana iya ganin fa'idar aikace-aikacen koyarwar Vernadsky ba kawai a cikin ilimin halittu ba, har ma da labarin kasa. Godiya ga aikin masanin kimiyya, kariya da kula da ɗan adam ya zama ɗayan ayyukan gaggawa a yau. Abun takaici, a kowace shekara ana samun karin matsalolin muhalli, wadanda ke kawo cikas ga kasancewar halittu a gaba. Dangane da wannan, ya zama dole a tabbatar da ɗorewar ci gaban tsarin tare da rage ci gaban mummunan tasiri a kan mahalli.
