Kowa ya sani cewa wasu adadin kwayoyin, tsirrai da dabbobi suna rayuwa tare a wani yanki na ruwa ko ruwa. Haɗuwarsu, da kuma alaƙar da hulɗa da juna da sauran abubuwan haɓaka, yawanci ana kiranta biocenosis. An kafa wannan kalmar ta haɗakar kalmomin Latin guda biyu "bios" - rayuwa da "cenosis" - gama gari. Duk wata ƙungiyar masu nazarin halittu ta ƙunshi waɗancan abubuwan na bioceosis kamar:
- duniyar dabbobi - zoocenosis;
- ciyayi - phytocenosis;
- orananan ƙwayoyin cuta - microbiocenosis.
Ya kamata a lura cewa phytocoenosis shine babban sashin da ke ƙayyade zoocoenosis da microbiocenosis.
Asalin tunanin "biocenosis"
A ƙarshen karni na 19, masanin kimiyyar nan na Jamus Karl Möbius ya yi nazarin mazaunin kawa a Tekun Arewa. A lokacin binciken, ya gano cewa wadannan kwayoyin zasu iya wanzuwa ne a karkashin takamaiman yanayi, wadanda suka hada da zurfin ciki, yawan gudu, yawan gishirin da yanayin zafin ruwa. Kari kan haka, ya lura da cewa jinsin rayuwar halittun ruwa suna rayuwa tare da kawa. Don haka a cikin 1877, tare da littafinsa mai suna "Oysters and Oyster Economy", lokaci da kuma batun biocenosis sun bayyana a cikin masana kimiyya.
Rarraba halittun halittu
A yau akwai alamun da yawa bisa ga abin da aka rarraba biocenosis. Idan muna magana ne game da tsari bisa la'akari da girma, to zai zama:
- macrobiocenosis, wanda ke nazarin jerin tsaunuka, teku da tekuna;
- mesobiocenosis - gandun daji, fadama, makiyaya;
- microbiocenosis - fure guda ɗaya, ganye ko kututture.
Hakanan za'a iya rarraba Biocenoses dangane da mazaunin. Sannan za a haskaka nau'ikan masu zuwa:
- marine;
- ruwan sha;
- duniya.
Mafi sauƙin tsarin al'ummomin halittu shine rarrabuwarsu cikin halittun halitta da na wucin gadi. Na farkon ya hada da firamare, wanda aka kirkira ba tare da tasirin mutum ba, har ma da na sakandare, wadanda abubuwan halittu suka rinjayi shi. Groupungiyar ta biyu ta haɗa da waɗanda suka yi canje-canje saboda abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar ta jiki. Bari mu bincika fasalin su da kyau.
Halittun halittu
Biocenoses na halitta sune ƙungiyoyin rayayyun halittu waɗanda halitta kanta ta halitta. Irin waɗannan al'ummomin sune tsararrun tsarukan tarihi waɗanda aka kirkiresu, suka haɓaka kuma suke aiki bisa ga dokokinsu na musamman. Masanin kimiyyar Bajamushe V. Tischler ya bayyana halaye masu zuwa na irin wadannan tsarin:
- Biocenoses sun tashi daga abubuwan da aka shirya, wadanda zasu iya zama duka wakilan jinsin mutum da kuma hadadden gidaje;
- wasu sassan al'umma na iya maye gurbinsu da wasu. Don haka ana iya maye gurbin wani nau'in ta wani, ba tare da mummunan sakamako ga dukkan tsarin ba;
- la'akari da gaskiyar cewa a cikin halittar halittar halittu daban-daban bukatun su ne akasin haka, to dukkan tsarin masarautar ya ginu ne kuma ya dore saboda aikin karfin adawa;
- kowace al'umar halitta an gina ta ne ta hanyar tsarin tsari na wani jinsin ta wani;
- girman kowane tsarin supraorganism ya dogara da abubuwan waje.
Tsarin ilmin halitta
Cenan adam an ƙirƙira shi, ana kiyaye shi kuma an tsara shi. Farfesa B.G. Johannsen ya gabatar da ma'anar anthropocenosis a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halittu, ma'ana, tsarin halitta ne da gangan mutum yayi. Zai iya zama wurin shakatawa, murabba'i, akwatin kifaye, terrarium, da sauransu.
Daga cikin halittar halittar mutum, agrobiocenoses an banbanta - wadannan sune tsarin halittar da aka kirkira dan samun abinci. Wadannan sun hada da:
- tafki;
- tashoshi;
- tafkuna;
- makiyaya;
- filaye;
- gonakin daji.
Wani fasali na agrocenosis shine gaskiyar cewa bazai iya rayuwa ba na dogon lokaci ba tare da sa hannun mutum ba.
