Mikiya masu girma, masu iko, masu farauta suna aiki da rana. Mikiya ta banbanta da sauran tsuntsaye masu cin nama a girmansu, tsarin mulki mai karfi da kai da baki. Hatta mafi kankanta daga cikin dangi, kamar su dorin mikiya, suna da fukafukai masu tsayi da tsawo.
Mafi yawan nau'in gaggafa suna rayuwa ne a Eurasia da Afirka. Mikiya mai kaifin baki da gaggafa ta zinariya suna zaune ne a Amurka da Kanada, jinsuna tara suna da yawa a Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka sannan uku zuwa Australia.
Mikiya tana kama da ungulu a cikin tsarin jikin mutum da halayen tashi, amma tana da gashin kai (wanda sau da yawa a ruɗe) da ƙafafu masu ƙarfi da manyan ƙusoshin hanu. Akwai kusan nau'ikan mikiya guda 59. Masu lura da tsuntsaye sun raba mikiya zuwa rukuni hudu:
- cin kifi;
- cin macizai;
- mikiya mai laushi - farautar manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa;
- dorin mikiya na cin kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Mikiya mata sun fi maza girma da kusan kashi 30%. Tsawon rayuwar mikiya ya dogara ne da nau'ikan halittar, mikiya mai sanko da gaggafa ta zinare suna rayuwa tsawon shekaru 30 ko sama da haka.
Fasali na zahiri na gaggafa
Kusan dukkanin gaggafa siffa ce ta dunƙule-dunkule, wanda ke nufin cewa jikin yana zagaye kuma yana taɓarɓewa a kowane gefen. Wannan fasalin yana rage ja a cikin jirgin.
Ofaya daga cikin mafi kyawun fasalin gaggafa shine nauyinta, lanƙwasa ɗan ƙashi, wanda aka rufe shi da faranti na keratin. Theugiyar da ke ƙwanƙwasa ya buɗe naman. Bakin bakin yana da kaifi tare da gefuna, yana yankewa ta cikin taurin fata na ganima.
Mikiya na da ramuka na kunne guda biyu, daya a baya dayan kuma a karkashin ido. Ba a ganin su yayin da aka rufe su da fuka-fukai.
Fuka-fukan suna da tsayi da fadi, suna sanya su tasiri don tashi sama. Don rage tashin hankali yayin da iska ke wucewa ta gefen fika-fuka, ana manna firam din fuka-fukan a saman fikafikan. Lokacin da gaggafa ta yada fikafikansa, saman gashinsa ba ya tabawa.
Gabobin hangen gaggafa
Ganin gaggafa na hango abin da zai farauta daga nesa. Idanun suna gefen kowane gefen kai, ana fuskantar su gaba. Ana bayar da ƙwarewar gani ta manyan ɗalibai, wanda ke ɗan watsa hasken da ke shiga cikin ɗalibin.
Idanun suna kiyayewa ta saman idanuwan sama, ƙananan ido da membran membobi. Yana aiki kamar fatar ido na uku, yana motsi a kwance yana farawa daga kusurwar cikin ido. Mikiya tana rufe murfin mutum, yana kiyaye idanu ba tare da rasa hangen nesa ba. Membrane yana rarraba ruwan ocular yayin riƙe danshi. Hakanan yana kiyaye lokacin shawagi a ranakun iska ko lokacin da akwai ƙura da tarkace a cikin iska.
Yawancin gaggafa suna da kumburi ko gira a sama da gaban ido wanda ke kiyayewa daga rana.
Takaddun Mikiya
Mikiya tana da tsoka da kafafu masu karfi. Wsafa da ƙafa an rufe su da sikeli. Akwai yatsun kafa 4 a kan cincin. Na farko ana ba shi baya kuma sauran ukun suna kan gaba. Kowane yatsa na da farce. Ana yin fika ne da keratin, furotin mai ƙarancin ƙarfi, kuma ana lankwasa su zuwa ƙasa. Tsuntsaye suna kamawa kuma suna ɗaukar ganima da yatsu masu ƙarfi da ƙusoshi masu ƙarfi.
Mikiya, wacce ke kashewa kuma take daukar ganima mai yawa, tana da faratan farcen doguwa, wadanda kuma suke kama wasu tsuntsayen a cikin tashi.
Yawancin jinsunan gaggafa suna da launuka masu launuka marasa haske, galibi launin ruwan kasa, tsatsa, baƙar fata, fari, shuɗi da launin toka. Yawancin jinsuna suna canza launin zanin jikinsu ya danganta da yanayin rayuwa. Agananan samarin gaggafa masu launin launin ruwan kasa, yayin da tsuntsayen manya suna da halayyar farin kai da jela.
Mafi yawan nau'ikan gaggafa
Mikiya ta Zinare (Aquila chrysaetos)
Balaraben zinariya masu balagagge launin ruwan kasa ne masu kawunan zinare da wuyansu. Fukafukansu da ƙananan jikinsu launin ruwan kasa ne masu launin toka mai launin toka, an kafa ginshiƙan fikafikan da gashin jela da ratsiyoyi marasa haske da launuka. Mikiya masu zinare suna da launuka masu launin ja-ja-ja a kirji, a gefuna na gaba na fikafikan da kuma a tsakiyar ƙananan sassan jiki. Filayen launuka masu girma dabam-dabam suna bayyane a kusa da ɗakunan kan babban gashin fuka-fukan ɓoye na ciki da na ciki.
An rarrabe fifikon samarin gaggafa zinariya ta mafi bambancin launi. Fuka-fukan fikafikansu launin toka ne masu duhu, ba tare da ratsi ba. A kan babban da kuma wasu gashin tsuntsaye na biyu, ana iya ganin wuraren fari a kusa da ginshiƙan, kuma murfin saman da ƙananan fuka-fukan sun yi launin ruwan kasa-kasa. Wutsiyoyi galibi farare ne tare da madaidaicin bakin baki tare da tukwanen.
Yaran yara a hankali suna canza launi kuma sun fara zama kamar tsuntsayen manya, amma suna samun cikakkiyar lalatacciyar gaggafa ta gaggafa zinariya bayan ta biyar. Alamomin jan launi a ciki da baya sun fi bayyana da shekaru. Mikiya masu zinare suna da fika mai launin rawaya da fuka-fukai a saman ɓangaren ƙafafunsu da baƙin baki tare da kakin zuma rawaya. A cikin samari tsuntsaye irises masu launin ruwan kasa ne, a cikin balagaggu suna da rawaya-ja.
Mikiya na zinariya suna tashi ta hanyar yin fikafikan fikafikan su 6-8, sannan bi ta sama sama da dakika da yawa. Gagarar zinare da ke tashi sama suna daga fikafikansu sama zuwa sama cikin surar V-light.
Hawk mikiya (Aquila fasciata)
Lokacin neman abinci, tsuntsaye suna nuna fasalin gashin tsuntsu na musamman. Shaho gaggafa ruwan kasa ne mai duhu a saman, fari a ciki. Ana iya ganin duwatsu masu duhu a tsaye tare da shahararren fasali, wanda ya ba mikiya damar ta bambanta da kyau. Mikiya tana da doguwar jela, launin ruwan kasa sama da fari a ƙasa tare da madaidaicin madaidaicin madaurin baki. Wsafafuwanta da idanuwansa rawaya ne sarai, kuma ana iya ganin launi mai launin rawaya mai haske kewaye da bakinsa. Yammacin gaggafa an rarrabe su daga manya ta ƙananan haske mai haske, ciki mai yalwa da rashin ratsi a bakin wutsiya.
A cikin gudu mai kyau, tsuntsu yana nuna ƙarfi. Ana daukar ungulu shaho karama zuwa matsakaiciyar tsuntsu, amma tsawon jikinsa 65-72 cm, fikafikan maza na kusan 150-160 cm, a mata yana da 165-180 cm, wannan yana da ban sha'awa da gaske. Nauyin jeri daga 1.6 zuwa 2.5 kilogiram. Tsammani na rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 30.
Mikiya ta dutse (Aquila rapax)
A cikin tsuntsaye, launi na plumage na iya zama komai daga fari zuwa ja-kasa-kasa. Su mafarauta ne da yawa game da abinci, suna cin komai daga giwayen da suka mutu har zuwa tarko. Sun fi son shiga cikin shara da satar abinci daga wasu masu cin abincin lokacin da zasu iya, da kuma farauta lokacin da basa kusa. Al'adar tara shara na yin mummunan tasiri ga yawan mikiya na dutse, saboda galibi suna cin baitsin guba da mutane ke amfani da shi wajen yaƙi da masu farauta.
Mikiya na dutse sun fi karfin cin naman gawa fiye da takwarorinsu na dabbobi, kamar yadda suke ganin gawarwakin da wuri kuma suna tashi sama zuwa abinci mai sauri da sauri fiye da yadda dabba ke kaiwa.
Stepe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis)
Kiran gaggafa na kara kamar kukan kura, amma dai tsuntsu ne mai nutsuwa. Tsawon baligi ya kai kimanin 62 - 81 cm, fukafukan fikafikan su 1.65 - 2.15 m.Mata masu nauyin kilogiram 2.3 - 4.9 sun fi girman kilogiram na 2 - 3.5 na maza. Babban mikiya ce tare da danshin makogwaro, jikin babba mai ruwan kasa, fuka-fukan tashi baƙi da wutsiya. Birdsananan tsuntsaye ba su da bambancin launi fiye da na manya. Gabashin ƙasa A. n. nipalensis ya fi Turai da Tsakiyar Asiya girma da duhu A. n.
Asar binnewa (Aquila heliaca)
Wannan shine ɗayan manyan gaggafa, kaɗan kaɗan da gaggafa. Girman jiki daga 72 zuwa 84 cm, fikafikan daga 180 zuwa 215 cm. Tsuntsayen manya manya launin ruwan kasa ne, kusan baƙi, tare da halayyar kalar zinariya a bayan kai da wuya. Yawancin lokaci akan kafadu akwai farar fata guda biyu masu girman girma, waɗanda kwata-kwata basa cikin wasu mutane. Fuka-fukan jela suna da launin rawaya-rawaya.
Birdsananan tsuntsaye suna da fuka-fukan launuka masu launi-launi. Fuka-fukan gashin samarin gaggafa binne masu duhu ne. Launin balagagge an kirkireshi ne kawai bayan shekaru 6 na rayuwa.
Tsuntsu mikiya (Aquila pennata)
Subsananan raƙuman raƙuman duwatsu ba su da yawa. Kan da wuyansa launin ruwan kasa ne, tare da jijiyoyin ruwan kasa masu duhu. Gabanta fari ne. Sashin sama na jiki launin ruwan kasa ne masu duhu tare da fuka-fuka masu haske a saman rabin kodadde ocher, tare da gefunan jelar masu duhu masu duhu. Partasan jikin mutum yana da baƙar fata-launin ruwan kasa.
Lightananan haske na dwarf mikiya tana da gashin tsuntsaye a ƙafafunta. Baya baya launin toka ne mai duhu. Bodyasan jikin ta fari ne da launuka masu ja-ja-ja-jaja. Kan ya zama ja wur kuma jajir ne. A cikin jirgin sama, ana ganin kodadde mai laushi a saman reshe mai duhu. A ƙarƙashin murfin kuwa kodadde ne tare da gashin fuka-fuka.
Dukkanin jinsunan sun yi kama. Yaran yara suna kama da manya na ƙasashe masu duhu tare da mafi ƙanƙantar ruɓa da ratsi mai duhu. Kan yana jajaye.
Mikiya ta azurfa (Aquila wahlbergi)
Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙaramin mikiya kuma galibi ana rikice shi da kitsin mai biyan kuɗin rawaya. Kowane mutum yawanci launin ruwan kasa ne, amma an yi rikodin launuka iri-iri da yawa a cikin jinsin, wasu tsuntsaye launin ruwan kasa ne masu duhu, wasu kuma farare ne.
Gagarar azurfa mai saurin farauta tana gudu, ba safai daga kwanton bauna. Yana kai hare-hare kananun hares, da dabbobi masu rarrafe, da dabbobi masu rarrafe, da kuma satar kajin daga gida. Ba kamar sauran gaggafa ba, waɗanda kajinsu farare ne, samarin wannan nau'in an rufe su da cakulan launin ruwan kasa ko launin ruwan kasa mai ƙwanƙwasa.
Kaffir mikiya (Aquila verreauxii)
Daya daga cikin manyan gaggafa, tsawonta yakai 75-96, maza suna da nauyin daga 3 zuwa 4 kg, mata masu yawa daga 3 zuwa 5,8 kilogiram. Wingspan daga 1.81 zuwa 2.3 m, tsawon wutsiya daga 27 zuwa 36 cm, tsayin kafa - daga 9.5 zuwa 11 cm.
Fushin gaggafa na gaggafa baƙi ne mai duhu, tare da kai mai kalar rawaya, bakin yana da launin toka da rawaya. “Girare” mai tsananin rawaya da zobba a kusa da idanu ya bambanta da gashin fuka-fuka, kuma irises launin ruwan kasa ne mai duhu.
Mikiya tana da hoto mai launin dusar ƙanƙara mai launin V a bayanta, jelar tana fari. Ana iya ganin kwatancen ne kawai a cikin tashi, domin lokacin da tsuntsun yake zaune, fikafikan suna rufe farin launuka.
An kawata sasannnin fikafikan da ratsin baki da fari, bakin yana da kauri da karfi, kansa yana da zagaye, wuyansa yana da karfi, kuma dogayen kafafu sun cika fuka-fukai. Mikiya na samartaka suna da kai da wuya irin na zinariya, da baƙar fata kai da kirji, ƙafafu masu launi-kirim, suna rufe fika-fuka masu launin rawaya. Zoben da ke kewaye da idanun sun fi duhun gaggafa girma; suna samun launin balagaggen mutum ne bayan shekaru 5-6.
Yadda gaggafa take kiwo
Suna yin gida gida a kan dogayen bishiyoyi, duwatsu, da duwatsu. Mace tana ɗauke da ƙwayayen ƙwai 2-4 kuma tana haɗa su na tsawon kwanaki 40. Shiryawa yana ɗaukar kwanaki 30 zuwa 50, ya danganta da yanayin. Namiji yana kama ƙananan dabbobi, yana ciyar da gaggafa.
Jariri
Bayan fitowa daga kwai, wanda aka lullube shi da farin farin, dan marainiya mara dogaro gaba daya ya dogara ne akan uwa kan abinci. Ya kai kimanin gram 85. Calan maraƙi na farko yana da shekaru da girma fiye da sauran kajin. Yana samun ƙarfi da sauri kuma yana cin nasara cikin abinci.
Kaji
Kafin barin gida a karo na farko, samarin gaggafa sun kasance “kajin” tsawon makonni 10-12. Yakan dauki tsawon lokaci kafin kajin su zama masu gashin tsuntsu wadanda zasu iya tashi sama kuma su isa su farautar ganima. Matashin ya dawo gidan iyayen wata guda kuma yana rokon abinci muddin ana ciyar dashi. Bayan kwanaki 120 da haihuwa, ƙaramin gaggafa za ta sami 'yanci kai kaɗai.
Wanda gaggafa ke farauta
Duk gaggafa maharan masu karfi ne, amma nau'in abinci ya dogara da inda suke zaune da kuma nau'in. Mikiya a Afirka galibi suna cin macizai, a Arewacin Amurka kifi da kifin ruwa kamar agwagwa. Yawancin gaggafa kawai suna farautar abin da ya fi ƙanƙanta da su, amma wasu gaggafa suna kai wa barewa ko wasu manyan dabbobi hari.
Mazaunan Mikiya
Ana samun Eagles a wurare daban-daban. Wadannan sun hada da dazuzzuka, dausayi, da tabkuna, da ciyayi, da sauransu. Tsuntsaye suna rayuwa kusan a ko'ina cikin duniya banda Antarctica da New Zealand.
Wanene yake farautar gaggafa a cikin yanayi
Kyakkyawan gaggafa mai girma, saboda girmanta da ƙwarewar farauta, bashi da abokan gaba na zahiri. Gswai, kajin, samarin gaggafa, da tsuntsayen da suka ji rauni suna cin namun daɗaɗɗun macuta kamar sauran tsuntsaye masu cin nama, gami da gaggafa da shaho, beyar, kerkeci da duwawu.
Rushewar mazauni
Lalatar da muhallin zama babbar barazanar. Yankin tsuntsaye, a matsayinka na mai mulki, ya kai kimanin kilomita murabba'i 100, kuma suna komawa gida ɗaya daga shekara zuwa shekara.
'Yan Adam suna farautar Mikiya don farautar dabbobi ko kashe farauta kamar kayan alatu. Yawancin gaggafa sun cika da guba a kaikaice, wanda kuma ya mutu sakamakon magungunan ƙwari.
A wasu yankuna, ana farautar tsuntsaye don fuka-fukai, ana sace ƙwai don sayarwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a kasuwar bayan fage.
