Iyalin masu wucewa sun samo asali a cikin yankin Afrotropical a tsakiyar Miocene. Kungiyoyi biyu, dusar ƙanƙara da gwararan ƙasar, wataƙila sun samo asali ne daga yankin Palaearctic. Tsuntsayen da ke Afirka sun kasu kashi biyu: gwarare na dutse da gwarare na gaskiya, waɗanda suka mallaki Afirka daga baya kuma suka haifar da yankuna na biyu a Eurasia.
Masana kimiyyar tsuntsaye sun gane jinsin gwarare biyar:
- mai dusar ƙanƙara;
- ƙasa;
- gajeren yatsa;
- dutse;
- gaske.
Fasali na mazaunin jinsunan gwaraza
Gwaran dusar ƙanƙara
An rarrabu a cikin Turai da Asiya, a kai a kai suna bayyana a cikin ƙananan yawa a Alaska yayin ƙaura, gajartar da hanya, ta tashi ta cikin Tekun Bering. Wasu tsuntsayen da suka yi ƙaura a lokacin bazara suna komawa kudu daga gefen Amurka. Ana ganin gwara masu dusar ƙanƙara a cikin jihohi da yawa gabas da gabar Tekun Atlantika da kuma kudancin Colorado.
Gwaran duniya
Tsuntsaye don gida suna zaɓar hamada, filayen duwatsu da filaye tare da gajeren ciyawa, gefen hamada; ana samun su a gabashin Mongolia na ciki kuma daga Mongolia zuwa Siberian Altai.
Aran guntun yatsu
Sun fi son yankuna masu bushewa tare da ciyayi masu yawa, galibi a cikin tsaunuka marassa iyaka da yankunan tsaunuka na Turkiya, Gabas ta Tsakiya, daga Armenia zuwa Iran, Kudancin Turkmenistan, Afghanistan da Baluchistan (Pakistan), wasu lokuta kuma ana samunsu a Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da Oman. Suna hibernate galibi a yankin Larabawa da kuma arewa maso gabashin Afirka.
Gwarare
Yankunan duwatsu tare da gajeren ciyawa, filayen busassun da duwatsu, yankuna masu tsaunuka da kango na zamanin da aka zaɓi don zama. Wannan kamannin Bahar Rum ne. Gwarjin dutse asalinsa ne daga kudancin Turai, daga yankin Iberian da kuma yammacin Arewacin Afirka, ta hanyar kudancin Turai har zuwa Asiya ta Tsakiya. Al’umar Asiya suna yin ƙaura kudu bayan lokacin kiwo da lokacin sanyi.
Gwararan gaske
An rarraba wannan nau'in zuwa manyan ƙananan ƙananan:
Gwaran gida
An zabi birane, garuruwa, gonaki. Babu takamaiman wurin zama, amma koyaushe ana samunsu kusa da tsarin wucin gadi, kuma ba cikin mahalli na asali ba. Suna zaune ne a cikin biranen birni, gefen gari, gonaki, kusa da gidaje masu zaman kansu da kasuwanci.
Gwaran filin
Sun zauna akan filayen noma da ƙauyuka. A Arewacin Amurka, suna zaune a cikin buɗaɗɗun wurare tare da bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi masu warwatse, a cikin birane da birane. A cikin Turai da Asiya, ana samunta a yawancin nau'ikan matsugunnin buɗe ido, gefunan daji, ƙauyuka, gonaki.
Fasali na zahiri
Umurnin passerines yana da gajere, mai ƙarfi bakuna, waɗanda ake amfani da su don tattara tsaba da hatsi. Harsunansu suna da tsari na musamman na kwarangwal wanda ke cire kumburin daga ƙwayayen. Wadannan tsuntsayen suma suna narkewa gaba daya lokacin da suka shiga matakin girma na rayuwa.
Beaks na maza yakan canza launi daga launin toka zuwa baƙi lokacin da tsuntsayen suka fara yin jima'i. Yawancin jinsunan gwaraza suna yin rayuwar da ba ta dace ba. Gwararan gaske da na dutse suna da gajeru, marasa fukafukai kuma suna tashi mara kyau, suna yin gajeren tashi kai tsaye. Yankunan dusar ƙanƙara da na ƙasa waɗanda ke zaune a wurare masu buɗewa suna da fikafikan tsayi daidai gwargwado tare da lambobi masu yawa na farin fuka-fuka a jikinsu, wanda ya yi fice sosai a yayin tashin jiragen sama irin na tsuntsayen yankin. Lalatar jima'i a cikin dusar ƙanƙara, ƙasa da gwaraɗan dutse kusan babu su. Gwararan dutse maza ne kawai ke da rawaya a makogwaron. Sabanin haka, gwarare na gaskiya dimorphic ne; an rarrabe maza da baƙin bibbiyoyi da kyawawan halaye a kai.
Yadda gwarare ke nuna hali
Yawancin gwarare suna da ma'amala, suna cikin manyan garken tumaki suna yin yankuna. Yawancin nau'ikan suna da kiwo iri-iri. Ana iya lura da narkon mulkin mallaka a Asiya ta Tsakiya, inda dubban ɗaruruwan tsuntsaye ke rayuwa lokaci guda a wuraren zama na gwarare. A cikin irin wadannan yankuna, gidajen nisan suna tazara sosai ga juna, har zuwa nests 200 a kowace bishiya. Gabaɗaya, gidajen ba su da wuri sosai, lambarsu tana da iyaka ta wadatar wuraren da suka dace da ciyayi. Sau da yawa yawancin ma'aurata 20-30 suna zama kusa.
Gwarare suna shiga cikin turbaya da wanka. Dukansu ayyukan zamantakewa ne. Rukunin tsuntsayen madadin aiki na tsaba tare da hutawa cikin kyakkyawan tsari. Yayin narkar da tsaba mai wuya, gwaraɗan suna zama kusa da juna kuma suna kula da hulɗa da jama'a tare da laushi mai laushi.
Sparrow abinci da abinci
Gwiwa sun ci:
- tsaba na ƙananan tsire-tsire;
- noman hatsi;
- cin dabbobin gida;
- sharar gida;
- kananan berries;
- tsaba na bishiyoyi.
Don kajin, iyaye suna “satar” abincin dabbobi. A lokacin kiwo, manyan gwarare masu cin manya-manyan kwari, galibi kwari masu saurin motsi, amma wani lokacin sukan kama dabbobinsu a cikin jirgi.
