Bayani da fasali
Iyalan Weevils (lat.Curculionifae) ana rarrabe su ta hanyar bambancin jinsinsu, yana cikin tsarin Coleoptera ko Beetles. A Rasha, akwai fiye da nau'ikan nau'ikan ɓarna 5,000, waɗanda ba su da girma. A cikin wurare masu zafi, inda yawancin jinsuna ke zaune, ana samun ƙattai na ainihi har zuwa 5-6 cm cikin girman. Masarautar kwari ba ta da iyaka, ana bayyana sabbin iri a kowace shekara.
Koda mutumin da yayi nesa da ilimin halitta ya saba da ɓarnar. Sau da yawa a wuraren shakatawa da lambuna zaka iya ganin kwaro mai kyau Emerald-kore mai rawaya mai rawaya da gangar jikinsa kamar giwa.
Da alama abin ban mamaki ne cewa wannan dangi ne na kwari masu haɗari waɗanda ke hana mu girbi na strawberries da apples, ɓata hatsi da yawa, da lalata gine-ginen katako. Kuma koren ciyawar kanta, kodayake yana da komai, ba zai wuce ta hanyar dasa al'adu ba. Ewaro irin ƙwaro a cikin hoto.
Shafukan halittu daban-daban sun sha bamban wajen bayyana. Siffar jiki na iya zama mai tsayi, madaidaiciya, mai kamannin lu'u-lu'u, a cikin siffar hemisphere. Launi na murfin chitinous daga sautunan haske zuwa launin ruwan kasa da baki, galibi tare da tabo.
Wani fasali na musamman irin na ƙwaro shine kasancewar babban kawun shugaban, wanda saboda shi ne ɓullowar suka sami suna. Rostrum a cikin wasu nau'ikan ƙananan ne, kuma a wasu yana wuce girman jiki sau da yawa.
Abincin duka baligi da tsutsarsa galibi kayan ciki ne na tsire-tsire. Dicotyledons na furannin furanni sune abincin da aka fi so da ɗanɗano. Wasu nau'ikan sun fi son itace, bawo, algae, fungal mycelium. Matakan larva galibi ana aiwatar da su a cikin ƙasa kuma ana cizonsu a tushen tsarin, amma wasu nau'ikan suna ci gaba akan gabobin shuke-shuken sama.
Irin
Iyali na weevils suna da bambanci a cikin bayyanar kuma suna da babban canji a cikin abubuwan da ake so. Mafi yawan sanannun nau'ikan bishiyar ɗan adam shine waɗanda ke cutar da tsire-tsire masu shuka ko nau'ikan itacen mai muhimmanci.
Karin kwari na 'ya'yan itace da bishiyoyi na' ya'yan itace:
- Waron furannin apple yana da baƙar fata, ƙafafu sun fi sauƙi, tsutsa ta sa ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma manya suna rayuwa a cikin 'ya'yan itacen, suna cin abinci a kan abin ɗibansu.
- Bukarka - girman 2-3 mm, launin toka-shuɗi, kwaro yana lalata burodi da furanni.
- Giwar giwar giwa ce irin ta ƙwallaye 0.5 cm, murfin ɗan kyan gani ya yi kama, ya yi haske. Manya-manyan kwari suna cin abincin furannin fure, suna kwanciya da ƙwai a cikin samarin ƙwai.
Karin kwari:
- Guduro mai ma'ana zai iya haifar da mutuwar itacen gaba ɗaya. Mace tana shimfida kama cikin zurfin bawonta, tsinkayen tsalle-tsalle har sai sun zama yara.
- Pine giwa -kwavil kwaro daji gandun daji. Kwarin yana da girman 1-1.2 cm, launin ruwan kasa mai ƙanƙan da ƙananan rawaya. Tsutsa suna rayuwa a karkashin haushi, kuma manya suna cizon haushi na ƙananan ƙanana, suna haifar da mutuwar ƙarancin itacen pine.
- 'Ya'yan itacen' Hazelnut 'sune laifin kwaya mara amfani da kwaya.
Green weevil kwari ne mai nauyin 12 mm, yana da murfi mai santsi daga koren kore zuwa launukan ruwan kasa. Cikin ciki yakan fi sauƙi. Nibbles foliage, buds, buds na 'ya'yan itace, berries da sauran shuke-shuke. Tsutsa suna cin abinci akan ƙananan sassan tushen tsarin.
Barn weevil shine ƙwayar kwayar hatsi mai launin ruwan kasa, kimanin girman cm 3. Tare da hatsin, ya bazu cikin duniya. Mata na cizon bawon hatsin, sa kwai kuma su rufe shi da najasa. Zai iya haifar da lalacewar yawancin hatsi.
Gwoza mai rauni - yana da murfin ɗan itace, tare da ratsi mai ruwan toka. Tana shuka samari na sukari gwoza, larvae a cikin kasa suna gurnani a asalin, suna musanya tushen amfanin gona. Strawberry weevil, kwaro na strawberries da raspberries, gnaws a cikin buds ɗin sa ƙwai.
Tsarin
Ba wai kawai ta hanyar sifofin ilmin halitta ba, har ma da juyin halitta, dukkanin bishiyoyi sun kasu kashi biyu kungiyoyi daban-daban. Mai dogon gashi - ya bayyana da yawa a baya kuma sun sami ci gaba. Suna da doguwar dogaro, galibi suna karkata ƙasa; larvae suna rayuwa a cikin ƙwayoyin tsire-tsire ko a waje.
Short-probed, mafi na zamani, rostrum kasa da ninki biyu da nisa. Sau da yawa larvae suna rayuwa a cikin ƙasa. Ga sauran, Tsarin mutum ya bambanta kadan daga sauran coleoptera. Rostrum, pronotum, elytra, fuka-fuki, ciki, da kuma gaɓoɓin kafa biyu.
Shugaban ƙwaro yawanci yana da madaidaiciyar siffar zobe, yana juyawa zuwa bututu, a ƙarshen ƙarshensa akwai buɗe baki tare da ƙananan manbura masu haƙori; 11-12 akwai layu a gefen wurin. Asan goshin maƙarƙashiyar akwai ƙananan idanuwan haɗuwa waɗanda ke gefen gefunan kai.
Jikin ƙwayar ƙwaro an rufe shi da murfin chitinous mai wuya, wanda yake da santsi, tare da villi ko sikeli. Ciki yana da kumbura bayyanannu sau biyar a bayyane. An ɓoye fikafikan baya a ƙarƙashin tsafin elytra. A cikin nau'ikan fuka-fukai, an rarraba elytra.
Wsafafun hannaye daban-daban dogaye ne ko gajeru. Cinyoyi sun yi kauri, tibiae sirara ne, akwai fika biyu a saman tarsus. Tsutsa mai tsutsa tana da launi mai launi, ta jiki, ba tare da ƙafa ba. Kai galibi ya fi jikinsa duhu kuma ba shi da idanu.
Mandibles da aka ayyana tare da gefen gefuna. Pufin yana da siffa irin ta jigila; rafukan kan, idanu, da kafafun ƙwaro a bayyane suke a kai. A yawancin jinsuna, mace ta fi ta namiji girma kuma ta fi kamala a cikin tsari.
Rayuwa da mazauni
A cikin ƙasarmu, bishiyoyi suna rayuwa a cikin Rasha banda mafi yawan yankuna na arewa. Yanayi mai ɗumi + 20-30˚С yana ɗauke da kyawawan halaye don haɓakawa da haifuwa. Bulaliyar tana rayuwa kusa da waɗancan tsire-tsire waɗanda yake amfani da su don abinci.
Don haka ɗan akuya yana zaune kusa da lambuna, itacen giwar pine ya fi zama ruwan dare a cikin gandun daji masu haɗuwa. A lokacin bazara, ana iya ganinsu a kan ciyawar da suke ci kafin bayyanar tsiron shuke-shuke.
Kwancen kwarin a cikin yanayin manya ko a cikin tsutsa da tsutsa da pupa a cikin zuriyar dabbobi, ƙasa, a cikin bawon haushi da sauran wuraren kariya. Manya ne kawai ke hibernate a cikin ƙasa. Tare da farawar zafi + 7-9 теплаС, beetles na farko sun fara bayyana, amma fitowar taro yana faruwa lokacin da zafin jiki ya haura 10˚С.
Wasu manya sun fada cikin diapause kuma suna zama a cikin kasar har tsawon lokacin dumi, suna bayyana a saman bazara mai zuwa. A lokacin bazara, ƙwaro yakan sami cikakken zagaye na rayuwa na cigaba. Bugun yana rayuwa a asirce, an binne shi a cikin saman ƙasa da daddare ko lokacin sanyi.
Gina Jiki
An rarraba nau'ikan ɓaure daban-daban zuwa ƙungiyoyi gwargwadon nau'in abinci. Green weevil misali ne na polyphagia a cikin abinci mai gina jiki: yana iya daidaitawa akan turɓaya, birch, maple, apple da sauran tsirrai da yawa.
Rayuwar sauran bishiyoyi, wanda ake kira. monophages suna faruwa a tsakanin nau'ikan tsire-tsire iri ɗaya. Misali shine itacen oak, manya suna cin abinci akan ganyen itacen oak, kuma ana aiwatar da matakin kitson a cikin ɓaure.
Strawberry weevil yana ciyarwa akan gabobin iska na strawberries, amma kuma yana lalata raspberries, watau Tsire-tsire na iyali ɗaya (oliphagy) suna a matsayin abinci. Akwai masabuta wadanda, kafin bayyanar tsirrai wadanda suke rayuwa akansu, suna ciyar da wasu tsirrai.
Babban kwaro da tsutsa suna haɗuwa ta hanyar yawan cuwa-cuwa, amma tsutsa tana cin naman sau uku fiye da na babban kwarin. Weevils suna lalata sassa daban-daban na tsire-tsire kuma suna haifar da lahani ga aikin gona.
Shafukan halittu daban-daban suna da nau'o'in abinci mai yawa. Ganye, mai tushe, tsutsa, tushen shukoki, ganyen da suka faɗi, 'ya'yan itatuwa, furanni, fulawa - wannan ba cikakken jerin sassan tsire-tsire bane waɗanda ake ci ƙwaro weevil (saprophytes).
Wasu nau'ikan sun fi son itace, kuma tsutsa suna yin dogayen hanyoyin cikin bawon. Saprophages sun fi son sassan jikin shuke-shuke da itace, suna ciyar da mycelium na fungi.
Sau da yawa kwari sukan zauna akan shuka su lalata sassan ta daban: manya suna cin ganye da furanni, kuma tsutsa tana cin gindi a tushen. Sau da yawa Weevils suna yin gall (mummunan ci gaba) na tsire-tsire kuma suna rayuwa a cikinsu.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Tudun ƙwaro na iya hayayyafa ta hanyar jima'i da haɗin kai. Koren koren ya haɗu da ƙwai na mace ta hanyar saduwa, kuma ɗan ƙaramin ƙwayar beet ɗin wani bangare ne.
Da farkon dumi, macen gwoza ta farka, ta farka bayan hunturu, ta sa qwai kusa da shuka gwoza. Mace na iya yin ƙwai sau da yawa tsakanin Afrilu da Agusta. A wasu jinsunan, babban mutum yakan mutu bayan ya ƙwai ƙwai.
Tsutsar tsutsar bayan wata daya da rabi suna da haske, tare da kai mai ruwan kasa, mai kamannin jinjirin wata, molt sau da yawa yayin da suke girma. A farkon ci gaba, suna ciyarwa a kan tushen samari na matasa, suna lalata amfanin gona. Yayin da suke girma, larvae din suna isa ga gwaiwar gwoza, yana dagula ci gaban tushen amfanin gona.
Kafin fara karatu, tsutsa tana ba da daki a cikin ƙasa, inda ta ke pupates bayan watanni biyu na rayuwa. Bayan makonni 2-3, manya suna fitowa daga pupae, wanda, ya danganta da lokacin, ya tashi kafin lokacin sanyi, wasu daga cikinsu suna cikin ƙasa har zuwa lokacin hunturu na gaba.
Nau'o'in ciyawar da suka hayayyafa ta hanyar saduwa sun sanya lokacin saduwarsu zuwa bayyanar buds ko fruitsa plantsan tsire-tsire wanda dole ne su yi ƙwai a kai. Tsawon rayuwar kankara ya banbanta saboda dalilai da yawa. Wasu nau'in suna rayuwa fiye da wasu. Mata yawanci suna rayuwa kasa da na maza.
Mutanen da suka tsira daga hunturu suna da tsawon rayuwa. Wasu manya suna shiga diapause kuma basa tashi sama duk lokacin bazara har zuwa kakar wasa mai zuwa. Tsawon rayuwar kankara na iya zama daga watanni da yawa zuwa shekaru biyu ko fiye.
Yadda ake yaƙin kan strawberries da a gidan katako
Kowa yana son gine-ginen katako. Suna da dumi a lokacin sanyi kuma suna sanyi a lokacin rani, masu sauƙin numfashi da kwanciyar hankali. Abun takaici, itacen, a matsayin abincin abinci, yana da ƙaunatattun kwari da yawa, ɗayansu shine ɗanyen ɓaure.
Mafi shahararren duwawu ya lalace. Kwaro mai ruwan kasa, wanda girmansa yakai mil 3 kawai, na iya haifar da lalacewar ginin katako.
Wevil din da yardan rai yana cin dusar a cikin ɗakuna mai tsananin danshi. Ana iya samun 'ya'yan aikinsa a cikin wanka, a ƙarƙashin gangaren taga, a kan baranda da baranda, a ɗakuna.
Sako a cikin gida yana yin ramuka a katako inda yake yin ƙwai. Tsuntsayen da aka kyankyashe don haka suna cin abubuwan ciki na itaciyar, sannan ba da daɗewa ba duk itacen zai iya zama ƙura daga ciki.
Hanya mafi kyau don magance kwaro ita ce rigakafin maganin itace tare da maganin antiseptic yayin gini. Amma har ma da matakan nasara, ɓarke na iya bayyana. Za'a iya raba magungunan da ake amfani dasu don yaƙar kwaro zuwa ƙungiyoyi:
- lamba (mai guba sosai) -hexochlorane, dichlorvos;
- hanji - jan ƙarfe sulfate, sodium fluorosilicate, mai ƙwanƙwasawa, galibi suna da wari mara daɗi;
- fumigants - sulfur dioxide, dichloroethane, ba su daɗewa, da sauri su ɓullo.
An samar da wani shiri na kwayar halittar rayuwa mai rikitarwa "Zhuk". Idan akwai wata mummunar lalacewa, ya zama dole a yi maganin alurar rigakafi a cikin ramin da ƙwaro ya sanya tare da sirinji, sannan a rufe su da wani abu mai matse mai ƙarfi. Ana yin wannan don hana sabbin ƙwaro tashi daga sama.
Kowane mai lambu mai son wanda ya girma strawberries ya san strawberry (rasberi) weevil. Thewaron ƙanƙan karami ne, 2-3 mm, baƙi, tare da dogon bututu lanƙwasa ƙasa. Lokacin da iska ta dumama har zuwa 10-12˚C, ƙwaro yakan farka daga barci kuma ya fara cin ganyen 'ya'yan itacen.
Lokacin da strawberry ta shiga lokacin girma, mace irin ƙwaro tana yin rami a cikin toho, ta sa ƙwai a wurin, sannan ta ciji ƙwarjin. Wata ɓarnar mace zata iya lalata furanni har 50. Bayan fureren fure, beetles suna motsawa zuwa raspberries kuma suna ci gaba da ayyukansu na halakarwa.
Akwai hanyoyi da yawa yadda za a kawar da ƙuƙwalwar ƙwaro... Daga cikin sunadarai, mafi inganci sune: Aktellik, Alatar, Fufanon-nova (analogue na Karbofos). Duk waɗannan kwayoyi suna da guba sosai kuma ya kamata a kiyaye yayin amfani da su.
Kwanan nan, wani shiri na asalin halitta Fitoverm ya bayyana, wanda, idan anyi amfani dashi daidai (aƙalla zafin 20 ° C), shima yana ba da sakamako mai kyau. Gogaggen lambu sukan yi amfani da magungunan mutane don magance kwaro.
A farkon bazara, wuraren da ake yin hunturu na zubarwa da ruwan zãfi. Sanin cewa kunun tsamiya baya haƙuri da ƙamshi mai ƙarfi, suna shayar da gadaje tare da jikowar tafarnuwa, cakuda ganyen celandine da bawon albasa, kuma suna magance shi da maganin ammoniya.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa
An yi imani da hakan weeviltabbas kwari ne na kwari. Amma a Brazil da Ostiraliya, ana amfani da kwanson ne don kashe ciyawa. Don haka, a Ostiraliya, wani irin ƙwaro wanda ba shi da rubutu ya ceci Lake Victoria daga mamayewar wata mummunar ciyawar da ake kira hyacinth. An kawo ɗan ɓarnatar zuwa Rasha don tsabtace tafki na ciyawar salvia, manya da larvae suna da ikon lalata ɗimbin tsire-tsire na cikin ruwa.
Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa ƙafafun ƙuƙwalwar suna haɗe da jiki bisa ga ka'idar dunƙule da kwaya. A kan ƙafafun akwai alamar zaren, wanda, kamar yadda yake, ya shiga cikin jiki, wanda ke ba da ƙwaro sauƙi na motsi.
