Silkworm - daya daga cikin 'yan kwari masu fika da fikafikai. Shekaru 5000, kwari na wannan malam buɗe ido, ko silkworms, suna ta zaren zare, suna sakar kwando, wanda mutane ke samar da siliki.
Bayani da fasali
Tatsun siliki ya wuce matakai hudu a cigaban sa. Qwai ake fara sawa. Haɗuwar ƙwai ana kiranta grena. Tsutsa ko tsutsar ciki na tsiro suna fitowa daga ƙwai. Laran tsutsa. Sannan na ƙarshe, mafi ban mamaki lokaci na canji yana faruwa - pupa ya sake komawa cikin malam buɗe ido (asu, asu).
Silkworm a hoto mafi yawanci yakan bayyana ne a yanayin asalin fikafikan sa, wato, asu. Yana da kyau maras kyau, an zana shi cikin launi mai fari mai hayaƙi. Fuka-fukan suna kama da misali ga Lepidoptera, sun kunshi sassa 4, sun bazu kusan 6 cm.
Tsarin kan fuka-fuki mai sauki ne: babban gizo-gizo na layuka masu tsayi da masu wucewa. Balaraben silkworm yana da isan furry. Tana da jiki mai laushi, kafafun kafafu da manyan eriya masu gashi (antennae).
Silkworm yana da halayyar da ke hade da gida-gida na dogon lokaci. Kwarin kwata-kwata ya rasa yadda zai kula da kansa: malam buda-baki bai iya tashi ba, kuma kwari mara dadi ba sa kokarin neman abinci yayin da suke cikin yunwa.
Asalin silkworm bai tabbata ba tabbatacce. An yi amannar cewa tsarin gida ya samo asali ne daga silkworm na daji. Rayuwa kyauta silkworm malam buɗe ido ƙasa da gida. Yana da damar tashi, kuma kyankyasan da kansa ya ba da farin dawa na bishiyoyin mulberry.
Irin
An saka silkworm a cikin ƙirar nazarin halittu a ƙarƙashin sunan Bombyx mori. Na dangin Bombycidae ne, wanda ake fassara sunansa da "silkworms na gaskiya".
Iyalin suna da yawa sosai, ya ƙunshi nau'ikan 200 na butterflies. Da yawa iri ne da aka sani. Suna haɗuwa da sifa ɗaya - tsutsa daga waɗannan kwari suna ƙirƙirar cocoons daga bakin zaren mai ƙarfi.
1. Tsuntsayen daji - dangi mafi kusa na malam buɗe ido na gida. Wataƙila shine asalin asalin wanda ya samo asali. Yana zaune a Yankin Gabas mai Nisa. Daga yankin Ussuri zuwa iyakar kudu da zirin Koriya, gami da China da Taiwan.
2. Ruwan silkworm mara kyau - ba dangi ne kai tsaye na silkworm ba, amma galibi ana ambaton sa yayin zayyano ire-iren butterflies silkworm. Yana daga cikin volnyanka iyali. Rarraba a cikin Eurasia, wanda aka gane azaman kwaro a Arewacin Amurka.
3. Skwatar siliki - rarraba a cikin Asiya, daga Urals zuwa Yankin Koriya. Yana daga cikin dangi masu jujjuyawa. Yana ciyarwa akan allurar kowane irin bishiyoyi masu ban sha'awa.
4. Kwirjin siliki mai ringi - yana zaune a cikin gandun daji na Turai da Asiya. Caterpillars na wannan nau'in suna cin ganyen birch, itacen oak, Willow, da sauransu, gami da bishiyoyi masu fruita fruitan itace. Gane a matsayin kwaro.
5. Ailanthus silkworm - ana samun siliki daga gare ta a Indiya da China. Wannan malam buɗe ido bai taɓa zama na gida ba. An samo shi a cikin Indochina, tsibirin Pacific. Akwai ƙaramar jama'a a Turai, inda tushen abinci ke tsiro - itacen Ailanth.
6. Amasar kwando ta Assamese - Ana amfani da irin wannan silkworm din a kasar Indiya don samar da wani kyalle da ake kira muga, wanda ke nufin amber. Babban wurin samar da wannan siliki wanda ba safai ba shine lardin Assam na Indiya.
7. Tsuntsayen itacen oak na kasar Sin - ana amfani da zaren da aka samo daga koko na wannan kwarin don yin tsefe, mai ɗorewa, siliki mai laushi. Kirkirar wannan masana'anta an kafa ta ne kwanan nan - shekaru 250 kawai da suka wuce, a cikin karni na 18.
8. Jafananci itacen oak na Japan - an yi amfani da shi a cikin kayan gona na tsawon shekaru 1000. Sakamakon zaren ba shi da ƙarfi a cikin sauran nau'ikan siliki, amma ya fi duka ƙarfi a cikin laulaye.
9. Castor wake wake - yana zaune a Hindustan da Indochina. Castor bean leaves shine babban kuma abincin abinci kawai. A Indiya ana amfani da wannan kwaron wajen samar da eri ko eri siliki. Wannan masana'anta ba ta da ɗan inganci a ingancin siliki na gargajiya.
Mafi mahimmancin malam buɗe ido da kwari a cikin babban kamfanin silkworms shine silkworm na gida. Shekaru dubbai, mutane suna lura da kuma narkar da butterflies - tushen asalin yadudduka da yadi mai inganci.
An sami rarrabuwa zuwa rukuni-rukuni na asali a kan yanki.
- Sinanci, Koriya da Jafananci.
- Kudancin Asiya, Indiya da Indo-Sinanci.
- Farisanci da Transcaucasian.
- Asiya ta Tsakiya da Asiya orananan.
- Bature.
Kowane rukuni ya bambanta da sauran a cikin ilimin halittar fatar malam, gren, tsutsa da kwakwa. Babban burin kiwo shine yawa da ingancin filament ɗin da za'a iya samu daga kwakwa. Masu kiwo suna rarrabe nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan silkworm guda uku:
- Monovoltine - nau'in da ke kawo ƙarni ɗaya a kowace shekara.
- Bivoltine - nau'in da ke samar da zuriya sau biyu a shekara.
- Polyvoltine - nau'in da ke kiwo sau da yawa a shekara.
Oungiyoyin Monovoltine na silkworm na gida suna sarrafa tafiya zuwa tafarkin tsara ɗaya a cikin shekarar kalanda. Wadannan nau'ikan ana horar dasu ne a cikin ƙasashe masu yanayin yanayi mai sanyin yanayi. Mafi yawanci waɗannan jihohin Turai ne.
A duk tsawon lokacin hunturu, kwan kwan yana cikin yanayi na hanawa, tare da tafiyar hawainiya na tsarin ilimin lissafi. Rayarwa da hadi yana faruwa tare da ɗumi a bazara. Maganganun lokacin sanyi yana rage ƙimar zuriya zuwa mafi ƙarancin.
A cikin ƙasashe inda yanayi ya fi ɗumi, nau'in bivoltine sun fi shahara. Balaga da wuri ana samun ta ne ta hanyar rage wasu halayen. Bivoltine butterflies sun fi ƙananan monovoltine. Ingancin kokon ya ɗan ragu. Kiwon silkworm nau'in polyvoltine yana faruwa ne kawai a gonakin dake cikin yankuna masu zafi.
Oviposition yana bunkasa cikin kwanaki 8-12. Wannan yana baka damar girban koko har sau 8 a shekara. Amma waɗannan nau'ikan ba su da mashahuri musamman. Matsayin jagora yana shagaltar da nau'ikan silworm na monovoltine da na bivoltine. Sun samar da mafi ingancin karshen samfurin.
Rayuwa da mazauni
Labarin siliki na siliki a zamaninmu ya wanzu ne kawai a cikin yanayin wucin gadi. Za'a iya sake rayuwa ta rayuwa daga ɗayan asalin da aka ɗauka - silkworm na daji.
Wannan malam buɗe ido yana zaune a Gabashin China a yankin Koriya. Yana faruwa ne a inda akwai dunkulen bishiyar mulberry, ganyen sa shine kawai abin da ke cikin abinci na tsutsar silkworm.
Generationsarnoni 2 sun haɓaka a cikin yanayi ɗaya. Wato, silkorm din daji na bivoltine. Zamanin farko na tsutsotsi na mulberry ya ƙyanƙyashe daga ƙwai a cikin Afrilu-Mayu. Na biyu shine a ƙarshen bazara. Butterfly shekaru yana daga bazara zuwa ƙarshen bazara.
Butterflies basa ciyarwa, aikinsu shine sanya ƙwai. Ba sa yin ƙaura ko ƙaura. Saboda manne wa yankin da kuma rage daskararren mulberry, gaba daya yawan silkwor na daji ya bace.
Gina Jiki
Caterpillar silkworm ne kawai ko tsutsa mai ƙwaya. Abincin shine babba - ganyen mulberry. Itacen duniya ne. Ana amfani da katako a cikin kayan haɗi. A cikin Asiya, ana amfani da ita don yin kayan kida na jama'a.
Duk da kasancewar abinci na silkworms, masana kimiyyar halitta koyaushe suna ƙoƙarin neman maye gurbin ganyen mulberry, aƙalla na ɗan lokaci. Masana kimiyya suna son farawa farkon ciyar da kwari kuma, a yayin sanyi ko mutuwar gonakin siliki, suna da zaɓi na madadin tare da abinci.
Akwai ɗan nasara a cikin binciken don maye gurbin ganyen mulberry. Da farko dai, tsire-tsire ne mai suna scorzonera. Tana fitar da ganyen farko a cikin Afrilu. Lokacin ciyar da kwari, scorzonera ya nuna dacewarsa: kwari sun cinye shi, ingancin zaren bai lalace ba.
Dandelion, akuya da sauran shuke-shuke sun nuna sakamako mai gamsarwa. Amma amfani da su zai yiwu ne kawai a cikin wani ɗan lokaci, mara tsari. Tare da komawa mai zuwa mulberry. In ba haka ba, ingancin samfurin ƙarshe ya lalace sosai.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Duk yana farawa ne da ƙwai, waɗanda ake kira grens a cikin silkworm. Kalmar ta fito ne daga hatsin Faransanci, wanda ke fassara zuwa hatsi. An hana silkworm damar zaɓar wurin kwanciya da samar da yanayin shiryawa.
Aiki ne na masu narkar da silkworm, ƙwararru a cikin kiwon silkwor, don samar da yanayin zafin jiki da ake buƙata, laima da samun iska. Yanayin zafi shine ƙayyadaddun yanayin don nasarar shiryawar.
Lokacin cire kwari yin abubuwa biyu:
- - kiyaye yanayin zafin jiki kusan kusan a duk tsawon lokacin shiryawar,
- kullum kara shi da 1-2 ° C.
Yanayin farawa shine 12 ° C, haɓakar zafin jiki ta ƙare da kusan 24 ° C. Bayan kai matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki na shiryawa, aikin jiran aiki zai fara ne lokacin da kwarkwata... Ba hatsari ba ne ga ganye su sauka a cikin zafin jiki yayin shiryawa, gami da waɗanda ba a tsara su ba. Zazzabi ya tashi zuwa 30 ° C na iya zama bala'i.
Wannan shiryawar yakan ƙare ne a rana ta 12. Bugu da ari, silkworm yana rayuwa ne a cikin kwatankwacin kwari. Wannan matakin yana ƙarewa cikin watanni 1-2. Pufin yana dauke da sati 2. Ana ba da malam buɗe ido kwanaki da yawa don yin takin da kuma sa ƙwai.
Yadda ake hakar siliki
Kafin fara samo zaren siliki, ana aiwatar da matakan share fage. Mataki na farko shine herring, ma'ana, samun ƙwai mai ƙoshin lafiya. Abu na gaba ya biyo bayan shiryawa, wanda ya ƙare da fitowar caterpillars silkworm. Wannan yana biyo bayan ciyarwa, wanda ya ƙare tare da kwakwa.
Shirya Kokarin silkworm - wannan shine farkon kayan albarkatun kasa, kowane daki na 1000-2000 m na zaren siliki na farko. Tarin albarkatun kasa ya fara ne da rarrabewa: matattu, waɗanda ba su ci gaba ba, an cire koko mai lalacewa. Waɗanda aka tsabtace kuma waɗanda aka zaɓa an aika su zuwa masu tsarkakewa.
Jinkirta yana cike da asara: idan aka sake haihuwar jaririn a cikin malam buɗe ido, kuma tana da lokacin tashi, cocoon zai lalace. Baya ga inganci, ya zama dole a ɗauki matakai don kiyaye mahimmancin jan. Wato, don samar da zazzabi na yau da kullun da kuma isa ga kwakwalen iska.
Cocoons da aka sauya don ƙarin aiki ana sake sake su. Babban alamar ingancin kwakwa shine silkin, wato, adadin siliki na farko. Maza sun yi nasara a cikin wannan al'amari. Zare daga abin da aka narkar da kokonsu ya ninka 20% fiye da zaren da mace ta samar.
Ma'aikatan siliki sun lura da wannan gaskiyar tun da daɗewa. Tare da taimakon masana kimiyyar halittar jiki, an warware matsalar: wadanda daga inda maza suke kyankyashewa ake zaba su daga qwai. Waɗannan, bi da bi, suna ƙwazo da ƙwazo na manyan aji. Amma ba wai kawai albarkatun ƙasa ne da ke fitowa ba. A cikin duka, akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan launuka biyar na cocoons.
Bayan tattarawa da rarrabewa, matakin da ake kira tukunyar ruwa da bushewa zai fara. Dole ne a kashe malam buɗe ido na yara kafin bayyanuwarsu da tashinsu. Ana ajiye koko a yanayin zafi kusa da 90 ° C. Sannan aka sake jera su aka tura su ajiya.
Ana samun zaren siliki na farko ne kawai - kwakwalen ba shi da nauyi. Suna yin aiki daidai kamar yadda suka yi shekaru 5000 da suka gabata. Mirgina siliki yana farawa tare da sakin kokon daga abu mai ɗauri - sericin. Sannan ana neman ƙarshen zaren.
Daga wurin da pupa ya tsaya, aikin kwance shi zai fara. Har zuwa kwanan nan, duk wannan an yi ta hannu. Da yawa an sarrafa kansa a karni na 20. Yanzu injunan suna buɗe cocoons, kuma zaren siliki ɗin da aka gama ya karkace daga zaren farko da aka samo.
Bayan kwance, wani abu mai rai ya kasance da nauyi daidai da rabin asalin kwakwa na asali. Ya ƙunshi mai 0,25% mai yawa da wasu, da farko nitrogenous. abubuwa. Ragowar kwakwa da pupae sun fara amfani da shi azaman ciyar da ciyawar fur. Sun samo masa wasu amfani da yawa, gami da kayan kwalliya.
Wannan ya ƙare aikin yin zaren siliki. Matakin saƙa ya fara. Na gaba, ƙirƙirar kayayyakin da aka gama. An kiyasta cewa ana bukatar cocoons kusan 1500 don yin rigar mace ɗaya.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa
Siliki yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ƙasar Sin ta ƙirƙira, inda, ban da shi, akwai bindigar bindiga, kamfas, takarda da rubutu. Dangane da al'adun gabas, an bayyana farkon sana'ar gargajiya a cikin wani labari na waƙa.
A cewar tatsuniya, matar Babban Sarki Shi Huang tana hutawa a inuwar itaciyar 'ya'yan itace. Wata kokon ta fadi a cikin karatunta. Sarauniyar da ke cikin mamaki ta karɓa a hannunta, ta taɓa shi da yatsun hannu masu taushi, ƙwarjin ya fara kwancewa. Wannan shine farkon zaren silkworm... Kyakkyawan Lei Zu ya karɓi taken "Sarauniyar siliki".
Masana tarihi suna da'awar cewa an fara yin siliki a yankin ƙasar China ta yanzu a lokacin al'adun Neolithic, wato, aƙalla shekaru dubu 5 da suka gabata. Yarn ɗin bai bar kan iyakokin China ba na dogon lokaci. An yi amfani dashi don sutura, wanda ke nuna mafi girman matsayin mai ita.
Matsayin siliki bai iyakance ga tufafin masu martaba ba. An yi amfani dashi azaman tushe don zane-zane da ayyukan zane-zane. Kirtani na kayan kida, da igiya don makamai an yi su ne daga zaren siliki. A lokacin Daular Han, siliki na daga cikin aikin kudi. An biya su haraji, sun ba ma'aikatan masarauta.
Tare da buɗe Hanyar siliki, 'yan kasuwa suna ɗaukar siliki zuwa yamma. Baturewa sun sami nasarar ƙwarewa da fasahar yin siliki kawai ta hanyar tsinke koko da yawa na mulberry. Aikace-aikacen leƙen asirin an aiwatar dashi ne ta hanyar sufaye waɗanda sarki Byzantine Justinian ya aika.
A wata sigar kuma, mahajjatan sun kasance masu gaskiya, kuma wani daga Farisa ya saci tsutsotsi na mulberry, yana yaudarar masu binciken kasar Sin. Dangane da fasali na uku, ba a sata aka yi ba a cikin China, amma a Indiya, wanda a wannan lokacin ke samar da siliki ba ƙasa da Daular Celestial ba.
Hakanan ana danganta tatsuniya da sayen Indiyan da ke yin siliki. Dangane da shi, Raja ta Indiya ta yi niyyar auren wata gimbiya 'yar China. Amma nuna wariya ya hana aure. Yarinyar ta sata kuma ta gabatarwa da raja da cocoons na silkworm, wanda kusan ta biya da kansa. A sakamakon haka, Raja sun sami mata, kuma Indiyawa sun sami ikon ƙirƙirar alhariri.
Gaskiya daya ce gaskiya. An saci fasahar, kusan kayan allahntaka na Indiyawa, Rumawa, Turawa sun fara samar da adadi mai yawa, suna samun babbar riba. Siliki ya shiga rayuwar mutanen Yammaci, amma sauran amfani da silkworm sun kasance a Gabas.
Masu martaba Sinawa sun yi ado da siliki hanfu. Mutane mafi sauki suma sun sami wani abu: kwalliyar siliki a China dandana. Sun fara amfani da soyayyen silkwor. Har yanzu suna yi da farin ciki.
Caterpillars, ban da haka, an haɗa su cikin jerin magunguna. Suna kamuwa da wani irin naman gwari na musamman kuma sun bushe, ana kara ganye. Sakamakon magani ana kiransa Jiang Can. An tsara babban tasirinsa na warkewa kamar haka: "maganin yana kashe iska mai ciki da canzawa Phlegm."
