Inca sun yi imani da cewa vicuña shine reincarnation na yarinyar da ta karɓi takalmin zinare, kyauta daga wani mummunan sarki wanda ke son kyakkyawa. Saboda haka, dokokin tsoffin mutanen Andes sun hana kisan dabbobi masu kyawawan dabi'u, kuma sarauta ne kawai ke da izinin sanya kayan da aka yi da ulu.
Bayani da fasali
Yana daya daga cikin jinsin rakuma biyu na Kudancin Amurka wadanda ke rayuwa a tsaunukan Andes, dayan kuwa guanaco. Vicuna - dangi ne na llama kuma ana ɗaukarsa kakannin alpaca, wanda suka daɗe suna iya sarrafa shi.
Vicuña ya fi guanaco laushi, kyakkyawa da karama. Babban mabuɗin rarrabewar halittar ɗumbin ɗabi'un shine mafi haɓaka ciwan ƙoshin vicuna. Bugu da ƙari, ƙananan haƙoran ƙarancin Andean suna girma cikin rayuwa kuma suna iya kaifafa da kansu saboda yawan tuntuɓar su da ciyawar da ke da wuya.
Launin Vicuna farantawa ido rai. Dogon gashin dabbar mai launin ruwan kasa ne mai haske da haske a bayanta, ya koma launi mai ruwan madara a ciki. A kan kirji da makogwaro - fari mai walƙiya "riga-gaban", babban kayan ado na dabba mai ƙyallen kafa. Kan yana da ɗan gajarta fiye da na guanaco, kuma kunnuwa, akasin haka, sun fi tsayi kuma sun fi motsi. Tsayin jiki yana daga 150 zuwa 160 cm, kafadu - 75-85 cm (har zuwa mita). Nauyin babba shine 35-65 kg.
Masu kiran ba za su iya yin alfahari da korarrun kofato ba, don haka gabobin vicuña suna ƙarewa da kamannin fika. Waɗannan gine-ginen suna ba dabbar damar tsalle bisa kan duwatsu, suna ba da tabbacin “riko” mai ƙarfi a kan ƙasa mai duwatsu.
Ma'abocin doguwar wuya da idanu masu buɗewa tare da layuka masu gashin idanu masu ƙyalƙyali, vicuna a cikin hoto yayi kyau. Amma kyakkyawar kunya ba ta barin mutane su kusance ta, don haka suna harba wannan abin al'ajabi da kyamarori tare da ɗaukaka daga nesa.
Irin
Vicuna - dabba mai shayarwa ta tsarin artiodactyls, ƙananan masu kira, dangin raƙumi. Har zuwa kwanan nan, masanan dabbobi sun yi imani cewa llama da alpaca zuriyar guanacos ne. Amma bincike mai kyau game da DNA ya nuna cewa alpaca yana fitowa daga vicuna.
Kodayake akwai tattaunawa game da wannan, saboda duk jerin jinsunan da ke da alaƙa na iya haɗuwa a cikin yanayi. Akwai nau'ikan jinsin wadannan dabbobin dutsen, wadanda aka kasu gida biyu, Vicugna Vicugna Vicugna da Vicugna Vicugna Mensalis.
Rayuwa da mazauni
Vicuña yana zaune a tsakiyar Andes a Kudancin Amurka, suna zaune a cikin Peru, a arewa maso yammacin Argentina, a Bolivia, a arewacin Chile. Smallerarami, yawan jama'a da aka gabatar ana ganinsa a tsakiyar Ecuador.
Dangane da Lissafin Red IUCN, adadin vicunas ya fara ne daga mutane 343,500 zuwa 348,000. Anan akwai lambobin da aka zagaya (sun dan bambanta kadan daga kaka zuwa yanayi) ga takamaiman yankuna:
- Ajantina - kusan 72,670;
- Bolivia - 62,870;
- Chile - 16,940;
- Ekwador - 2680,
- Peru - 188330.
Raƙuman rakoki na Kudancin Amurka sun fi son tsawan mita 3200-4800 sama da matakin teku. Ku yi kiwo da rana a filayen ciyawar Andes, kuma ku kwana a kan gangaren, rashin iskar oxygen ba cikas ba ce a gare su. Haskoki na rana suna iya shiga cikin yanayin da ba a cika samun shi ba na yankuna masu tsaunuka, suna ba da zazzabi mai ɗanɗano da rana.
Amma bayan dare, ma'aunin zafi da sanyio zai sauka kasa da sifili. An tsara wata '' riga '' mai dumi mai kauri don ta kama layin iska mai ɗumi a kusa da jiki, don haka dabbar ta haƙura da mummunan yanayin da kyau.
Vicuña dabba ce mai firgitarwa da faɗakarwa, yana da kyakkyawan sauraro kuma yana gudu da sauri, yana zuwa saurin har zuwa 45 km / h. Rayuwa irin ta guanaco ce. Koda yayin kiwo, suna riƙe da ƙwarewa mai ban mamaki kuma koyaushe suna binciken abubuwan da suke kewaye dasu.
Kowane mutum na rayuwa cikin ƙungiyoyin dangi, yawanci ya ƙunshi babban namiji, daga mata biyar zuwa goma sha biyar da dabbobi ƙanana. Kowane garken yana da yankin kansa da yanki na 18-20 sq. km Lokacin da vicuña ta hango haɗari, tana yin sautin bushi a sarari.
Shugaba mai rinjaye ya gargadi "dangi" game da barazanar da ke tafe kuma ya ci gaba don kariya. Wannan namijin shine shugaban ƙungiyar da ba za a yi jayayya ba, yana ƙayyade kewayon kewayon ya dogara da wadatar abinci, yana sarrafa membobi kuma yana korar bare.
Wadannan mazaunan Andes suna da yankin ciyarwa da wani yanki na daban don bacci, a wani wuri mafi tsayi dan kare lafiya. Manya waɗanda ba sa kan garken ko dai sun haɗu da babban rukuni na dabbobi 30-150, ko kuma su kaɗaita. "Fawns" waɗanda ba su balaga ba sun ɓata zuwa cikin "iyali" na daban na ƙwararru, wanda ke hana gasa ta musamman.
Gina Jiki
Kamar guanacos, masu ofa goldenan zinariya sukan lasar duwatsu masu daraja da yankuna masu duwatsu cike da ma'adinai, kuma basa ƙyamar ruwan gishiri. Vicuña ya ci ciyawar ciyawa
Yankunan Alpine ba su da wadataccen ciyayi; sai tarin ciyawar da ke wucewa, matalauta cikin abubuwan abinci, ke girma a nan, gami da hatsi. Don haka mazaunan Andean ba su da ma'ana.
Suna aiki musamman da safe da faduwar rana. Idan lokacin rani ne mai ɗumi, to da rana vicuñas ba sa kiwo, amma ƙarya da taunawa a kan wuya mai ƙarfi da aka tsinke a wayewar gari, kamar raƙuma.
Sake haifuwa
Mating yana faruwa ne a cikin bazara, a cikin Maris-Afrilu. Wani nau'in auren mata fiye da daya. Namiji wanda yake rinjaye yana taki duk matan da suka manyanta a garken sa. Ciki yana dauke da kimanin kwanaki 330-350, mace na haihuwar 'ya daya. Jariri na iya tashi tsakanin minti 15 bayan haihuwa. Shan nono na tsawon watanni 10.
Matasa vicuñas sun sami 'yanci yanada shekara 12-18. Maza suna haɗuwa da "kulake" na mata, na mata - ga al'ummomin mata ɗaya, sun balaga a cikin shekaru 2. Wasu mata har yanzu suna kiwo suna da shekaru 19.
Tsawon rayuwa
Babban maƙiyan artiodactyls a cikin yanayin yanayin duwatsu sune mahautan dabbar Andean da kerkecin da ke maned. A cikin yanayin yanayi, vicuñas suna rayuwa na kimanin shekaru 20 (wasu ma har zuwa 25). Ba sa ba da kansu ga gida, amma a wasu gidajen namun daji sun koyi yadda za a kiyaye "masu tuddai" marasa kunya.
Wannan yana buƙatar sararin samaniya. Misali, an halicci gandun namun daji na kewayen birni a gidan Zoo na Moscow a kan gangaren dutse. A tsakiyar shekarun 2000, an kawo mata uku da namiji a nan. Sun yi yawo da kyau, don haka adadin garken ya karu zuwa dozin biyu, jarirai da yawa sun koma wasu gidajen zoo.
Babban haɗari ga ƙananan dabbobi a kowane lokaci mutane ne suka wakilce su. Daga lokacin mamayar Spain zuwa Kudancin Amurka har zuwa 1964, ba a tsara farautar vicunas ba. Laifin ya ta'allaka ne da ulu mai daraja. Wannan ya haifar da mummunan sakamako: a cikin shekarun sittin, yawan mutane miliyan biyu ya faɗi ga mutane 6,000. An bayyana jinsin yana cikin hatsari.
A cikin 1964, Servicio Forestal, tare da haɗin gwiwar US Peace Corps, WWF da La Molina National Agrarian University, sun kirkiro wurin ajiye yanayi (wurin shakatawa na ƙasa) don Pampa Galeras vicunas a yankin Ayacucho na Peru, yanzu akwai ajiyar kuɗi a Ecuador da Chile.
A rabi na biyu na shekarun sittin, wani shiri na horar da masu aikin sa kai na kare dabbobi. Kasashe da dama sun hana shigowa da vicunas flees. Godiya ga waɗannan matakan, kawai a cikin Peru yawan vicunas sun ƙaru sau da yawa.
Kowace shekara a Pampa Galeras, ana gudanar da chaku (kiwo, kamawa da sausaya) don tara ulu da kuma hana farauta. Duk lafiyayyun vicunas masu ɗoki da santimita uku ko sama da haka an yanke gashinsu. Wannan wani yunƙuri ne na Majalisar ofasa ta Rakuman Kudancin Amurka (CONACS).
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa
- Vicuña ita ce dabbar ƙasar ta Peru, hotunanta suna yin ado da rigunan makamai da tutar ƙasar Kudancin Amurka;
- Ulu ulu Vicuna sananne ne don kyakkyawan riƙewar zafi. Scaananan sikeli akan zaren iska suna toshe iska, suna hana sanyi shiga;
- Faya-fayan ulu suna da diamita na kawai microns 12, yayin da a cikin awaki cashmere wannan mai nuna alama yana jujjuyawa a tsakanin zangon 14-19 microns;
- Babban mutum yana ba da kusan kilogiram 0.5 na ulu a shekara;
- Villi suna da hankali ga sarrafa sinadarai, don haka launin samfuran yawanci ya kasance na halitta;
- A zamanin Incas, an tattara "albarkatun ƙasa" masu mahimmanci ta amfani da chaku ɗaya: mutane da yawa sun kori dubban ɗaruruwan dabbobi zuwa cikin dutse "funnels", sun aske su kuma sun sake su, ana maimaita aikin kowace shekara huɗu;
- Mahalarta wannan zamani a cikin tsafin suna yin aski daga Mayu zuwa Oktoba, jama'ar yankin suna matse zobe a garken garken, suna jagorantar halittu masu tsoratarwa zuwa gawar, ana yin tsohuwar al'ada. Wadanda aka kama ana rarraba su: dabbobi dabbobi, mata masu ciki, ba a yanke majinyata. Suna amfani da motocin lantarki. Sun bar kowa ya fita lokaci daya domin iyalai su sami juna.
- An bar dick da 0.5 cm na ulu don kada dabbar ta daskare, kuma askin yana shafar bangarorin da baya kawai;
- Gwamnatin Peru ta gabatar da tsarin lakabi wanda ke gano duk tufafin da aka kirkira ta hanyar chaku mai izini. Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa an kama dabbar kuma an dawo da ita cikin daji. Hakanan akwai alamomi na vicunas ta yadda ba za a yiwa mutane aski ba har tsawon shekaru biyu masu zuwa;
- Duk da takunkumin, har zuwa kilogram 22,500 na ulu vicuna ana fitar da su kowace shekara sakamakon ayyukan haramtacciyar hanya;
- A cikin Andes na Chile, an kafa gonaki don kiwon dabbobi na dabbobi a cikin yanayin kusa da yanayin yanayi;
- Farashin kayan yadin da aka yi da ulu, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da "zinaren zinare", na iya kaiwa dala 1,800-3,000 a kowane yadi (0.914 m);
- Ulu ulu amfani da shi don samar da safa, rigunan sanyi, sutura, kwat da wando, shawls, gyale, sauran kayan haɗi, barguna, barguna, capes;
- Wani sata da aka yi da irin wannan kayan yakai 420,000 rubles, rigar Italiyanci - aƙalla $ 21,000.
