Jan Panda dabba ce da ba a yi karatun ta natsu ba. Na canids ne na suborder. A kasar Sin ana kiranta hunho, wanda a zahiri ke nufin fox mai wuta. Tarihin sunansa yana da tarihi mai haske. An kira dabbar da suna dwarf bear, kyanwa mai sheki har ma da kerke saboda kamanninsa a zahiri.
Dangane da almara na kamfanin Mozilla, Firefox browser ya ɗauki sunansa daga wannan dabba mai ban mamaki. Sunan Latin na ɗan panda shine Ailurus fulgens (Aylur), wanda ke nufin "kitsen wuta". Duk da kimiyyar hukuma, sunan "panda" ya samo asali ga wannan dabba.
Bayani da fasali
Bayanin farko na wannan nau'in sananne ne daga zamanin da na China. Masana kimiyya sun gano halayen "gobarar wuta" a cikin bayanan kula da aka faro tun ƙarni na 13. An gano Ailur a hukumance ƙarni 4 bayan haka godiya ga masu ilimin halitta daga Turai: Thomas Hardwick da Frederic Cuvier. Na farkonsu ya gano kyakkyawar dabba mai ƙafa huɗu sosai fiye da takwaransa Faransa, amma na biyun ya karɓi nasarar mai ganowar.
Harding ya so ya kira dabbar iyh-ha, kwatankwacin sautin da talakawan kasar Sin suka kira shi. Cuvier ya sha gaban Baturen kuma ya sanya masa Latin ailurus fulgens. Dukansu sunaye ba su kama ba. An fara kiran dabbar da suna panda bisa shawarar da Turawa suka ba ta, wadanda suka sauya laƙabin Nepalese "kifin wuta" - punnio.
Redananan jan panda ba kyanwa bane, kodayake a girmansa yana iya zama kwatankwacinsa. Girmansa:
- 4.2-6 kg - mata;
- 3.8-6.2 kg - maza.
Tsawon jiki yana da kusan 50-60 cm. Jikin yana da tsayi. Wutsiya ɗaya ne da jiki. An daidaita shi don ya manne wa ɓarawo zuwa rassan bishiyoyi.
Kan yana da fadi, da ɗan kamar marten ko dabbar skunk. Muzzle an nuna zuwa ƙasa, dan tsayi, gajere. Kunnuwa kanana ne, masu zagaye, kamar na berai kafafu gajeru ne amma masu karfi. Theafafu sun janye rabi. Wannan yana bawa kuron wuta damar hawa rassan da kyau ya sauka juye juye.
Red panda yana da launi daidai. A gefen sama na jiki, inuwar ta fi tuna jan-ja ko wuta, kuma a ƙasa - baki mai haske ko launin ruwan kasa. Ulu a baya yana da zinaren zinare a tukwanen.
Kan yana goro mai haske. Ya bambanta a cikin "mask" na musamman akan fuska. Wannan launi ga kowane mutum yana da nasa "shaci" na kansa. Saboda wannan, dabbar tana da kyau sosai. Har ila yau, wutsiya ba ta da launi. Babban launi na iya zama jaja mai haske, rawaya mai wuta tare da zoben farin da ke cikin duka wutsiyar.
Red panda yana yin sautuna kama da sautin iska mai fitarwa, wanda yake na al'ada ne ga raccoons. Lokacin da aka rikice, kyanwar wuta tana leda bayanta da tsawa. Ta yaya Panda ke sadarwa? Ana yin wannan ta amfani da haruffa da sauti. Tana tsaye kan kafafuwanta na baya kuma tana kallon mai tattaunawa da ita.
Girgiza kai yayi gefe. A lokaci guda, yana yin sautuna tare da haƙoransa, danna su. Tana yin kumburi, kuma yayin wannan sautin iyha ana jinsa, kamar kukan tsuntsaye. Isingaga kai ko runtsewa, ɗaga jela a cikin baka shima yana taka rawa wajen gane niyyar dabba.
Irin
Red panda yana da alamun nau'in Aylur. Ana haɓaka su da haɗuwa da fasali da yawa da aka ɗauka daga dabbobi daban-daban - skunks, martens, bears da raccoons. Wannan yana nuna cewa jinsin nata yana daga cikin sifa ta farko wacce canines ta yau kuma suka yi kama da marten.
Duk sauran nau'ikan Aylur, gami da babbar jar panda, sun riga sun bace. Dangane da bayanan archaeological, sun rayu a cikin babban yankin Eurasia da Amurka. Har yanzu ana samun burbushin halittu a cikin Siberia.
A zamaninmu, akwai rabe-raben 2:
- Red Panda na Styan;
- Panda mai launin ja ta yamma (hoto).
Subsungiyoyin farko na farko suna zaune a arewacin Myanmar, a yankunan kudancin China. Na biyu yana cikin Nepal, Bhutan. Wato, ɗayansu na yankin arewa maso gabas ne na mazauni, ɗayan kuma na yamma.
Rayuwa da mazauni
Red panda, kamar dabbobi da yawa, suna farauta da dare. Sannan yana cin ciyawar gora, tsutsa, saiwar shuki. A magariba, idanun "kurar wuta" na gani da kyau. Wannan yana ba ta damar tafiya cikin sauƙi tare da rassa kuma ta sami mafaka daga masu lalata - beyar da martens.
Rayuwar dare yanayin sifa ce ta Aylurs. Da rana, dabbar tana bacci. A lokacin dumi, Panda yana son zama akan rassan. Lokacin sanyi, takan nemi mafaka mai dumi: a cikin ramin itace. Ta shirya kanta gida na rassa da ganyaye.
Yanayin ƙaramar dabbar ba ta da rikici. Godiya ga wannan, ta sami yaren gama gari tare da mazaunan gandun daji. Suna zaune bibbiyu ko iyalai. Namiji ba ya shiga cikin tarbiyyar yara, don haka babban nauyin samar da abinci ga "yara" ya rataya ne a wuyan mahaifiya.
Pananan pandas ba za su iya jure wa canjin yanayi ba, suna da wahalar fahimtar canje-canje a yanayin yanayi. Saboda wannan, bayyanar su na kowa ne kawai a cikin yankuna masu zuwa:
- Arewacin Myanmar, Burma;
- Gabashin Nepal da Indiya;
- Butane;
- Lardunan Kudancin kasar Sin (Sichuan, Yunnan).
Yankin da aka fi so inda jan fanda yake zaune, tsaunukan Himalayan, a tsawan mita 2000-4000 sama da matakin teku. "Fox Fox" yana zaune a wuri ɗaya da katuwar panda. Don abinci mai kyau da wurin zama, dabbobi suna buƙatar ciyayi mai yawa. Dogayen bishiyun coniferous da bishiyoyi suna kare gora daga sanyi.
Rhododendrons suma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a nan. An cakuɗa su tare da bishiyar bamboo, suna ba da danshi mai girma a ƙasa. Conifers galibi suna wakiltar pine ko fir. Deciduous - kirji, itacen oak, maple.
Sauyin yanayi a tsaunuka matsakaici ne. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara bai wuce 350 mm ba. Yanayin zafin jiki ya kasance daga 10 zuwa 25 ℃. Mafi yawan lokaci akwai hadari a nan. Sabili da haka, yawancin ci gaban lichens da mosses an lura. Tunda akwai shuke-shuke da yawa a nan kuma asalin suna da alaƙar juna, wannan yana haifar da iyakar danshi na ƙasa.
Populationarfin yawan panda: dabba 1 a kowace 2.4 sq. Km. Saboda farauta, dabbobin suna raguwa. Saboda haka, yawan rayuwar kifin mai kama da wuta na iya kaiwa 11 sq. Km.
Gina Jiki
Jan Panda yana da kyawawan aladu don nika kayan tsire-tsire. Koyaya, tsarin narkewarta shine madaidaicin ciki. Abune na al'ada ga masu farauta.
A sakamakon haka, jikin panda ba zai iya shan fiye da 25% na adadin kuzari da ke cikin sandar gora ba. Wannan yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa dole ne ta zaɓi tsiro mai taushi kuma kusan cin abinci na awanni 13-14 a rana.
Saboda karancin narkewar sinadarin cellulose, Panda yana ciyar da mai tushe, ba ganye ba. A lokacin sanyi, ana tilasta dabbar ta rama saboda rashin sunadaran tare da kwaroran larvae, namomin kaza da 'ya'yan itace. A lokacin bazara, kifin wuta yana cikin ci gaba da ɗaukar abinci don ƙara ƙarfinsa. Abincin yau da kullun ya ƙunshi kilogiram 4 na toho da kilogiram 1.5 na ganyen gora.
Irin wannan damar ta ban mamaki don fifita abincin shuke-shuke a gaban ɗakunan ciki guda ɗaya halayyar dabbobi da yawa ce. Wannan yana nuna cewa tsarin juyin halitta ya faru ne tsawon lokaci. A sakamakon haka, da zarar ciyawar ciyawar ta zama farauta saboda karancin abincin tsire.
Ana samun jan panda a cikin Rasha kawai a yankin gidan zoo. A cikin bauta, ba ta cin nama. Daga abinci ya fi son tsirowar itace mai taushi, buds da ganye, ɗanyen shinkafa da madara.
Rashin abinci koyaushe ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa narkar da dabba ta ragu. Godiya ga wannan kayan, zai iya zama ba tare da abinci ba na dogon lokaci. Jawo mai kauri wanda har ya rufe ƙafa yana taimakawa wajen dumi. Barcin Pandas ya dunkule cikin ƙwallo, wannan shima yana taimakawa dumama.
A lokacin lokacin hunturu, dabbobi na iya rasa 1/6 na nauyinsu. Wannan yana faruwa duk da cewa a lokacin sanyi sun kasance a farke kuma suna rayuwa mai gudana: koyaushe suna cikin neman abinci suna taunawa kuma suna cin wani abu.
Red pandas suna da komai. Kuma kodayake tsire-tsire sune mafi yawan abincin su, ana ɗaukarsu masu cin nama. Dole ne in faɗi cewa wannan ma'anar an ba ta dabbobi ba don farauta ba. Kuma saboda suna da tsari na musamman na hanji.
Ba ɗakuna da yawa bane a pandas, kamar a cikin artiodactyls na ciyawa, amma mai sauƙi. Abin da ya sa ke nan dabbobi ke zaban harbe-harbe masu taushi don ciyarwa. Wani lokaci panda tana ƙara furanni, ƙwai dabba, ƙananan beraye zuwa abincin da aka saba. Da wuya, in babu abinci, wasu mutane suna cin mushe.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Lokacin saduwa don waɗannan kyawawan dabbobin yana farawa a lokacin sanyi. Janairu shine mafi dacewa da wannan don wannan. A wannan lokacin, maza da mata suna cikin neman abokan tarayya. Suna ƙirƙirar ma'aurata don rayuwa. Har sai an sami abokin rayuwa, dabbobi suna yiwa yankin alama da asirinsu ko fitsarinsu. Ta hanyar kamshi, suna neman mutanen da suka dace da ma'aurata da zama tare.
Femalearfin mace na ɗaukar ciki sau ɗaya ne kawai a shekara don onlyan kwanaki kawai. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa suke nuna alamun yin '' kwarkwasa '' tare da maza don tsokanar ɗayansu ya aura. Ciki ya mace na tsawon kwana 50. La'akari da cewa dabbar tana da diapause, lokacin shine kwanaki 90-150.
Menene diapause? Wannan karyewa ne daga ci gaban tayi. Kwan ƙwai ba ya haɓaka nan da nan. Don wannan, yana ɗaukar daga 20 zuwa 70 kwanakin. Kuma ta haka ne kawai za a iya lura da ci gaban cikin mahaifa. Waɗannan bayanan masu ciki an same su ne ta hanyar lura da jan fanda da ke cikin zaman talala. Zai yiwu babu irin wannan abu a cikin daji.
Da zaran lokacin haihuwar jarirai ya yi, uwa za ta fara ba da gidajan. Tana cikin dutse, a cikin ramin rami. Ko kuma a cikin ramin bishiyoyi, kamar squirls. A matsayin matattarar gini, kyanwar wuta tana amfani da kayan aiki a hannu.
Waɗannan su ne ganye, bambaro, rassa. Aikin mata na yau da kullun yana farawa a watan Yuli ko Mayu. Duk tsawon kwangilar yana ɗauke da kwana ɗaya. Galibi bayan ƙarfe 4 na yamma zuwa 9 na yamma nauyi na "kifin wuta" jarirai ya kai 130 g. Sabbin jarirai galibi makafi ne da kurma. Launi yana da sautunan 1-2 mafi haske fiye da iyaye. Kar a samu Launi mai haske na gashi ya bayyana daga baya.
A cikin zuriyar pandas yawanci basu wuce 2 ba, a wasu lokuta har zuwa "kittens" 4. Saboda matsaloli game da abinci mai gina jiki da yanayin rayuwa, ɗayan ɗayan ne kawai ya tsira har ya girma. A kwanakin farko bayan haihuwar 'ya'yan, uwa tana sanya musu alamun halayen.
Suna taimaka mata wajen nemo jarirai ta wari. Godiya ga wannan alamar, jarirai suna da sauƙin samu. Don tallafawa rayuwar yara, mace tana barin rami sau da yawa a rana. Ta kan kwashe mafi yawan lokacin ta wajen nema musu abinci. Ya ziyarce su sau 4-6 cikin awanni 12 don ciyarwa da lasa musu.
Ci gaban kittens ɗin wuta yana da hankali fiye da yadda kuke tsammani. Misali, yara kawai suna buɗe idanunsu ne a ranar 20. Jarirai suna fara bin iyayensu mata da kansu wata 3. A wannan lokacin, suna da launi mai launi ta hali.
Daga wannan lokacin, thea thean suna canzawa zuwa abinci mai gauraya, ana ƙara madara da abinci mai ƙarfi - harbewar bamboo, ganye kuma a wasu yanayi - kwari don sake cika furotin. Amincewa ta ƙarshe da "mama" yana faruwa a cikin kittens a cikin watanni 5.
Sannan suna fara yin atisaye don binciken abincin dare. Ana yin farauta da tara jarirai a ƙarƙashin kulawar uwa. Wannan lokacin, gwargwadon matakin ci gaban ɗaliban, na iya ɗorewa har zuwa ciki na gaba na mace ko har zuwa haihuwar sabon zuriya.
A wannan lokacin na rayuwa, zuriya tana da duk halayen manya kuma suna iya yin rayuwa mai zaman kanta cikin kadaici har sai sun sami abokin aure. Iyakar abin da aka keɓe shi ne cewa balaga a cikin upan yara ba ya faruwa kai tsaye bayan sun rabu da mahaifiyarsu, amma bayan shekaru 1-2. A wannan lokacin ne suka fara duban kishiyar maza da mata tare da neman abokin rayuwa.
Lamba da barazanar halaka
Duk da cewa kyanwar wutar ba ta da makiya da yawa, nau'inta na gab da bacewa. An jera panda a cikin littafin Red Book a matsayin "mai hatsari" na bacewa Wannan dabba ce da ke buƙatar kulawa da yawan kulawa da yawan jama'a. Adadin manya a duk duniya bai wuce 2,500-3,000 ba. Baya ga waɗancan dabbobin da aka ajiye a gidajen zoo.
Yankin pandas yana da fadi sosai. Amma yawan sare dazuzzuka na gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, farauta don neman gashin dabbobi - yana haifar da raguwar lamba. Wannan yana faruwa sau da yawa a ƙasashe irin su Indiya da Nepal.
A gidajen zoo, ana ajiye jan fanda a cikin shinge a buɗe, amma ba a keji. Tunda karancin fili yana haifar da rashin lafiyar dabbobi. A yau, kusan dabbobi 380 suna cikin gidan zoo. Kimanin adadin mutane ɗaya sun bayyana a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata.
A wasu ƙasashe, ana ajiye waɗannan dabbobin azaman dabbobi. Amma kiyayewa a cikin irin wannan yanayin mummunan abu ne ga jihar ƙananan pandas. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yadda suke bukatar abinci mai kyau da kulawa. Tare da cin abincin da bai dace ba da kuma keta tsarin mulki, pandas suna mutuwa daga cututtukan da ke tattare da cututtukan hanji.
Mafarauta suna farautar pandas da farko don gashin da aka yi amfani da shi don kwalliya, da kuma yin layu. Akwai camfe-camfe da yawa da ke tattare da abubuwan da suke samarwa. Hakanan ana amfani da gashin Jawojin wuta don yin buroshi don cire ƙura daga kayan daki. Talakawa a Indiya, Bhutan da China galibi suna cin naman alade. Duk da cewa warin mara dadi, ana cikin nema.
