“Jiya a sarari na ga sarakuna uku waɗanda suka fito daga cikin teku; amma ba su da kyau kamar yadda aka ce su yi, domin a fili suna nuna siffofin namiji a fuskokinsu. Wannan shigarwa ne a cikin gungumen jirgi na jirgin "Ninya" mai kwanan wata 9, 1493, wanda Christopher Columbus yayi a lokacinda yake balaguron budurwa zuwa gabar Haiti.
Ba shahararren matafiyi kuma mai ganowa ba ne kawai jirgin ruwan da ya gano "mermaids" a cikin ruwan dumi daga yankin Amurka. Haka ne, halittun da ke waje ba su yi kama da jarumawan tatsuniya ba, domin wannan ba karamar almara ba ce, amma manatee dabba.
Bayani da fasali
Wataƙila, kamanceceniya da aljannar ruwa ya sa ya yiwu a kira ƙungiyar halittar dabbobi masu shayarwa mai suna "sirens". Gaskiya ne, waɗannan halittu masu ban al'ajabi sun yaudari ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa tare da waƙoƙinsu, kuma babu yaudara a bayan dabbobin teku tare da siren. Su ne phlegm da kwanciyar hankali kanta.
Nau'o'in halittar mutum guda uku da masana kimiyya suka gane su tare da dugong - wannan shine wakilan ƙungiyar sirens. Na biyar, dabbobin da suka mutu - dabbar saniyar Steller - an gano ta a cikin Tekun Bering a cikin 1741, kuma bayan shekaru 27 kawai, mafarauta suka kashe mutum na ƙarshe. A bayyane yake, waɗannan ƙattai sun kai girman ƙaramin kifi whale.
An yi amannar cewa siren ya samo asali ne daga magabata masu kafa-kafa hudu fiye da shekaru miliyan 60 da suka gabata (kamar yadda burbushin halittu da masana burbushin halittu suka gano) suka nuna. Ananan dabbobi masu tsire-tsire (hyraxes) da ke rayuwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka, kuma ana ɗaukar giwaye dangin waɗannan halittu masu ban mamaki.
Ya fi ko bayyane bayin giwaye, nau'ikan jinsin ma suna da kamanceceniya, suna da girma da jinkiri. Amma hyraxes ƙananan ne (kamar girman gofer) kuma an rufe shi da ulu. Gaskiya ne, su da proboscis suna da kusan tsari iri ɗaya na kwarangwal da haƙori.
Kamar tsuntsaye da kifayen ruwa, sirens sune manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin ruwa, amma ba kamar zakunan teku da hatimai ba, sun kasa zuwa bakin teku. Manatee da dugong suna kama da juna, amma suna da tsari daban na kwanyar da surar wutsiyar: na farkon suna kama da oar, na biyun kuma suna da yanyanka zoben mai hakora biyu. Bugu da kari, bakin bakin manata ya fi guntu.
Babban jikin manya manyan man taɓi zuwa madaidaiciya, wutsiya mai kama da filafili. Limafafun kafa biyu - masu juɓi - ba su da kyau sosai, amma suna da matakai uku ko huɗu waɗanda suke kama da ƙusoshi. Fushin gashin baki a fuska.
Manatees yawanci launin toka ne, amma, akwai kuma launin ruwan kasa. Idan kun ga hoto na ɗan koren dabba, to ku sani: kawai layin algae ne wanda yake manne da fata. Nauyin manatees ya bambanta daga 400 zuwa 590 kilogiram (a cikin mawuyacin yanayi). Tsawon jikin dabbar yana daga mita 2.8-3. Mata sun lura sosai kuma sun fi maza girma.
Manatees suna da leɓunan tsoka masu motsi, na sama an kasu kashi biyu zuwa hagu da dama, suna motsi da kansu. Ya yi kama da ƙananan hannaye biyu ko ƙaramin kwafi na akwatin giwa, an tsara don ɗiba da tsotse abinci a cikin bakinku.
Jiki da kan dabban an rufe su da gashi masu kauri (vibrissae), akwai kusan 5,000 daga cikinsu a cikin wani babba.Hanyoyin da ke cikin ciki suna taimakawa cikin kewaya cikin ruwa da bincika yanayin. Katon yana motsawa tare da ƙasan tare da taimakon wasu silwa biyu da suka ƙare da "ƙafa" kwatankwacin ƙafafun giwaye.
Maza masu sannu a hankali sune ma'abota santsi da karamar kwakwalwa tsakanin dukkan dabbobi masu shayarwa (dangane da nauyin jiki). Amma wannan ba yana nufin cewa su wawaye bane. Masanin ilimin Neuroscient Roger L. Ripa na Jami'ar Florida ya lura a wani labarin na 2006 na New York Times cewa manatees suna "kamar yadda suka kware a matsalolin gwaji kamar dolphin, duk da cewa suna da hankali kuma ba su da ɗanɗano da kifi, yana sa su da wahalar motsawa."
Kamar doki teku manatees - ma'abota ciki mai sauƙi, amma babban cecum, mai iya narkewar abubuwa masu wuya. Hanjin ya kai mita 45 - tsawan da ba a saba gani ba idan aka kwatanta shi da girman mai masaukin.
Huhu na manatees suna kwance kusa da kashin baya kuma suna kama da tafki mai iyo tare da bayan dabbar. Ta amfani da tsokoki na kirji, zasu iya matse ƙarar huhun huhu kuma su matse jiki kafin ruwa. A cikin barcinsu, tsokokin jikinsu suna annashuwa, huhu ya faɗaɗa kuma a hankali yana ɗaukar mai mafarkin zuwa farfajiyar.
Fasali mai ban sha'awa: Dabbobin da suka balaga ba su da incisors ko canines, kawai saitin haƙoran kunci waɗanda ba a rarraba su a fili zuwa molar da premolars. Ana maye gurbinsu akai-akai cikin rayuwa tare da sabbin haƙoran da ke girma daga baya, yayin da tsofaffin ke goge ƙwayoyin yashi suka faɗi daga bakin.
A kowane lokaci, manatee galibi ba ta da hakora shida a kan kowane muƙamuƙi. Wani daki-daki na musamman: manatee na da kashin wuyan mahaifa guda 6, wanda yana iya zama saboda maye gurbi (duk sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa suna da 7 daga cikinsu, banda zage-zage).
Irin
Akwai nau'ikan dabbobin nan guda uku waɗanda masana kimiyya suka sani: ameen americana (Trichechus manatus), Amazonian (Trichechus inunguis), Afirka (Trichechus senegalensis).
Manateeiyan Amazon mai suna haka don mazauninsa (yana rayuwa ne kawai a Kudancin Amurka, a cikin Kogin Amazon, da ambaliyar ruwa da raƙuman ruwa). Wani nau'in ruwa ne wanda baya yarda da gishiri kuma baya kusantar yin iyo zuwa teku ko teku. Suna da ƙanƙanta fiye da takwarorinsu kuma basu wuce mita 2.8 ba. An jera shi a cikin Littafin Ja a matsayin "mai rauni".
Ana samun manateeyar Afirka a yankunan bakin teku da yankunan estuarine, haka kuma a cikin tsarin kogin ruwa mai kyau a gefen yammacin Afirka daga Kogin Senegal kudu zuwa Angola, a cikin Nijar da Mali, 2000 kilomita daga gabar. Yawan wannan nau'in kusan mutane 10,000 ne.
Sunan Latin na jinsunan Amurka, manatus, ya dace da kalmar manati da mutanen pre-Columbian na Caribbean ke amfani da ita, wanda ke nufin kirji. Manatees na Amurka sun fi son ni'ima mai ɗumi da tarawa cikin ruwa mara zurfi. A lokaci guda, ba ruwansu da ɗanɗanar ruwa.
Sau da yawa sukan yi ƙaura ta hanyar tsibirai masu ƙazanta zuwa maɓuɓɓugan ruwa kuma ba sa iya rayuwa cikin sanyi. Manatees suna zaune ne a yankuna masu gabar ruwa da koguna na Tekun Caribbean da Gulf of Mexico, masu binciken sun yi rikodin bayyanar su har ma a wasu kusurwowi na ƙasar kamar jihohin Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina akan hanyoyin ruwa na cikin ruwa da kuma cikin rafin da ya cika da algae.
Manatee na Florida ana ɗaukarta ƙananan ofasashen Amurka. A watannin bazara, shanun teku suna komawa sabbin wurare kuma ana hango su har yamma zuwa Texas da har zuwa arewa kamar Massachusetts.
Wasu masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar a ware wani nau'in - dwarf manatees, zauna kawai suna kusa da gundumar Aripuanan a Brazil. Amma Internationalungiyar forasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi ba ta yarda ba kuma ta rarraba ƙananan kamfanonin kamar na Amazoniyanci.
Rayuwa da mazauni
Baya ga mafi kusancin dangantaka tsakanin uwaye da theira theiran su (calves), manatees dabbobi ne marasa kan gado. Lissy sissies suna cinye kusan 50% na rayukansu suna kwana ƙarƙashin ruwa, a kai a kai "suna fita" zuwa cikin iska a kan tazarar mintuna 15-20. Sauran lokacin suna "kiwo" a cikin ruwa mara zurfi. Manatees suna son zaman lafiya da iyo a gudun kilomita 5 zuwa 8 a awa ɗaya.
Ba mamaki an yi masu laƙabi «shanu»! Manatees Yi amfani da kwalinsu don kewaya ƙasa yayin ɗoki da ƙwazo da jijiyoyi daga matattarar. Layuka masu laushi a ɓangaren sama na bakin da ƙananan muƙamuƙin suna yaga abinci.
Wadannan dabbobin da ke cikin ruwa ba su da karfi kuma ba sa iya amfani da hammatarsu don kai hari. Dole ne ku sanya hannunka duka a cikin bakin manatee don samun 'yan hakora.
Dabbobi suna fahimtar wasu ayyuka kuma suna nuna alamun haɗakarwar ilmantarwa, suna da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai kyau. Manatees suna yin sautuka iri-iri da ake amfani dasu don sadarwa, musamman tsakanin uwa da maraƙi. Manya ba sa magana sau da yawa don kula da hulɗa yayin wasan jima'i.
Duk da irin nauyin da suke da shi, ba su da daskararren mai mai kama da kifi whales, saboda haka, idan zafin ruwan ya sauko ƙasa da digiri 15, sai su zama wurare masu dumi. Wannan ya yi mummunan wasa tare da kyawawan ƙattai.
Da yawa daga cikinsu sun dace da kwandon shara a kewayen cibiyoyin wutar lantarki na birni da masu zaman kansu, musamman a lokacin hunturu. Masana kimiyya sun damu: wasu tashoshin da suka lalace na ɗabi'a da na ɗabi'a suna rufe, kuma ana amfani da makiyaya masu nauyi don komawa wuri ɗaya.
Gina Jiki
Manatees suna da shuke-shuke kuma suna cinye ruwa mai tsafta sama da 60 (ciyawar kada, salatin ruwa, ciyawar miski, hyacinth mai iyo, hydrilla, ganyen mangrove) da tsire-tsire na ruwa. Gourmets suna son algae, tsiron teku, ciyawar kunkuru.
Amfani da leben da ya raba, mannen ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar amfani da abinci kuma yawanci yana cin kusan kilogiram 50 kowace rana (har zuwa kashi 10-15% na nauyinsa). Abincin yana gudana na awanni. Tare da irin wannan tsire-tsire masu ciyawa, "saniya" dole ne ta yi kiwon har zuwa bakwai, ko ma fiye da haka, awanni a rana.
Don jimre wa babban abun cikin fiber, manatees suna amfani da ferment na hindgut. Wasu lokuta "shanu" suna satar kifi daga ragar kamun kifi, kodayake ba ruwansu da wannan "abincin".
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
A lokacin daddawa, maniyatattun dabbobi suna taruwa a garken tumaki. Ana neman mace daga maza 15 zuwa 20 daga shekara 9. Don haka a tsakanin maza, gasa tana da girma sosai, kuma mata suna ƙoƙari su guji abokan tarayya. Yawanci, manatees sukan hayayyafa sau ɗaya kowace shekara biyu. Mafi sau da yawa, mace kan haifi ɗan maraƙi guda ɗaya.
Lokacin haihuwa shine kimanin watanni 12. Yaran da aka yaye yana ɗaukar watanni 12 zuwa 18, uwa tana ba shi madara ta amfani da nono biyu - ɗaya a ƙarƙashin kowane fin.
Sabon maraƙi yana da matsakaicin nauyin 30 kilogiram. Vesa Calan bishiyar manomaniyanci sun fi ƙanƙanta - Kilogiram 10-15, hayayyafa ta wannan nau'in galibi tana faruwa ne a watan Fabrairu-Mayu, lokacin da matakin ruwa a cikin tekun Amazon ya kai matuka.
Matsakaicin shekarun rayuwar Ba'amurke dan shekaru 40 zuwa 60. Amazonian - ba a san shi ba, an riƙe shi cikin bauta har kimanin shekaru 13. Wakilan nau'in Afirka sun mutu suna kimanin shekara 30.
A da, ana farautar mantattun nama da nama. Yanzu an hana kamun kifi, kuma duk da wannan, ana ɗaukar nau'in Amurka a cikin haɗari. Har zuwa 2010, yawan su yana ƙaruwa a hankali.
A cikin 2010, fiye da mutane 700 suka mutu. A shekara ta 2013, yawan magidanci ya sake raguwa - zuwa 830. Ganin cewa sannan akwai 5,000 daga cikinsu, sai ya zama cewa "dangin" Amurkawa sun talauce da kashi 20% a kowace shekara. Akwai dalilai da yawa na tsawon lokacin da manatee zai rayu.
- masu farauta ba sa yin wata babbar barazana, hatta maharba masu ba da hanya ga mahaɗan (kodayake kadarorin ba sa son farautar 'yan maruƙan "shanu" na Amazon);
- lamarin dan adam yafi hatsari sosai: Shanun teku 90-97 sun mutu a yankin da ake shakatawa na Florida da kewayensa bayan karo da jiragen ruwa da manyan jiragen ruwa. Manatee wata dabba ce mai ban sha'awa, kuma suna tafiya a hankali, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa talakawa 'yan uwansu suka faɗo ƙarƙashin ƙwanƙolin jirgi, ba tare da jinƙai ba suna yanke fata kuma suna lalata jijiyoyin jini;
- wasu daga cikin dabbobin suna mutuwa, suna hadiye sassan tarun kifi, layukan kamun kifi, filastik, wadanda basa narkewa kuma suka toshe hanjin;
- wani dalilin da yasa manatees ya mutu shine "jan ruwa", lokacin haifuwa ko "furewa" ta microscopic algae Karenia brevis. Suna samar da brevetoxins wanda ke aiki akan tsarin juyayi na dabbobi. A cikin 2005 kadai, manoma 44 na Florida sun mutu daga rafin mai guba. La'akari da yawan abincin da suke ci, ƙattai suna cikin halaka a irin wannan lokacin: matakin guba a cikin jikin ya ƙare.
Manatee ta daɗe daga akwatin kifaye na Bradenton
Tsohuwar dattijuwar da take zaune a cikin bauta ita ce Snooty daga akwatin kifaye na Gidan Tarihi na Kudancin Florida a Bradenton. An haifi tsohon soja a Miami Aquarium da Tackle a ranar 21 ga Yuli, 1948. Logistswararrun masanan dabbobi sun haɓaka shi, Snooty bai taɓa ganin namun daji ba kuma ya fi so ga yaran gida. Mazaunin dindindin a cikin akwatin kifaye ya mutu kwana biyu bayan ranar haihuwarsa ta 69th, a ranar 23 ga Yulin, 2017: an same shi a cikin wani yanki na ƙarƙashin ruwa da aka yi amfani da shi don tsarin tallafi na rayuwa.
Dogon hanta ya zama sananne saboda kasancewa mai son jama'a manatee. A kan hoto ya kan nuna fifiko tare da ma'aikatan da ke ciyar da dabbar, a wasu hotunan "tsoho" yana lura da baƙi da sha'awa. Snooty ya kasance batun da aka fi so don nazarin ƙwarewa da ikon ilmantarwa na wani nau'in.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa
- Mafi girman rikodin manatee shine tan 1 775 kg;
- Tsawon manatee wani lokaci yakan kai mita 4.6, waɗannan lambobin rikodin ne;
- A lokacin rayuwa, ba shi yiwuwa a tantance shekarun da wannan dabba mai shayarwa take. Bayan mutuwa, masana suna lissafin yawan zoben zoben da suka tsiro a kunnuwan manatee, wannan shine yadda ake tantance shekaru;
- A cikin 1996, yawan mutanen da ke fama da cutar "ja ruwa" ya kai 150. Wannan shi ne asarar rayuka mafi girma cikin kankanin lokaci;
- Wasu mutane suna tunanin cewa manate na da rami a bayansu kamar kifi whale. Wannan kuskure ne! Dabbar tana shan iska ta hancinsa lokacin da take fitowa zuwa saman. Nitsar da kansa, yana iya rufe waɗannan ramuka don kada ruwa ya shiga cikinsu;
- Lokacin da dabba ta ciyar da yawan kuzari, dole ne ta fito kowane dakika 30;
- A cikin Florida, akwai lokuta na nutsarwa na dogon lokaci na shanu na teku: fiye da minti 20.
- Duk da cewa wadannan shuke-shuke ne, ba su damu ba lokacin da invertebrates da kananan kifi suka shiga bakinsu tare da algae;
- A cikin mawuyacin yanayi, matasa suna haɓaka saurin zuwa kilomita 30 a awa ɗaya, duk da haka, wannan "tseren gudu" ne a kan gajerun hanyoyi.
