Tatarstan yana cikin Europeanasashen Turai ta Gabas, a cikin kwarin kogunan Volga da Kama. Taimakon jamhuriyya ya daukaka kuma yakamata. Babban ɓangaren yana zaune ta steppes da gandun daji-steppe, 20% na yankin yanki ne na gandun daji masu ƙarancin ruwa.
A cikin Tatarstan, iklima ita ce ta dace da tsakiyar latitude: lokacin rani mai ɗumi tare da matsakaicin hazo da dusar ƙanƙara, yanayin sanyi na matsakaici. Yanayin zafin hunturu da ƙanƙani kuma a taƙaice ya sauka ƙasa da -15 ° C, a lokacin rani yana tsayawa a +20 ° C. Yanayi mai yanayi, sassauci ba tare da bambance-bambancen hawa ba, dazuzzuka da tuddai, yalwar manya da ƙananan koguna suna ba da damar tsuntsaye sama da 300 yin sheƙ.
Tsuntsayen ganima na Tatarstan
Mafi yawan dangin tsuntsaye na ganima shine falcon. Baya ga falwalan, shaho, mujiya da kuma ospreys a cikin Tatarstan. Wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan dabbobin daji, ban da kashin baya da tsuntsaye, suna kama kwari da yawa.
Fagen Peregrine
Falcons suna da yawa tsuntsayen ganima na Tatarstan... Peregrine Falcon shine ɗayan nau'in fallen da aka fi sani. Nauyin mace baliga daga 1 zuwa 1.5 kilogiram. Faɗin fikafikan ya kai mita 1.2. Maza sun fi ƙanana, ninki biyu kamar na mata masu nauyi da girma.
Kayan tsuntsaye launin toka ne mai duhu, kusan baƙar fata a sama, ɓangaren dorsal na jiki da kuma launin toka mai haske tare da raɓaɓɓen ɓangare. Abubuwan da suka dace daidai da ra'ayin mai farauta mai kyau. Cikakken yanayin sararin samaniya yana baka damar afkawa wadanda abin ya shafa a gudun 320 km / h.
A lokacin bazara, a watan Afrilu, mace tana yin kwayayen kwaya 3 a cikin wani gurbi da aka shirya a wani babban wuri. Bayan kamar wata daya, kajin marasa ƙarfi sun bayyana. Bayan wata daya, suna ƙoƙari su tashi, a tsayin bazara daga ƙarshe sun rabu da kulawar iyaye.
Peregrine Falcons yayi nasarar jimre da kamuwa da shi. Saboda wannan da kyawawan halayen tashi, falgons na peregrine sune ke kasancewa masu taka leda a koyaushe. Falgons na Peregrine ba su da tsayi sosai: shekarun 15-17.
Kobchik
Predaramin mai farauta daga jinsin falcons. Girman bai wuce tattabara ba. Girman nauyi daga 130 zuwa 200 g. Fikafikan fikafikan buɗewa bai fi 75-78 cm ba .. Waɗannan falcons ɗin ba su da farauta sosai, beak mai rauni. Ana iya rarrabe maza da mata ta kalar su. Namiji yana da duhun madarar jiki mai duhu, da jan bulo. Mace tana da launin toka tare da rawayawa a baya; saman kai ja ne.
Gidajenta ne a cikin gandun daji, yana faruwa a wuraren shakatawa na gari, inda yake samun babban abincinsa - ƙwari. Kobchik ya kama su da ƙafafun sa a kan tashi ko ya tara su daga ƙasa. Baya ga mazari, beetles, fara, yana kai wa gwarare da tattabaru.
Kobchiks da wuya su ƙirƙiri nest nasu, suna mamaye gine-ginen masu ba da agaji: rooks, hankaka. Kamar dai yadda suke zama a cikin ƙananan yankuna. A cikin bazara, bayan wata guda na shiryawa, ana haifar zuriya, yawanci kajin 2-4. Kiwo a cikin lokaci yana dacewa da bayyanar kwari. Kobchiks, kamar kowane falcons, bai wuce shekaru 17 ba.
Goshawk
Mafi girman nau'in shaho. A cikin Tatarstan, yankin ya yi daidai da yankin rarraba dazuzzuka da aka tanada. Tana da gida da filaye a cikin dazuzzuka kuma ana iya ganin sa a cikin sama da ƙauyuka da birane.
Nauyin maza ya kai kilogiram 1, amma mata suna wucewa maza cikin nauyi da girma da sau ɗaya da rabi. Tsuntsun yana da launin toka, ana jujjuya tartsatsin a bayyane a ɓangaren ciki na jiki. A saman idanu, tsauraran "girare" - fararen ratsi, yana ba tsuntsu mummunan kallo.
A lokacin bazara, an gyara tsohuwar gida ko kuma an ƙirƙiri sabo a kan wani babban itace, wanda aka keɓe. Mace na kwance kuma tana ɗaukar 2-3, wani lokacin ƙwai 4 a cikin wata ɗaya. Duka tsuntsaye - na miji da mata - suna ciyar da zuriya. Kajin 'yan watanni uku sun fara horar da fikafikansu ba da daɗewa ba suna tashi sama, suna ƙoƙarin kafa rayuwar manya, wanda zai iya ɗaukar shekaru 17.
Jigilar
Jinsi na wadannan tsuntsayen wani bangare ne na dangin shaho. Loonies sun samo asali don daidaitawa zuwa halittu daban-daban. A sakamakon haka, an samo iri iri da yawa. A sararin samaniyar Gabashin Turai, suna tashi a kai a kai:
- Jigilar ciyawa - mafi yawan lokuta ana lura da ita akan kwarin kogi, makiyayan da ba a san su ba;
- jigilar filin wasa - farauta a gefuna, tsakanin tsirrai daban daban;
- mai ɗaukar tudu - wannan tsuntsu ya mallaki yankuna masu tudu na Tatarstan;
- marsh harrier - neman kayan ganima mai yawo a kan kyawawan koguna, tabkuna, filayen fadama.
Iri-iri iri-iri masu kamanceceniya iri ɗaya ne a cikin sifofin asali, dabarun farauta da salon rayuwa. Matsakaicin tsaran maharan shine cm 60. Yawan masu cin naman manya ya kai 400-500 g. Maza masu hawan maza sau ɗaya da rabi zuwa sau biyu kuma sun fi na mata rauni. Marsh Harrier ya fi danginsa girma, yayin da garken makiyaya ya fi ƙanƙan da haske.
Karnukan suna da dogon fikafikai da wutsiya, waɗanda ke ba da jirgin sama marasa nutsuwa don masu farauta. Yayin tashin hankali, masu hargitsi suna neman wanda aka azabtar, bayan haka sai su ragu sosai kuma su kwace ganima: beraye, kwadi, kajin.
Lokacin saduwa yana farawa ne da wahalar jirage na namiji. Namiji ya tabbatar da kasancewarsa mai shiri tare da iska, adabin acrobatic. Bayan ƙirƙirar biyu, a cikin gidan da yake ƙasa, mace tana yin ƙwanƙwasa ƙwai 2-3. A cikin kwanaki 30-40 bayan kawar da harsashin, kajin sun fara gwada fikafikan. Bayan wasu sati 2 sai su tashi.
Mujiya
Owls na kowa ne tsuntsayen Tatarstan... Mujiya mai launin toka ɗaya ce daga cikinsu. Tsuntsayen ba su da girma, nauyinsu ya kai 650. Babban kai da jiki zagaye an lulluɓe shi da launin toka a launin zane, wanda ya yi daidai da yanayin itacen itacen.
Faifan fuska, duhu, idanu zagaye, da bakin bakin bakinda aka sanya babu shakku game da nau'in tsuntsayen. Owl yana zama a cikin manyan gandun daji inda za'a iya samun bishiyoyi masu rami. Wani lokacin yana cikin wuraren shakatawa na gari, inda yake kama ƙananan dabbobi da daddare, gami da 'yan amshi da kwari.
Owls Tawny owls sun kwana da wuri - a ƙarshen Maris. Mace tana ɗaukar mujiya 3-5 na kimanin kwanaki 30. Wata guda bayan haihuwa, kajin sun fita daga cikin gida. Suna buƙatar kulawar iyaye duk lokacin bazara. Lokacin nest yana ƙare a watan Agusta. Tsuntsaye suna rayuwa tsawon shekaru 15-20. Mujiya mai tsawon rai ta kafa tarihin shekaru 22.5.
Tsuntsaye masu yawa na Tatarstan
Yawancin nau'ikan tsuntsayen da ke komai a gida suna sauka a kan yankin Tatarstan. Abincin su ya hada da hatsi, tsiro, tushe. Kwari, larvae har ma da kananan ganyayyaki ana kara su. Mafi shahararrun mutane kuma sanannen dangi sune magi da hankaka. Hakanan an haɗa nau'ikan halittu masu yawa a cikin dangin cranes, bustards.
Gwanin launin toka
Don rayuwa, katako yana zaɓar ciyawa, mai cike da ruwa, raƙuman tabkuna da koguna. Wani katon katon babba ya girma har zuwa 110-115 cm. Yana samun nauyi har zuwa kilogiram 6. Mata sun ɗan yi ƙasa da haske. Babban launi launin toka-jagoran ne, tare da baya mai duhu, fikafikan wuta da ciki.
Cranes tsuntsaye ne masu aure, ma'aurata suna rayuwa tare na dogon lokaci. Mace tana sanya 1-2, da wuya ƙwai 3 a cikin Afrilu, tare da farkon ɗumi. Shiryawa ba zai wuce wata 1 ba. Kajin da suka kyankyashe zasu iya barin gida cikin 'yan kwanaki. Bayan watanni 2, kwanukan yara suna da cikakkun kayan gashin tsuntsu.
Na kowa pogonysh
Smallaramin tsuntsu-kamar tsuntsu daga dangin makiyayi. Nauyi kawai 80-130 g. Tsawon jiki bai wuce cm 25. Babban launi na plumage yana da duhu tare da ƙananan filayen haske. Bayan baya launin ruwan kasa ne, tarnaƙi suna cikin launuka masu launin ruwan kasa, ƙananan ɓangaren jiki launin toka ne.
Ya zama mai aiki da yamma. Ya fi son tafiya da iyo don yawo. Yana cizon ƙananan yara, tushen shuke-shuke, kwari, tadpoles, ƙaramin kifi har ma da gawa.
Ya bayyana a shafukan yanar gizo na bazara. Ma'aurata suna ɗaukar kajin 8-12 a madadin. Wannan yana ɗaukar kimanin wata ɗaya. Ana ɗauke kajin da ke biyun ɗayan iyayen daga sheƙarsu. Bayan kwana 20, diyar ta fara ciyar da kanta. A watan Yuli, sun daina kula da iyaye. Kayayyakin suna rayuwa, kamar kowane ɗigon ruwa, na kimanin shekaru 20.
Bustard
Suna zaune a cikin tuddai da yankunan noma na Tatarstan. An ambaci sunan wannan tsuntsu lokacin da aka saukar da shi menene tsuntsaye a cikin Tatarstan suna gab da halaka. Bustard din ya kusanci wannan jihar saboda girmanta da kuma jinkirinta.
Balagaggen namiji na iya kaiwa nauyin kilogiram 16, mace tana da rabin girmanta. Namiji da mace suna sanye cikin suturar motley, launuka iri-iri. Highafafun kafafu marasa fuka-fukai suna cin amanar tsuntsayen da suka fi son tafiya fiye da ƙuda.
A lokacin bazara, lokacin saduwa yana farawa da ayyukan al'ada akan halin yanzu. Bayan haka, mace na yin ƙwai 2 a cikin baƙin ciki na ƙasa wanda ya maye gurbin gida. Shiryawa yana ɗaukar kwanaki 20-28. Ana cire kajin daga gida 'yan sa'o'i kadan bayan haihuwa. Bayan wata 1 suna kokarin tashi, a karshen bazara suna barin iyayensu. Bustards ba su wuce shekaru 20 ba.
Tsuntsayen kwari
Tsuntsaye masu fuka-fukai waɗanda ke ciyar da kansu kuma suna ciyar da theira offspringansu marasa fuka-fukai kuma masu fuka-fukai tsuntsaye tsuntsaye ne masu haɗari. Sun hada da tsuntsaye, dazuzzuka, da hadiyewa da sauran nau'ikan jinsin wadanda galibi ke zama kusa da dan adam.
Haɗa
Swallows yawanci tsuntsayen kwari ne. Suna kama malam buɗe ido, beetles akan tashi. Suna daga cikin haɗiyun dangi, gama gari tsuntsayen Tatarstan. A kan hoto yana da wahala a rarrabe wani nau'in hadiya da wani.
- Haɗin birni - ya zauna a cikin birane ko ƙauyuka tare da gidaje na dutse. Msirƙirar ƙananan yankuna waɗanda ƙauyuka suke kusa da juna.
- Swallowaunar ƙauyen ba ta ƙin gina gida gida a ƙarƙashin ƙofofin gidan dutse. Gidajen ƙasa, rumbuna, gadoji suma sun dace da wuraren gini.
- Haɗin bakin teku yana haƙa ramuka na rami a cikin mɓoɓɓun rafin koguna, tabkuna, wuraren da aka watsar da duwatsu. Suna iya zama zurfin zurfin 1 m. Swallows ya zama yankuna; a kan dutsen ɗaya za'a iya samun ƙofofin da yawa zuwa ragar-rami.
Cakuda ƙwai 5 a matsakaita ya bayyana a watan Yuni-Yuli. Bayan kwanaki 15-18, shiryawa ya ƙare, ciyarwa zata fara. A shekara daya da wata daya, kajin na iya tashi. Haɗaɗɗiyar tana iya ciyar da kajin da suka bar gida cikin jirgi. Masu saurin saurin kama kwari ba zasu wuce shekaru 5 ba.
Oriole talakawa
Oriole - ƙauraran ƙaura na Tatarstan... Mutum na iya yin magana game da wannan dangin a cikin mufuradi: gurbi daya na jinsi a jamhuriya - oriole gama gari. Girman oriole ya fi tauraron dan kadan kaɗan, nauyinsa bai kai 90 g ba, fikafikansa na iya buɗewa har zuwa cm 45. Tsuntsayen suna da haske sosai. A cikin maza, launin ruwan rawaya ya bambanta da fuka-fuki baki da wutsiya. Mata suna da saman kore-kore, hayaƙi ƙasa, fikafikansu masu launin toka-kore.
Orioles sun gwammace su zauna a cikin gandun daji da suka balaga. A karshen bazara, maza, ta hanyar zaman soyayya, suna karfafawa mace gwiwa. Bayan wannan, an gina gida, kama da kwandon da aka dakatar. Masonry aka yi a ciki. Bayan makonni biyu, shiryawar ta ƙare, kuma bayan wasu kwanaki 15, samari ko yara huɗu sun tashi daga cikin gida. Orioles suna rayuwa kusan shekaru 10.
Wagtail
Nau'in tsuntsaye na gidan wagtail. Ana tattara kwari marasa lahani daga ƙasa, mazari da malam buɗe ido suna kamawa a cikin jirgin. Lokacin da yake gudana a ƙasan ƙasa, yana girgiza tare da doguwar jela, jirgin yana ƙunshe da jerin filaye.
- Wagtail fari ne - bangaren na sama launin toka ne, kai da ƙananan jikinsa fari ne ƙura.
- Wagtail rawaya ne - baya baya-launin toka-kore, gaban wuya yana da haske rawaya, wutsiyar launin ruwan kasa mai duhu.
- Mountain Wagtail - a cikin kamanninsa daidai yake da wagtail na rawaya tare da ƙarin farin tarnaƙi, kirji mai launin rawaya da ƙarƙashin ƙasa.
- Wagtail mai kalar rawaya - tsuntsu mai launin canary yana da kai, ƙaramin rawaya mai rawaya-toka.
- Wagtail na gaba-gaban - launin fuka-fuka masu launin rawaya a goshi ya zama rawaya "girare".
- Wagtail mai kai da kai - saman kai da wuya baƙi ne, ɓangaren dorsal ya kasance rawaya-kore, ƙananan, ɓangaren jikin mutum rawaya ne.
Tsuntsaye suna kirkirar gida mai rikitarwa a ƙasa. Mountain Wagtails sun zaɓi niches don nests a cikin dutsen dutse. An kafa kama a cikin bazara, 4-5 yara tsuntsaye sun tashi a cikin Yuni. A ƙarshen Yuni, wagtails sukan yi kama na biyu. Wagtails suna rayuwa kusan shekaru 12.
Ywaro mai rawaya
Sarakuna sune mafi ƙanƙanta nau'in tsuntsaye na Tatarstan da duk Rasha. Bewaro mafi yawa shine launin rawaya. Smallaramin, ƙwaro mai ƙyalƙyali yana da fasali na musamman: raƙuman ruwan lemo-mai rawaya a saman kai.
Yankin rarraba tsuntsaye yayi daidai da yankin coniferous da kuma hade gandun daji. A gaban bishiyun bishiyoyi, yana sauka a wuraren shakatawa na birni. Rassan tsoffin itacen fir na zama matattara don gidajen sarauta.
Lokacin farawa ta hanyar farawa a watan Afrilu. Ma'auratan suna gina rataye rataye. Sarautar mata tana yin ƙwai na ƙwai 10-12, tana haɗa su na tsawon kwanaki 20. Namiji yana kula da abinci mai gina jiki na kaza.
Bayan ƙarshen shiryawa, mace ba ta barin brood ɗin har tsawon mako guda - tana ɗumi kaji. Bayan makonni 3, kajin sun fita kan rassan kusa da gida kuma da sannu za su fara tashi. A kan abincin 99% kwari, ƙwaro yana rayuwa shekaru 5-7.
Granivores, tsuntsaye masu cin tsire-tsire
Babu masu cin ganyayyaki 100% a Tatarstan. Tsuntsayen, waɗanda aka keɓance su azaman ɗari-ɗari ko ciyawar ciyawa, suna ciyar da koren abinci don mafi yawan rayuwar su. 'Ya'yan galibi ana tashe su ne akan abincin furotin - yawancin kwari sun kama. Misalan: iyali na passerines, finches.
Hanyar gama gari
Waɗannan sune finch, ɓangare hunturu tsuntsaye na Tatarstan... Siffar jiki da girmanta suna kama da na gwara. Launuka suna haske. Babban, ɓangaren jikin mutum launin toka-launin ruwan kasa, gefen da ƙasan jiki kusan fari ne. A cikin maza, kirji da goshin suna ja-kasa-kasa. Mata ba su da jan sautuka a cikin labulensu. Linnet nauyinta bai wuce 20 g ba.
A cikin garuruwa da ƙauyuka, yana dab da gwarare. Ba kamar su ba, yana waƙa mai ban sha'awa. Kwanciya ana yin shi a cikin sauƙaƙan gida sauƙaƙe waɗanda aka shirya a cikin bishiyoyi da daji. Kajin masu gashi sun bayyana a cikin makonni biyu.
Bayan kwana 15, sai su bar iyayensu. A watan Yuli, an gina sabon gida, an yi sabon kama, kamar na farkon, akwai ƙwai 5 a ciki. A sake zagayowar shiryawa, ciyar da aka maimaita. Linnets suna rayuwa kusan shekaru 8.
Crossbill
Hankula granivores tsuntsayen Jamhuriyar Tatarstan... Bugu da ƙari, giciye yana da abinci na musamman - sun fi son tsaba daga conifers. Sabili da haka, a cikin Tatarstan, yanki na giciye ya zo daidai da yanki na rarraba coniferous da kuma hade gandun daji.
Tsuntsaye suna da alama guda ɗaya - lokacin nest ya dogara da amfanin kwaleyen. Akwai nau'ikan 3 a cikin jamhuriya:
- Gicciyen gwara - bai wuce girman gwara ba. Yana ƙaura don abinci zuwa wuraren da spruce da bishiyoyin pine suka kawo babban girbi na cones. Tare da yalwar 'ya'yan itacen spruce, zai iya fara kyankyasar kajin kafin bazara, har ma a lokacin sanyi.
- Farin-fuka-fuka-fuka-fukai - ɗan kaɗan kaɗan fiye da spruce. Kwarewa a cikin manyan tsaba.
- Pine Crossbill - Babban abincin wannan giciye shine tsaba da aka adana a cikin cones pine.
Kwarewar filayen abinci ya haifar da canje-canjen juyin halitta a cikin bakin. Sharpaƙƙarfan sa, mai kama da kamanni yana sauƙaƙa sauƙi don seedsa seedsan fulowa. Busoshin ƙafa misali ne bayyananne na daidaitawar abinci da tsuntsaye, kodayake ƙwayoyin sunflower, hatsi na ganye, ƙwari ma na iya kasancewa a cikin menu.
