Cicadas gama gari - duk da wannan sunan, kwari ne na musamman waɗanda ke cikin umarnin hemiptera (Latin Lyristes plebejus). Sun haɗu da su ta wurin dangin waƙoƙin cicadas ko na ainihi (Cicadidae), da ƙananan ganye, pennies, humpbacks, waɗanda kuma daga baya suka zama cikakken yanki.
An tsara waƙoƙi game da kwari, ana nuna su cikin zane, ana yin kayan ado na kayan ado. Sun shahara sosai a duk fadin duniya har ma akwai wani jerin wasan kwaikwayo "Kuka cicada».
Bayani da fasali
A mafi yawan cicadas, tsayin jiki bai wuce mm 36 ba, kuma idan aka auna shi da fikafikan fuska, to kusan 50 mm. Antennae tare da flagellum, galibi gajere ne. An yi ado da ƙasan cinyoyin gaban da manyan hakora biyu.
A kan saman waƙar cicadas, tsakanin manyan idanun fuskoki, akwai ƙarin idanu uku masu sauƙi. Proboscis yana da tsayi kuma zai iya yantar da duk tsawon kirjin.
Maza suna da ingantattun kayan aiki don yin sauti mai ƙarfi. A lokacin lokacin saduwa, wanda zai iya ɗaukar makonni da yawa, ƙarar waƙar da suke yi daidai yake da ƙarar jirgin ƙasa da ke wucewa a cikin jirgin ƙarƙashin ƙasa kuma ana bayyana shi a cikin 100-120 dB, wanda ya sa su zama kwari mafi ƙarfi a duniyarmu. Launi na cicadas gama gari galibi baƙi ne ko launin toka; an yi ado da kai da dorsum tare da sifofin rawaya masu rikitarwa.
Larvae yawanci basu wuce 5 mm a girma kuma basuyi kama da iyayensu ba. Suna da ƙafafun ƙafafun gaba, tare da su suke haƙa ƙasa don tsari daga hunturu kuma suna ci gaba da haɓaka zuwa nymph. Sun bambanta a cikin jikin haske, amma takamaiman launi ya dogara da nau'in da mazauninsu.
Lokacin hunturu cicada babu wani babba - saboda gaskiyar cewa suna ɗan rayuwa kaɗan, mutanen da suka rayu daga cutar kwayar halitta sun mutu tun kafin farkon dusar ƙanƙara. Thean tsutsa ne kawai, masu zurfin zurfafawa a cikin ƙasa, da nymphs, suna jiran ranakun dumi da zasu zo fara pupation, sun kasance.
Saboda haka, gaba zamuyi magana ne kawai game da tsutsa. Bahar Rum da yankin tsibirin Kirimiya ana ɗaukarsu mazaunin cicada na gama gari. Hakanan, waɗannan kwari suna gama gari a yankin Caucasus da Transcaucasus.
Irin
Mafi kyawun duk cicadas ana iya kiran shi Royal (Potponia imperatoria), wanda ake ɗauka mafi girma a duniya. Tsawon jikinsa yakai mm 65, kuma fikafikan sa 217 mm. Waɗannan ƙattai ana samun su a yankin Malesiya na Peninsular da Singapore.
Launin halittun da ke sarauta suna kama da ƙusoshin itaciya, a kanta kwarin cicada kuma yana cinye mafi yawan rayuwarsa ta duniya. Fuka-fukai masu haske kuma basa ɓata kama, saboda haka yana da wahalar gaske a ga irin wannan babbar halittar.
Cicadas mai rairayi suna shahara a cikin yankuna tare da yanayin zafi da zafi. Sabili da haka, ana iya samun kusan nau'in 1,500 a cikin wurare masu zafi. A Turai, nau'in 18 na waɗannan kwari sun bazu. Wasu daga cikinsu suna da yawa sosai. Cicadas mazauna ne na dindindin ba kawai Eurasia, Indonesia ba, har ma da sauran wurare, bi da bi, nau'ikan su sun bambanta:
1. Green cicada... Yana da ko'ina a cikin Sin, Kazakhstan, Amurka, yawancin yankuna na Tarayyar Rasha da cikin ƙasashe da yawa na Yammacin Turai. Suna zaune ne galibi a wuraren fadama, a cikin ruwa mai dausayi ko kuma ciyawar ruwa, inda yawancin ciyawar ruwa da ciyawa ke girma. Fuka-fukai suna da kaɗe-kaɗe, jiki rawaya ne, kuma cikin ciki baƙar fata ne. An dauke shi a matsayin kwaro. Hatsin hatsi ya fi shafar kore cicadas.
2. Farin cicada - sinadarin cafe ko citta. Launi ne mai launin toka mai launin fari, tsayin bai fi 9 mm ba, kwarin, tare da fukafukinsa, suna da tsayi mai tsayi. Ga alama kamar digo, har ma ya zama kamar ƙaramin asu.
Yana da wuya ayi imani da cewa furannin fure mai laushi wanda ya bayyana akan shuke-shuke a tsakiyar lokacin bazara shine larvae na ƙarfe mai rai wanda ke cutar da shuke-shuke.
3. Buffalo cicada ko humicback cicada... A saman kansu akwai wani irin girma wanda ya ba da sunan wannan nau'in. Yana yin parasitizes akan koren bishiyoyin inabi, wanda a ciki yake ɓoye ƙwai, bayan yankan bawon harbin tare da ovipositor, wanda ke haifar da mutuwar ɓarnar ɓarnar.
4. Mountain cicada... An rarraba a China, USA, Turkey, Palestine, kuma an sami adadi mai yawa a cikin Gabas mai Nisa da Kudancin Siberia. Jikinta yakai kusan 2.5 cm tsayi, yayi duhu sosai, kusan baƙi, fukafukai siriri ne kuma masu haske.
5. Ash cicada... Yana da rabin girman na talakawa. Masana ilimin ciki sun danganta shi ga dangin waƙa. Sunan ya fito ne daga itacen manna ash, waɗanda kwari suka zaɓi rassan don ƙwai. Girman jikin wasu samfurin ya kai 28 mm, fikafikan fikafikan har zuwa 70 mm.
A lokacin farin ciki, kusan bayyananniyar ciki, sassan ja da ƙaramin gashi suna bayyane a sarari. Akwai tabarau masu ruwan kasa a jijiyoyi da saman fikafikan. Suna ciyarwa ne kawai a kan ruwan itace, wanda aka samo daga tsire-tsire, ƙananan rassan shrubs. Sun fi son zaitun, eucalyptus, inabi.
Hakanan cicadas na musamman (Magicicada) daga Arewacin Amurka, wanda sakewar rayuwarsa shekaru 13 da 17, ana kuma kiran su mawaƙa. Sun bambanta a cikin cewa an sake haifar su da manya. Wani lokacin ana sanya wa kwari wani nau'in laƙabi - "locan shekara goma sha bakwai". Amma babu ruwansu da fara.
Rayuwa da mazauni
Manya cicadas a lokacin rani rarrafe daga ƙasa kuma sanya ƙusoshin ƙananan theangiyoyi tare da sarƙaƙƙen ovipositor. Sannan su boye kwan kwan a qarqashinsa. Theyasar da aka haifa sun faɗi ƙasa, suna cizawa cikin kaurinsa, kuma suna ci gaba da haɓaka a zurfin sama da mita.
Sukan ciza ta tushen bishiyoyi kuma suna cin abinci a kan ruwansu. Larananan larvae suna da haske, jiki mara kyau, da fari fari, kuma daga baya ya zama mai buyuwa, tare da dogayen eriya da ƙafafun gaba masu ƙarfi. Sun shafe shekaru 2 ko 4 a cikin karamin jirgi, kusan har zuwa lokacin da suka balaga, kuma kawai kafin canji ya kan tashi.
Cicada a cikin hunturu ko da yaushe buries kanta zurfi da hibernates. A wannan lokacin, tsutsa ta ci gaba kuma a hankali ta zama nymph, kuma bayan isasshen dumama na ƙasa, sai su fita su fara haƙa ƙananan ɗakuna don pupation.
Yawancin mutane suna jin sautukan da cicadas suke yi a nesa har zuwa mita 900, tunda ƙarfin ƙaunataccen ƙaunatacciyar su ya kai 120 dB. Maza maza suna "raira waƙa" mafi ƙarfi duka - suna kiran abokan hulɗa na gaba ta wannan hanyar kuma suyi kyakkyawar fahimta akan su.
Wani lokaci sautin cicada ba zai fara kama da dannawa ba ko ihu, amma muryar madauwari saw. Don tsagewa da ƙarfi, suna amfani da wasu tsokoki, tare da taimakon abin da suke aiki a kan kuge - membranes biyu (gabobin jikin mutum).
Cameraararrawar sauti mai ƙarfi da ke bayyana a wannan yanayin ana haɓaka ta kamara ta musamman. Tana kuma yin aiki tare da su. Yana da kyau cicada a cikin hoto, inda zaku iya bincika tsarinta a cikin dukkan bayanai.
Mata ma suna iya yin sautuka, amma da kyar suke raira waƙa kuma suna nutsuwa, wani lokacin ma har da sautunan ba su da bambanci da kunnen mutum. Wasu lokuta cicadas suna taruwa a cikin manyan kungiyoyi sannan kuma hayaniyar da kwari ke fitarwa bata barin masu farauta waɗanda suke son ɗanɗanar wani abu mai daɗi su kusancesu.
Koyaya, yana da wuya a kama cicadas saboda suna iya tashi. A cikin yanayin ruwa ko gajimare, cicadas basa aiki kuma musamman masu jin kunya. A cikin lokutan dumi suna aiki sosai.
Gina Jiki
Abincin abinci mai gina jiki na cicadas yana da yawa cewa a cikin ƙasashe da yawa ana ɗaukarsu kwari ne na ƙwayoyin cuta. Lambunan inabi, shuke-shuken lambu da bishiyoyi suna wahala daga mamayar su. Manyan cicadas sun lalata tushe, rassan, ganye tare da proboscis, suna cire ruwan 'ya'yan itace da ake so daga gare su.
Lokacin da suka koshi, sai a cire su, kuma danshi mai ba da rai ya ci gaba da gudana daga "rauni", sannu a hankali ya zama manna - wani abu mai ɗanɗano mai daɗi (resin magani). Cicada larvae da ke rayuwa a cikin ƙasa suna lalata tushen, yayin da suke tsotse ruwa daga cikin su. Har yanzu ba a tabbatar da haɗarin da ke tattare da dasa gonakin ba.
Saboda bakinsu masu karfi, cicadas na iya "tsotse" kuma su lalata kayan kyallen shuke-shuke da suke can ciki. A sakamakon haka, bayan irin wannan abinci mai gina jiki, amfanin gona na iya mutuwa. A cikin yankunan noma da cicadas da yawa, manoma galibi suna bayar da rahoton raguwar amfanin ƙasa. Duk larvae da manya na iya zama haɗari.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Maza, kiran abokansu, galibi suna nishi a lokacin mafi tsananin yini. Suna buƙatar makamashi mai yawa don wannan, wanda suke cikawa kai tsaye daga zafin rana. Amma wasu nau'ikan, kwanan nan, suna ƙoƙari kada su jawo hankalin masu farauta kuma su fara serenades da yamma, da yamma.
Maza suna ƙoƙari su zaɓi wurare masu inuwa koda da rana. Platypleura cicadas musamman sun dace da wannan, sun mallaki yanayin zafi kuma suna iya dumama kansu, suna matse tsokokin da suke tashi dasu.
Tare da jan hankalin kyawawan mata, maza cicadas a kudancin Amurka sun fara yin sautuka, da ɗan tuna irin bushe-bushen jirgi. Kiwo cicadas yana faruwa ba zato ba tsammani ga yawancin jinsuna. Da zaran kwaron ya hada mace, nan take zai mutu.
Amma mata har yanzu suna yin ƙwai. Zasu iya samun daga kwai 400 zuwa 900 a kwanciya daya. Baya ga ƙaiƙayi da tushe, ƙwai za a iya ɓoye su da kyau a cikin tushen tsire-tsire, sau da yawa a cikin amfanin gona na hunturu, gawa.
A matsakaita, ƙwararrun kwari ba su da halin tsawon rai; an ba su izinin zama a lokacin hutun da bai wuce makonni 3 ko 4 ba. Akwai isasshen lokaci kawai don nemo abokin tarayya da kwai, wanda daga nan mata za su ɓoye ta a ƙarƙashin haushi, a cikin ganyayyaki, a cikin koren tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire.
Suna sheki, fari fari da farko, sannan sunyi duhu. Kwan kwan ya kai kimanin mm 2.5 da fadi 0.5 mm. Bayan kwanaki 30-40, larvae zasu fara bayyana.
Kwatancin rayuwar cicadas na nau'ikan halittu daban-daban masu ban sha'awa ne ga masana kimiyyar-mahaifa da kuma masoyan yanayi. Larvae na musamman cicadas na lokaci-lokaci sun kasance a cikin ƙasa shekaru da yawa, wanda adadinsu yayi daidai da jerin farko na primes - 1, 3, 5, 7 da ƙari.
An sani cewa irin wannan tsutsa tana rayuwa ba ta wuce shekaru 17 ba. Koyaya, wannan lokacin ana ɗaukarsa rikodin kwari. Bayan haka, hango wata matsala, cicada na gaba (nymph) yana fita daga cikin ƙaramar duniyarta mai jin daɗi da canje-canje. Mountain cicada ba zai wuce shekaru 2 ba, talakawa cicada ya ninka biyu - shekaru 4.
Kammalawa
Al'adun kasashen Afirka da Asiya suna cin Cicadas; ana cinsu da jin daɗi a wasu yankuna na Australia da Amurka. Suna da dadi duka soyayyen da dafaffun. Suna dauke da furotin har zuwa 40% kuma a lokaci guda suna da karancin kalori. Dandanonsu, idan an dafa shi, yayi kama da dandano dankali, dan kadan kamar bishiyar asparagus.
Cicada ganima ce ta halitta don ƙananan dabbobi da kwari da yawa. Suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye halittu. Gwanayen ƙasa suna farin cikin ciyar da tsutsarsu tare dasu. Lokacin da lokacin kiwo ya zo kuma dubunnan dubunnan cicada suka fita daga raminsu, yawancinsu suna zama ganima ga masu farauta kamar dawakai da tsuntsaye, ga wasu daga cikinsu wannan ita ce kawai hanyar tsira.
Masunta suna amfani da manya a matsayin kamun kifi saboda gaskiyar cewa suna jawo hankulan mutane da sauran nau'ikan kifin ta fiskar reshe. Saboda haka, cicada a hannun mai ilimi koyaushe zai kawo masa sa'a.
Cicadas ba su da lahani ga mutane, kawai makircin mutum ne zai iya shafar shi. Duk da yake a cikin daji, cicadas suna da mahimmanci a matsayin hanyar tsira ga ƙananan masu farauta, ga mutane kawai kwari ne masu sauƙi waɗanda galibi suke shayar da sinadarai. Koyaya, wannan baya hana wasu mutane sha'awar ƙoshin kumburi a lokacin kiwo.
