Kifin haƙori - kifaye masu farautar teku, mazaunan Antarctic ruwan sanyi. Sunan "kifin haƙori" ya haɗa kan dukkanin jinsunan, wanda ya haɗa da nau'in Antarctic da Patagonian. Ba su da bambanci kaɗan a ilimin halittar jiki, suna yin irin wannan salon. Yawan keken Patagonian da Antarctic wani ɓangare ya juye.
Dukkanin nau'ikan jinsin biyu suna karkata zuwa gabar tekun Antarctic. Sunan gama gari "kifin haƙori" yana komawa zuwa ga keɓaɓɓen tsarin kayan hakora-a hakora: a kan kuɓuran masu ƙarfi akwai layuka 2 na haƙoran canine, ɗan lankwasa a ciki. Abin da ya sa wannan kifin bai yi kyau ba.
Bayani da fasali
Kifin haƙori — kifi mai farauta, mara hankali kuma ba mai son karba ba. Tsawon jiki ya kai mita 2. nauyi zai iya wuce kilogiram 130. Ita ce mafi girman kifi da ke zaune a tekun Antarctic. Sashin giciye na jiki yana zagaye. Jikin yana taɓowa zuwa gaban gogewa. Kan yana da girma, yana lissafin kashi 15-20 na duka tsawon jiki. An daidaita ƙasa kamar yawancin kifin ƙasa.
Bakin bakinsa mai kauri ne, mai mahimmi ne, tare da fitowar ƙarancin muƙamuƙi. Hakoran suna da kwalliya, suna iya riƙe ganima da cizon ƙwarjin ɓarke. Idanun suna da girma. Suna nan saboda ginshiƙin ruwa yana cikin filin gani, wanda ba kawai a gefuna da gaban ba, har ma sama da kifin.
Hancin hanci, gami da ƙananan muƙamuƙi, ba shi da ma'auni. An rufe ramin gill tare da murfin mai ƙarfi. A bayansu akwai manyan fika-fikai. Suna ƙunshe da 29 wani lokacin kuma wasu hasken mai na roba 27. Sikeli a ƙarƙashin firam ɗin firam ɗin ctenoid ne (tare da murfin waje). A jikin sauran, karamin cycloid ne (mai zagaye zagaye na waje).
Kifin haƙori shine ɗayan mafi girman nau'in kifi
Akwai fika biyu a gefen layin dorsal. Na farko, dorsal, ya ƙunshi haskoki 7-9 na matsakaiciyar taurin. Na biyu yana da katako 25. Wutsiya da finfin fin din suna da tsayi iri ɗaya. Symmetrical caudal fin ba tare da furta lobes, kusan triangular triangular na yau da kullun a cikin siffar. Wannan tsarin fin fin din ya saba da kifin notothenium.
Kifin haƙori, kamar sauran kifin notothenium, koyaushe suna cikin ruwan sanyi, suna rayuwa cikin yanayin daskarewa. Yanayi yayi la'akari da wannan gaskiyar: a cikin jini da sauran ruwan jiki na kifin akwai glycoproteins, sugars, haɗe da sunadarai. Suna hana samuwar lu'ulu'u na kankara. Sunadaran antifreeza ne na halitta.
Jinin sanyi mai yawa yana zama mai daskarewa. Wannan na iya haifar da raguwar aiki na gabobin ciki, samuwar daskarewar jini da sauran matsaloli. Jikin haƙora yana koyon sirantar da jini. Tana da karancin erythrocytes da sauran abubuwan da suka banbanta kamar kifaye na yau da kullun. A sakamakon haka, jini yana gudu fiye da kifin da aka saba.
Kamar yawancin kifin da ke zaune a ƙasan, kifin haƙori ba shi da mafitsara. Amma kifi yakan tashi daga ƙasa zuwa matakan sama na rukunin ruwa. Yana da wahala ayi wannan ba tare da mafitsara ba. Don jimre wa wannan aikin, jikin ƙifin haƙori ya sami ƙarancin ruwa: akwai tarin kitse a cikin tsokoki na kifin, kuma ƙasusuwa a cikin haɗinsu suna ƙunshe da ƙaramin ma'adanai.
Kifin haƙori shine jinkirin girma kifi. Mafi girman riba yana faruwa a cikin shekaru 10 na farkon rayuwa. Da shekara 20, kusan ci gaban jiki yakan tsaya. Nauyin kifin haƙora a wannan zamanin ya wuce alamar kilogram 100. Shine mafi girman kifi tsakanin notothenia dangane da girma da nauyi. Mafi shaharar macen da ke rayuwa a cikin kifin da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwan sanyi na Antarctic.
A can zurfin mil, ba dole ba ne kifi ya dogara da ji ko gani. Layin layi ya zama babban mahimmin gabar. Wannan tabbas shine dalilin da yasa dukkanin jinsunan basu da daya, amma layin layi biyu: dorsal da medial. A cikin kifin haƙori na Patagonian, layin tsakiyar yana tsaye tare da tsawonsa duka: daga kan kai har zuwa kan gaba. Wani sashi ne kawai yake bayyane a cikin Antarctic.
Akwai 'yan bambance-bambance tsakanin jinsuna. Wadannan sun hada da tabo wanda yake a jikin jinsunan Patagonian. Ba shi da iyaka a siffa kuma yana tsakanin idanu. Saboda gaskiyar cewa jinsunan Patagonian suna rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai ɗan dumi kaɗan, akwai ƙarancin daskarewa na halitta a cikin jininsa.
Irin
Kifin haƙori shine ƙananan jinsin kifin da aka ƙaddara, wanda aka tsara a cikin dangin Notothenia. A cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya, yanayin halittar kifin hakori ya bayyana a matsayin Dissostichus. Masana kimiyya sun gano nau'ikan 2 ne kawai waɗanda za a iya ɗauka kamar kifin haƙori.
- Katon haƙori na Patagonian... Yankin ruwan sanyi ne na Tekun Kudancin, Atlantic. Ya fi son yanayin zafi tsakanin 1 ° C da 4 ° C. Yana shawagi a cikin teku a zurfin mita 50 zuwa 4000. Masana kimiyya suna kiran wannan ƙifin haƙori mai suna Dissostichus eleginoides. An gano shi a ƙarni na 19 kuma ana yin nazari sosai.
- Kifin haƙori na Antarctic... Tsarin jinsin shine tsakiyar da kasa shimfidar teku a kudu da 60 ° S latitude. Babban abu shine cewa yawan zafin jiki bai fi 0 ° C. Sunan tsarin shine Dissostichus mawsoni. An bayyana shi kawai a cikin karni na XX. Wasu fannoni na rayuwar jinsin Antarctic sun kasance abin asiri.
Rayuwa da mazauni
An samo kifin haƙori kusa da gabar tekun Antarctica. Iyakar arewacin zangon ta ƙare da latit na Uruguay. Anan zaku iya samun kifin haƙori na Patagonian. Yankin ba wai kawai manyan wuraren ruwa ba ne kawai, har ma da zurfin zurfin da ya bambanta. Daga kusan na sama, pelagials na mita 50 zuwa yankuna ƙasa-2-km.
Kifin haƙori yana yin ƙaura a tsaye da tsaye. Yana motsawa tsaye da sauri, zuwa zurfin zurfafa iri-iri ba tare da cutar da lafiya ba. Ta yaya kifi zai iya jure digon matsi ya kasance baƙon abu ga masana kimiyya. Baya ga buƙatun abinci, tsarin zafin jiki na tilasta kifayen fara tafiya. Kifin haƙori ya fi son ruwa ba ɗumi fiye da 4 ° C.
Squids shine abin farautar haƙoran haƙori na kowane zamani. Gungun garken kifin haƙori na yau da kullun sun sami nasara. Tare da zurfin teku mai zurfin teku, matsayin ya canza. Masana ilimin halittu da masunta suna jayayya cewa dodo mai tsawon mita, ba za ku iya kiran shi wani katon kifi ba, ya kama kuma ya ci babban kifin haƙori.
Baya ga cephalopods, ana cin kowane nau'in kifi, krill. Sauran crustaceans. Kifayen na iya yin aikin azancin abubuwa. Ba ya watsi da cin naman mutane: a wani lokaci yakan ci nasa 'ya' yan. A kan shiryayyen nahiyoyin duniya, kifin haƙora yana farautar jatan lande, kifin azurfa da notothenia. Don haka, ya zama mai gasa abinci ga penguins, whales masu ratsi, da hatimi.
Kasancewar su manyan mahauta ne, kifin haƙori da kansu yakan zama abun farauta. Dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa sukan kai hari ga kifi mai ƙiba, mai nauyi. Kifin haƙori wani ɓangare ne na abincin hatimai da kifayen kifayen kifi. Kifin haƙori a cikin hoto galibi ana nuna shi da hatimi. Ga kifin haƙora, wannan shine na ƙarshe, ba kowane hoto mai farin ciki ba.
Squid shine abincin da aka fi so don kifin haƙori.
Kifin haƙori na kusa da saman jerin kayan abinci na duniyar tekun Antartika. Manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna dogaro da shi. Masana ilimin halittu sun lura cewa koda matsakaici, kamun kifin haƙora ya haifar da canje-canje a halaye na abinci na kifayen kifayen masu kisa. Sun fara kai hari ga wasu cetaceans sau da yawa.
Garken haƙoran haƙori ba wakiltar wata al'umma mai girma, a rabe ba. Waɗannan yawan al'ummomin gida ne da ke ware daga juna. Bayanai daga masunta suna ba da cikakkiyar ma'anar iyakokin jama'a. Nazarin kwayar halitta ya nuna cewa akwai wasu musayar kwayoyin tsakanin mutane.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Ba a fahimci yanayin rayuwa na kifin haƙori Ba a san takamaiman adadin shekarun goge haƙori da zai iya haihuwa. Tsarin ya fara daga shekara 10 zuwa 12 a cikin maza, shekara 13 zuwa 17 a mata. Wannan alamar tana da mahimmanci. Kifayen da suka sami damar bayar da 'ya'ya ne kawai ke fuskantar kamun kasuwanci.
Kifin haƙori na Patagonian yana haɓaka kowace shekara, ba tare da yin wata ƙaura ba don aiwatar da wannan aikin. Amma motsi zuwa zurfin kusan 800 - 1000 m yana faruwa. A cewar wasu rahotanni, kifin haƙori na Patagonian ya haura zuwa tsaunukan tsauni don haɓaka.
Spawning faruwa a watan Yuni-Satumba, a lokacin Antarctic hunturu. Nau'in spawning shine pelagic. Kayan kwalliyar haƙori share cikin ruwa. Kamar duk kifin da ke amfani da wannan hanyar ta haihuwar, haƙoran mata na samar da ɗaruruwan dubbai, har zuwa ƙwai miliyan. Ana samun ƙwai masu yawo akan ruwa da goomes na haƙori na goge maza. Hagu zuwa gare su, amfanonin suna gantali a cikin ruwa mai zurfin ruwa.
Ci gaban amfrayo yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 3. Tsutsa mai fita yana zama ɓangare na plankton. Bayan watanni 2-3, a lokacin bazara na Antarctic, kifin haƙora na yara ya sauko zuwa zurfin tunani, ya zama mai kamuwa da cuta. Yayin da kake girma, ana zurfafa zurfafawa. A ƙarshe, kifin haƙori na Patagonian ya fara ciyarwa a zurfin kilomita 2, a ƙasa.
Tsarin kiwo na kifin haƙori na Antarctic ba shi da cikakken nazari. Hanyar ba da haihuwa, tsawon lokacin ci gaban amfrayo da ƙaurawar yara a hankali daga ruwa zuwa saman ruwa iri ɗaya ne da abin da ke faruwa da ƙoshin haƙori na Patagonian. Rayuwar dukkanin jinsunan tana da tsayi. Masana ilimin halittu sunce nau'ikan Patagonian zasu iya rayuwa shekaru 50, kuma Antarctic 35.
Farashi
Farin naman ƙushin haƙori yana ɗauke da kaso mai ɗimbin yawa da duk abubuwan haɗin fauna na cikin ruwa masu wadata a ciki. Matsakaicin jituwa na kayan abincin naman kifi suna yin jita-jita haƙori mai daɗi sosai.
Ari da, wahalar kamun kifi da ƙayyadaddun adadi a kama kifi. Saboda farashin haƙori yin sama. Manyan shagunan kifi suna ba da kayan haƙora na Patagonian don 3,550 rubles. da kilogram. A lokaci guda, samun kifin haƙori a sayarwa ba shi da sauƙi.
Traan kasuwa galibi suna ba da wasu, wanda ake kira, kifin mai mai ƙarkashin sunan ƙirar haƙori. Suna neman 1200 rubles. Yana da wahala ga mai siye da ƙwarewa ya gano abin da ke gabansa - kifin haƙori ko masu kwaikwayonsa: escolar, butterfish. Amma idan an sayi kifin haƙori, babu shakka cewa samfuran halitta ne.
Ba su koyon kiyon kifin haƙora ta hanyar aiki ba kuma da wuya su koya. Sabili da haka, kifin ya sami nauyinsa, kasancewarsa a cikin tsabtace muhalli, cin abincin ƙasa. Tsarin ci gaba yana gudana ba tare da hormones ba, canzawar kwayar halitta, maganin rigakafi da makamantansu, waɗanda aka cika su da yawancin kifin da aka cinye. Naman hakori ana iya kiran shi samfurin cikakkiyar ɗanɗano da inganci.
Kama kifin haƙori
Da farko dai, kifin haƙori na Patagonian ne kawai aka kama. A cikin karnin da ya gabata, a cikin shekaru 70, an kama wasu ƙananan mutane daga bakin tekun Kudancin Amurka. Sun hau kan yanar gizo bazata. Sun yi aiki kamar-kama. A ƙarshen 1980s, an kama manyan samfuran kamun kifi a dogon layi. Wannan kamun-barace ya bawa masunta, yan kasuwa da masu sayayya damar jin dadin kifin. An farautar farautar farautar haƙora.
Kamawar kifin haƙora yana da manyan matsaloli guda uku: zurfin zurfin ruwa, rashin nisan zangon, kasancewar kankara a yankin ruwa. Bugu da kari, akwai wasu takunkumi game da kamun kifin hakori: Yarjejeniyar kan Kariyar Antarctic Fauna (CCAMLR) tana aiki.
Kamun kifin don kifin haƙora yana da tsari mai kyau
Kowace jirgin ruwa da ke tafiya zuwa teku don ƙushin haƙori na tare da mai kula daga kwamitin CCAMLR. Mai dubawa, a cikin sharuddan CCAMLR, mai lura da kimiyyar, yana da iko sosai. Yana lura da ƙididdigar kamun kuma ya sanya ƙididdigar kifin da aka kama. Ya sanar da kaftin cewa an cika adadin kamun da aka yi.
Kifin haƙori ne ake girbe shi ta ƙananan jiragen ruwa masu dogon layi. Mafi kyawun wuri shine Ross Sea. Masana kimiyya sun kiyasta yawan kifin haƙori da ke rayuwa a cikin waɗannan ruwaye. Ya zama tan dubu 400 ne kawai. A lokacin bazara na Antarctic, wani yanki na tekun ya sami 'yanci daga kankara. Jiragen ruwa suna zuwa hanyarsu ta buɗe ruwa a cikin ayari ta cikin kankara. Ba a daidaita tashoshin Longline da kyau don kewaya filayen kankara. Saboda haka, tafiya zuwa wurin kamun kifi ya riga ya zama abin birgewa.
Longline kamun kifi hanya ce mai sauƙi amma mai cin lokaci sosai. Tiers - dogon igiyoyi tare da leashes da ƙugiya - suna kama da tsari zuwa igiyoyi. Pieceunƙun kifi ko squid an saka shi a kan kowane ƙugiya. Don kama kifin haƙori, layuka masu tsayi suna nutsewa zuwa zurfin kilomita 2.
Kafa layin sannan kuma ɗaga kamun yana da wuya. Musamman idan kayi la’akari da yanayin da ake yin hakan. Ya faru cewa ƙirar da aka sanya ta rufe ta dusar ƙanƙara. Fitar da kamun ya rikide zuwa wahala. Kowane mutum an dauke shi a cikin jirgi ta amfani da ƙugiya jirgin ruwa.
Girman kifin mai kasuwa zai fara ne da kusan kilo 20. An hana ƙananan yara kamawa, cire su daga ƙugiya kuma a sake su. Manya, wani lokacin, a can can kan bene ana yanka su. Lokacin da kamawa a cikin wuraren ya kai matsakaicin nauyin da aka halatta, kamun kifi ya tsaya kuma masu doguwar tafiya suna komawa tashar jiragen ruwa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa
Masana ilimin kimiyyar halittu sun san kifin haƙori da wuri. Samfurori na kifaye basu fada hannunsu ba nan da nan. A gefen tekun Chile a cikin 1888, masu binciken Ba'amurke sun kama kifin haƙori na farko na Patagonian. Ba za a iya adanawa ba. Sauke hoto kawai ya rage.
A cikin 1911, membobin Robert Scott Expeditionary Party suka ɗauki farkon haƙori na Antarctic daga tsibirin Ross. Sun yi hatimi hatimi, suna cikin cin abincin da ba a sani ba, manya-manyan kifi. Masana ilimin halitta sun samu kifin ya riga ya yanke jiki.
Kifin Tooth ya sami sunan tsakiya saboda dalilai na kasuwanci. A cikin 1977, mai sayar da kifi Lee Lanz, yana son sanya kayansa ya zama mafi kyau ga Amurkawa, ya fara sayar da ƙushin haƙori da sunan bahar na Chile. Sunan ya makale ya fara amfani da shi don Patagonian, kadan kaɗan, don kifin haƙori na Antartika.
A cikin 2000, kifin haƙori na Patagonian ya kama shi a cikin wani wuri mara ban mamaki a gare shi. Olaf Solker, wani kwararren masunci daga Tsibirin Daji, ya kamo wani babban kifi wanda ba a taba ganin irin sa ba a gabar Greenland. Masana ilimin kimiyyar halittu sun bayyana ta a matsayin kayan goge baki na Patagonian. Kifin ya yi tafiyar kilomita dubu 10. Daga Antarctica zuwa Greenland.
Doguwar hanya mai maƙasudin da ba za a iya fahimta ba ita ce mafi ban mamaki. Wasu kifin suna yin ƙaura mai nisa. Kifin haƙori, ta wata hanya, ya rinjayi ruwan mashigar ruwa, kodayake jikinsa ba zai iya jurewa har ma da yanayin digiri na 11 ba. Wataƙila akwai raƙuman ruwa masu zurfin sanyi waɗanda suka ba da ƙifin haƙori na Patagonian don kammala wannan ninkaya.
