A zamanin Mesozoic, wadannan tsuntsayen sun daina yawo don amfanin ruwa. Bugu da kari, penguins suna tafiya tare da jikinsu a tsaye. Dukansu suna da kamanni iri ɗaya, amma sun bambanta a tsayi. Dogayen sarakuna suna miƙa har zuwa cm 125 ko fiye, ƙananan penguins da wuya su shawo kan 30 cm. alama.
Penguins suna son kamfanin irin su. Kusan ba sa gina gida-gida; suna kafa al'ummomi da hayaniya da yawa. Sau da yawa kusa da sauran yankunan mulkin teku. Tsuntsaye sun fara shekaru 20.
Speciesananan nau'ikan ba koyaushe suke shawo kan alamar shekaru 15 ba. Tsuntsaye suna rayuwa tsawon shekaru 5 a tsare fiye da cikin daji. Gano, menene nau'ikan penguins, zaka gansu da idanunka ta hanyar ziyartar duk wani babban gidan zoo.
Genus sarki penguins
Wannan jinsi shine farkon wanda ya rabu da asalin dangi, saboda haka ake kiran sa basal. Akwai nau'ikan 2 kawai a ciki. Nominaya daga cikin zaɓaɓɓu - na sarki, ɗayan kuma tare da sunan sarauta - penguins na masarauta. Wadannan nau'in penguins a cikin hoto mai girman kai da girma.
A cikin tsuntsayen da ke cikin wannan nau'in, paws suna da matsayi na musamman. Suna aiki ba kawai a matsayin masu tallafi don kiyaye jiki a tsaye ba. A lokacin muhimmin lokacin kwai saka kwai da kare jaririyar daga sanyi, su wani irin gida ne.
Ba a kiyaye ƙafafun Penguin daga sanyi ta fuka-fukai. Venarfafawa da keɓaɓɓiyar maɗaura da jijiyoyin jijiya na taimaka musu dumi. Jinin jini mai ɗumi ya ba da digirinsa ga jinin jijiyoyin jini. Akwai tsari na zafin kai na yau da kullun. Ba wai kawai an adana ƙafafu ba, wani gidan da ba shi da ɗumi-ɗumi yana da dumi.
Irin penguins na sarki
An gano shi a cikin 1820, yayin tafiyar jiragen ruwan Rasha ƙarƙashin umarnin Bellingshausen da Lazarev zuwa gabar tekun Antarctica. Wadannan tsuntsayen sun yi tasiri a kan masu binciken. Saboda haka, sun karɓi mafi girman taken da ke wanzuwa a wancan lokacin.
Tsuntsayen suna da girman ban sha'awa. Tsayinsu yana gabatowa cm 130. Kuma nauyi, tare da wadataccen abinci, na iya isa zuwa kilogiram 50. Launi mai tsauri ne kuma mai girma. Farin ciki ya juye zuwa kirji mai ƙwanƙwan rawaya. Blackarfin baƙar gawayi da fuka-fuki suna haifar da kyan gani. Bakin bakin yana dan hade. A kan bakar fata, kusa da wuya, akwai wuraren rawaya.
Fuka-fukai suna jere kamar na gashi guda uku, suna ba da dumi da danshi. Motsa jiki yana hana tsuntsaye murfin kariya. Har sai ya ƙare, tsuntsayen sun kasance a kan ƙasa, wato, suna fama da yunwa. Sabunta fuka-fuki yana gudana a hankali kuma kusan lokaci guda cikin jiki. Saboda haka, tsuntsun dole ne su shiga yunwa saboda narkar da su mako daya zuwa biyu kawai.
An ƙirƙira yankuna nesa da bakin teku. Penguins suna yin doguwar tafiya (har zuwa 50-100 km) don kasancewa tare da manya maza da mata kuma don magance batun haifuwa. Lokacin hunturu na Antarctic da raguwar haɗin kai a cikin lokutan hasken rana suna turawa don fara hanyar zuwa kiwo.
Da zarar sun shiga cikin mulkin mallaka, tsuntsayen sun fara neman biyun. Maza suna yawo a majalisin daddawa suna runtse kawunansu. Mace mai 'yanci tana amsawa ga waɗannan bakunan. Suna tsaye suna fuskantar juna, tsuntsayen suna sunkuya. Tabbatacce game da jujjuyawar sha'awar, penguins sun fara tafiya biyu-biyu. Ya kamata a lura cewa yin hutu cikin annashuwa da ƙarin ayyuka suna faruwa a zazzabin -40 ° C.
Penguins na sarki sun kasance masu auren mata ɗaya a cikin kaka ɗaya kawai. A cikin mummunan duniyar Antarctica, mutum ya yi amfani da damar farko mai kyau don kiwo. Babu wani dalili da zai sa a jira abokin bara ya zo mulkin mallaka. Windowan taga kaɗan ya rage.
A watan Mayu-Yuni, mace ta samar da kwai daya 470g. Ta hanyar nauyi, kwan yana da girma, amma dangane da nauyin mace, wannan shine ɗayan ƙaramin ƙwai tsuntsaye. Kashi 2.3% na nauyin mahaifa shine tayi na penguin da aka keɓe a cikin harsashi.
Bayan kwanciya, sai a mayar da kwan ga namiji. Shi kaɗai ke kiyayewa da kuma dumama pengogin na gaba na kimanin kwanaki 70. Mace na zuwa teku don ciyarwa. Ta gaji, jiki yana bukatar abinci. Maza ma suna da wahala. Mulkin mallaka, yana shirya babbar ƙungiya, yana ceton kansa daga sanyi da iska, suna rungumar juna, suna juya baya ga iska.
Yayin lokacin saduwa, gami da lokacin shiryawa, maza kan rasa kashi 40% na nauyinsu. Kajin yana shiryawa na tsawon watanni 2-3. A lokacin bayyanar su, mata suna dawowa tare da kifi a cikin makogwaro, wanda zai ciyar da kajin. Har zuwa Janairu, tsuntsaye masu girma suna zuwa teku don abinci. Sannan mulkin mallaka ya tarwatse. Duk tsuntsayen sun tafi kifi.
Sarki penguins
Wadannan tsuntsayen suna da madaidaitan sigogi. Sun kai tsayin mita 1. Nauyin, a mafi kyau, ya kai kilo 20. Launin jinsunan duka iri ɗaya ne. Amma an kawata penguins na sarki tare da haske, ɗigon ruwan lemu a yankin kunne da kirji.
Wurin zama na penguins tare da sunan masarauta shine tsibirin subantarctic wanda yake daga 44 ° S latitude. har zuwa 56 ° S A karnin da ya gabata, wuraren nunar penguin a tsibirai da yawa sun kusan bacewa, dalili kuwa shine kitsen tsuntsaye.
Wannan kayan sun kusan shafe tsibirin tsibirin tsibirin. Masu jirgi sun kashe tsuntsaye don kawai kitse. Zuwa yau, kashe-kashe marasa tunani sun tsaya. Adadin tsuntsayen ya wuce miliyan biyu. Wato ba a yi musu barazanar bacewa ba.
King penguins sun zama manya a shekaru 3. Tsarin haihuwa ya fara, yawanci yana da shekaru 5. A watan Oktoba, penguins da suka manyanta suna taruwa cikin mulkin mallaka. Maza suna fara tsallake garken tsuntsaye, suna nuna shirinsu. Rawarsu ta rawa tana lankwasa kai. Vapors sun isa da sauri.
Mace tana yin kwai mai gram 300. Ba kamar dangin sarki ba, ba wai kawai namiji ba, har ma mata sun kyankyashe shi. Kusan kaji masu tsirara sun bayyana bayan kimanin kwanaki 50. Dole ne iyaye su kiyaye su, ba ƙwarin gwiwa ba kamar kwai. Bayan kwanaki 30-40, kajin yana samarda abubuwan yanci.
Gwanayen penguins
Wani jinsi na wannan jinsi ya wanzu har zuwa zamaninmu - wannan penguin ne mai ratsi mai rawaya daga idanu, tare da bayan kai, kewaye da kai. Sunan gama gari shi ne penguin mai ruwan ido-mai-rawaya. Mutanen Maori, 'yan asalin New Zealand, sun ba shi suna Huaho. Ya karanta cewa wannan yana da kyau nau'in jinsin penguin... Yana girma har zuwa 60-80 cm. A cikin kyakkyawan lokacin ciyarwa yana da nauyin kusan kilo 8. Idanun rawaya shine na huɗu mafi girma cikin jinsunan penguin ta hanyar girma da girma.
Huajo ta yi kiwo a gabar gabashin gabashin New Zealand, Tsibirin Steward, Auckland da sauransu. Adadin da haɓakar haɓakar yara sun nuna yiwuwar bacewar waɗannan tsuntsayen a cikin shekaru 2-3 masu zuwa. Dalilin, a cewar masana kimiyya, ya ta'allaka ne da ɗumama, gurɓata, kamun kifi.
'Yan kasuwar New Zealand sun fara amfani da yankunan penguin don jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido. Ana kawo masoyan baƙon zuwa bakin tekun na Oamaru, Tsibirin Otago, inda suke iya lura da tsuntsayen teku, musamman tunda masu idanun rawaya ba safai ake kama su ba. Ba su gamsu da yanayin wucin gadi don haifuwa.
Penananan penguins
Wannan jinsi ya hada da nau'ikan zababbu - dan kadan ko shudi na New Zealand penguin. Babban banbanci da sauran dangin shine tsarin rayuwar dare. Tsuntsaye, zuwa wani matsayi, ana iya ɗaukar su dabbobi masu burgewa. Suna yin yini duka cikin baƙin ciki, burbushin halitta, da tafi kamun kifi da daddare.
Tsoro shine babban ƙimar waɗannan ƙananan tsuntsayen. Nauyinsu ba zai wuce kilo 1.5 ba. Don samun irin wannan ɗimbin yawa, ƙananan penguins dole suyi iyo kilomita 25 daga bakin teku kuma a can suna farautar ƙananan kifi da cephalopods. A cikin yankin bakin ruwa, suna kama ɓawon burodi.
An fara yin rikodin wannan tsuntsu kuma aka bayyana shi a cikin 1871 ta mai binciken Bajamushe Reinhold Forester. Amma har yanzu akwai takaddama tsakanin masana ilimin halitta. Misali. Akwai nau'in penguin fuka-fuka masu fuka-fukai. An yi la'akari da ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan, amma wasu mawallafa sun rarraba shi azaman nau'in mai zaman kansa. Ana ci gaba da nazarin DNA game da tsuntsaye, amma har yanzu ba a shawo kan batun ba.
Farin fuka-fukai masu fuka-fuka suna zaune a lardin Canterbury na New Zealand. A kan gangaren bakin teku, tsuntsaye masu fuka-fuka-fukai suna gina mafi sauƙin burbushin da suke zaune a ciki da rana. Da yamma, a cikin duhu, tafi teku. Wannan al'ada ta kare daga tsuntsayen teku masu ganima, amma tana karewa daga ƙananan mahautan da Turawa suka kawo waɗannan ƙasashe.
Gwamnatocin kungiyar kasashen Commonwealth ta Australia da kuma makwabciyarta New Zealand sun hana kisan penguins. Ya sanya shi yanki mai kariya inda tsuntsaye ke taruwa a cikin yankuna. Amma kamun kifi, musamman raga, malalar mai, tarkacen teku, canjin yanayi, da raunana kayan abinci, duk suna tursasa penguins.
Penguins masu kama
Wannan jinsi ya hada da nau'ikan halittu 7 da suka kasance. Wasu daga cikinsu suna da yawa. Amma daya - nau'ikan 8 - sun bace a karni na 19. Cikakken girman tsuntsayen ya kai cm 50-70. Bayyanar penguin gabaɗaya, amma akwai gashin tsuntsu mai launuka iri-iri a kai, wanda yake ba da hotonsu daban-daban. Sunayen jinsunan Penguin yin tunano da siffofinsu na waje ko wuraren sheƙarsu.
- Penguin mai kamawa. Nomin yan kallo. Kamar yadda ya dace da kwalliyar penguin, an yi ado da baƙar fata da fararen kayan ado masu launin rawaya rawaya da tsefe.
- Penguin mai ruwan zinare. An sani da yawa nau'in penguins na dangi ne. Akwai miliyan 40 daga cikinsu. Rabin yawan mutanen penguin tsuntsaye ne masu launin zinare.
- Arewacin kasar penguin. Wadannan tsuntsayen kwanan nan an gano su a matsayin haraji na daban. Don tilasta tilasta hawa dutse, ana kiransu masu hawa dutsen. Ko kuma penguins masu launin zinare masu launin zinariya. Waɗannan tsuntsayen da ba su da jirgin sama suna ƙirƙirar gidajan daɗaɗaɗaɗe a kan gangaren tudu. Inda babu wani mai farautar ƙasar da zai isa. Abin takaici, wannan baya karewa daga masu satar iska.
- Penguin mai tsadar gaske. Duk da ƙaramar lamba, ba za a iya yin rikodin ƙwaro a ciki ba hatsarin nau'in penguins... Fata don kiyaye jinsin yana da alaƙa da nisantar mahalli da kuma rashin kasancewar maƙiyan ƙasa.
- Katantanwar kame Penguin. Tsuntsayen suna gida a cikin ƙaramin Tsibirin Tsibiri. Yankin sa bai wuce 3 sq ba. km A waje, wannan tsuntsu ya sha bamban da danginsa. Haske mai haske a gindin farin ruwan toka mai kauri zai iya zama alama ce ta ganowa.
Tsibirin gida ba tarin duwatsu bane. Tana da daji da bishiyoyi, kuma abin da muke kira dazuzzuka. Tsibirin yana da kyau musamman saboda babu masu farauta akan sa. Sabili da haka, Penguins masu kama da tarko sun ƙirƙira gida-gida a kan gangaren bakin teku da kuma nesa, a cikin Dajin Tarko.
- Schlegel Penguin. Mazaunin tsibirin Macquarie. Wani tsibiri mai nisa a Kudancin Pacific shine kawai wurin da wannan tsuntsu ke haifar da offspringa offspringa. Maƙwabta tare da sauran tsuntsayen teku, waɗannan ƙawancen bred har zuwa mutane miliyan 2-2.4.
- Babban penguin Wani lokaci ana kiransa Sclater Penguin. Mazaunin Antipodes da Tsibirin falala. Jinsin ba shi da nazari sosai. Lambobinsa suna raguwa. Anyi la'akari da tsuntsu mai haɗari
Ya kamata a lura cewa ba duk masana kimiyyar halitta ne suka yarda da wannan nau'in jinsin halittar tsuntsayen da suka toho. Wasu sun gaskata cewa nau'ikan nau'ikan ne guda 4. Kuma ukun na farko daga jerin sune ƙananan jinsin jinsin.
Chinstrap penguins
Sun mallake, tare da na masarauta, matsayi mafi kudu yayin kafa yankuna. Kasancewa a gaɓar duwatsu masu duwatsu, suna ƙirƙirar mafi sauƙin ƙanƙan duwatsu. Lokacin kiwo kajin kan glaciers na wannan nahiya, wannan ba zai yiwu ba. Wsafafun tsuntsaye suna aiki a matsayin gida.
Suna zuwa buɗe teku don abinci. Wurin kai hari kan makarantun kananan kifaye wani lokaci yana nesa da nisan kilomita 80 ko fiye da gabar. A nan ba kawai cika cikunansu ba ne, amma su kansu sun zama makasudin masu farauta. Kusan 10% na jimlar yawan katangar penguin da zafin teku ke cin ganyayyaki.
- Adelie Penguin. Masanin kimiyyar Faransa Dumont-Durville ne ya gano shi kuma ya bayyana shi. Haɗa tare da sunan matar masanin. Bayyanar tsuntsayen wani salon salo ne na salon penguin. Babu frill. Farin ciki da kirji, rigar baƙar fata. Kimanin ma'aurata miliyan 2 ne ke kula da zuriyarsu a tsibirin Antarctic da babban yankin.
- Gentoo penguin. Sunan sanannen sanannen sananne ya fito ne daga Latin Pygoscelis papua. Farkon gani da bayyana a Tsibirin Falkland. Wannan tsuntsu baya taba boyewa.
Ya ba da kansa tare da rawar jiki kuma ba kuka mai daɗi ba. Mahalli da salon rayuwa suna maimaita mazauni da halaye da wasu ke nunawa nau'in penguins a Antarctica... Tsuntsaye tsuntsaye mafi sauri. A cikin ruwa, yana haɓaka rikodin 36.5 kilomita a kowace awa. Har ila yau, shine na uku mafi girma a cikin dangin penguin. Yana girma har zuwa 71 cm.
- Chinstrap penguin. Blackarƙwarar launin baki yana gudana tare da ƙananan ɓangaren fuska, wanda ya sa ya zama sananne bayyanar penguins... Saboda tsinkayen, a wasu lokuta ana kiran tsuntsaye tsuntsun penguin na chinstrap ko gemu mai gemu. Sun fi sama tsayin 75 cm kuma nauyinsu ya kai kilogiram 5.
Guan gani ko penguins na jaki
Nuna - jinsunan penguinswaccan gida nesa da Antarctica. Don kukan huji, kwatankwacin kukan dabbobi mai kafafu huɗu, galibi ana kiransu jakuna. Halin da ya bambanta da gefuna mara daidai, kama da babban baka, yana gudana tare da ɓangaren jikin mutum.
- Penguin mai haske An kiyasta yawan mutanen kusan mutane dubu 200. Kodayake karni daya da ta gabata, akwai kusan tsuntsaye miliyan daya na wannan nau'in.
- Humboldt penguin. A cikin Chile da Peru, inda yanayin sanyin ya taba gabar teku, Humboldt penguins suna kyankyata kajin su. Akwai 'yan tsuntsayen da suka rage - kimanin nau'i-nau'i 12,000. Masana kimiyya sun danganta raguwar adadin penguins tare da sauyawa a hanyoyin hanyoyin ruwa.
- Magellanic penguin. Sunanta ya dawo da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar mai tafiya Fernand Magellan. Tsuntsaye suna zaune a kudancin Kudancin Amurka, gabar tekun Patagonia. A can, ma'aurata miliyan 2 masu hayaniya sun sami zuriya.
- Galapagos Penguin. Jinsunan da suke gida a cikin Galapagos, watau, a tsibirin da ke kusa da ekweita. Duk da bambancin bambanci a mazaunin, Galapagos penguins basu sami canje-canje a cikin bayyanar su da halayen su ba game da sauran tsuntsaye masu kyan gani.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa
Lura da penubins na Magellanic, masanan dabbobi sun tabbatar da cewa a cikin su akwai masu hannun dama da masu hannun hagu. Wato, dabbobi sun fi aiki tare da ɗaya ko wata tafin kafa. Babu wani ambidextor guda ɗaya (dabba mai daidaitaccen haɓaka). Abin lura shine gaskiyar cewa penguins na ƙafafun hagu sunfi faɗa. A cikin mutane, ba a kiyaye wannan dogaro.
Lokacin neman abinci, penguins na sarki suna nuna ƙwarewar su cikin iyo da ruwa. Yayin farautar kifi, tsuntsayen suna nitsewa zuwa zurfin mita 300. Kasance a cikin ruwa sama da minti 5. An yi rikodin rikodin a cikin 1983. Zurfin ta ya kai 345 m.
Penguins suna shayar da ƙishirwa da ruwan gishiri. Yawancin lokaci, tsuntsayen babu inda zasu sami sabo. Jikin penguin yana da gland na musamman wanda ke kula da daidaiton gishiri kuma yana cire yawan sa ta hancin hancin. Yayinda wasu dabbobin ke neman tushen gishiri, wasu kuma (penguins) suna da diga daga saman hancin su.
Daga cikin miliyoyin mutane, penguin daya kawai ake kira don aikin soja. Sunansa Nils Olaf. Gidan Zaman Edinburgh. Yanzu dole ne a saka taken "sir" a sunansa. Penguin din ya yi aiki a rundunar sojan kasar Norway tsawon shekaru. Aikinsa ya koma daga kofur zuwa kwamandan girmamawa.
Gaskiya ne, rabin farkon tafiyar ya wuce ne ga wanda ya gabace shi, wanda ya mutu a 1988 tare da matsayin saje. Olaf na yanzu ya kware a 2008. Shi kadai ne penguin da ya isa mafi girman mukami a cikin Armedungiyar Sojan Norway.
