Lizard - nau'in dabbobi, na cikin tsari na dabbobi masu rarrafe. Ya banbanta da danginsa na kusa, maciji, ta wurin kasancewar ƙafafu, ƙuraren ido masu motsi, ji mai kyau da takamammen narkar da naman. Amma, duk da waɗannan sifofin, waɗannan dabbobin biyu galibi suna rikicewa.
Nawa kadangaru wanzu a duniya? A yau, akwai fiye da 5000. Wakilan wasu jinsunan sukan zubar da jelarsu. A ilmin dabbobi, ana kiran wannan abin da "autotomy". Dabbar tana masa wurin ne kawai a cikin al'amuran gaggawa, musamman ma lokacin da take buƙatar tserewa daga mai farautar.
Sunayen jinsunan Lizard: Madagascar gecko, moloch, Argentine tegu, brown anole, prickly skink, toki, Yemen hawainiya, gemu gemu, Bengal Monitor lizard, da dai sauransu. Mutum har ya iya sarrafa wasu halittu daga wannan tsari.
Kadanganin cikin gida
Hawainiyar Yemen
Idan kuna tsammanin kula da irin wannan dabbar dabbar ba ta da sauƙi, bari mu bata muku rai, ba haka bane. Duk da cewa dabbar ta dace da yanayin "gida", ba sauki a kiyaye ta. Yana da matukar damuwa kuma galibi yana rashin lafiya. Hawainiya tana buƙatar samun iska koyaushe a cikin terrarium.
Wannan jinsunan kadangaru na gida kyakkyawa sosai. A cikin samari, ana fentin jiki da koren-haske kore. Yayin da yake girma, ratsiyoyi masu fadi suna bayyana akan sa. An san hawainiya da ikon canza launi. An yi amannar cewa yana yin hakan ne da nufin ɓoye kama. Ba daidai bane. A zahiri, kalar dabbar ta dogara da yanayin ta da yanayin ta.
A cikin fursuna, mace irin wannan ƙadangarun ba ta wuce shekaru 5-6 ba, namiji ya ɗan fi tsayi. A cikin daji, hawainiya suna zaune cikin bishiyoyi kusan kowane lokaci. Suna shayar da ƙishirwa da raɓa da safe. Hakanan zasu iya shan ruwan sama. Suna ciyar da kwari.
Hawainiya mai ƙaho uku
An kuma kira shi "'sadangaren Jackson". Tsayawa irin wannan gidan dabbar ya fi sauƙi fiye da kiyaye hawainiyar Yemen Ba shi da hankali a cikin barin. Wannan dabbar, kwatankwacin ta baya, tana da ikon canza launi, gwargwadon yanayin ta. Idan baya cikin damuwa, to jikinsa zai zama koren kore.
Lizan Jackson na da ƙaho 3, ɗayan, na tsakiya, shine mafi tsayi da girma. Dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da wutsiya mai ƙarfi sosai, suna ba shi damar yin tafiya cikin ɓarna ta cikin bishiyoyi a cikin daji. Af, ana samun sa a Kenya. Hawainiyar mai ƙaho uku ba ciyar da kwari kawai ba, har ma da katantanwa.
Spinytail na kowa
Masana ilmin namun daji sun ba da wannan suna ga dabbobi masu rarrafe saboda kasancewar larurar juzu'i a kan wutsiyarta. Suna waje ne kawai. Dabbar tana rayuwa ne a Afirka da Asiya. Ya isa sosai wanda ba sauki a kiyaye shi a gida.
Tsawon jiki na wutsiyar spiny ya kai cm 75. Akwai ƙwayoyin launin ruwan kasa-shuɗi da haske masu launin toka na wannan nau'in. Idan dabbar tana tsoro, tana iya afkawa mutum. Ciwan cuwa-cuwa a gida abu ne mai yawan faruwa.
Australia agama
Mazaunin wannan nau'in shine kudu da gabashin Ostiraliya. Abubuwan da yake da shi shine son ruwa. Wannan shine dalilin sanya wani suna ga dabbobi masu rarrafe "water agama". Dabbar ta fi son zama kusa da waɗancan ruwayen da suke kusa da akwai ciyayi ko duwatsu.
Yana kan hauhawa har ma da dogayen bishiyoyi saboda gogewarta da dogayen kafafunta. Amma agama na iya yin iyo a cikin ruwa tare da siririn dorsal fin, yana ratsa dukkan jikinsa.
Nauyin jikin dabbar yakai gram 800. Wannan nau'in yana da hankali. Idan, kasancewa akan bishiya, agama ya hango haɗari, to, ba tare da jinkiri ba, zai tsallake cikin ruwan. Af, tana iya nutsewa na minti ɗaya da rabi.
Hawainiya mai panther
Wannan nau'in dabbobi masu rarrafe shine cutar Madagascar. Wannan kyakkyawa ce mai girma da girma, wacce aka rarrabe ta da inuwar sikeli daban daban. A gida, dabba na iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 5. Launin mutane daban-daban. Ya dogara, da farko, a ɓangaren tsibirin da suke rayuwa a ciki. Akwai shuɗi, launin toka-rawaya, ja-kore, koren haske da sauran hawainiya mai panther.
Dabbobi masu rarrafe sukan zauna tare da doguwar jelarsa kamar karkarwa. Babban abincinsa shine kwari, kamar kyankyasai ko ciyawar ciyawa. Don kada yanayin dabba ya tabarbare, mai shi zai riƙa kamo masa kwari lokaci-lokaci.
Gano mai ban sha'awa
Mafi kyaun sake kamanni! Ta hanyar, shi, kamar hawainiya mai panther, ana samunsa a tsibirin Madagascar. Idan kun kula da wannan nau'in kadangare a hotoinda akwai ganyaye, da wuya ku iya ganin sa. Kusan gabaɗaya ya haɗu da mahalli, shi ya sa wasu ke kiransa "gecko na shaidan".
Wutsiyar mutum lebur ce, tana kama da ganye da ya faɗi, jiki bai daidaita ba, kuma sikeli mai ruwan kasa yana da kaushi. Duk da irin waɗannan abubuwan da ba a saba da su ba da kuma kaddarorin don ƙadangare na gida, yana da sauƙi a ajiye shi a gida. Amma domin ta sami kwanciyar hankali, dole ne a sami tsire-tsire masu rai da yawa a cikin farfajiyar.
Cikakken Lizard
Idan kanaso samun karamin kwafi na dragon azaman dabbar dabba, to saika zaɓi lizard mai ƙayatarwa. A cikin daji, har ma masu farauta suna guje masa. Duk game da babban narkar fata ne a wuyansa, wanda, idan akwai haɗari, kumbura, canza launi. Don gani ya fi girma girma, dabbobi masu rarrafe suna tsaye a kan ƙafafuwan baya.
Wannan gani na iya tsoratar da ba kawai mai farauta ba, har ma da mutum. Wannan dabba da ba a saba gani ba ana samun ta a tsibirin New Guinea. Mafi sau da yawa, mutum yana da haske ko duhu a jikin ruwan toka-launin ruwan kasa ko ja mai haske. Baya ga kwari, ƙadangare mai tsananin son 'ya'yan itace.
Leopard gecko
Masu ƙaunar dabbobi masu ban sha'awa tabbas suna son ƙaramin amma kyakkyawa gecko, wanda aka rufe ma'aunansa masu launin rawaya da baƙin ɗigo, kamar damisa. Ciki fari ne. A ilmin halitta, ana kiran wannan nau'in dabbar "eublefar". Ba shi da wahala a kula da shi, babban abu shi ne ƙirƙirar yanayi mai kyau.
Dabbar na rayuwa ne a cikin hamada da yankuna masu duwatsu na Iran, Indiya da Afghanistan. Garken damisa ba ya jure yanayin zafi, saboda haka, a cikin daji, lokacin zuwan hunturu, ya fada cikin rudu. Wannan lamarin yana da sunan kimiyya - gland shine yake.
Ta yaya ya tsira daga wannan? Yana da sauki. Adana kitse yana taimakawa wajen kula da ƙwarin ƙwayaron. Jikin ɗan damisa lecko zai iya kai 25 cm tsayi. Yana da wutsiya mai fadin gaske.
Gwago mai cin ayaba
Dabbar na rayuwa ne a wasu tsibirai na Ostiraliya. Ba ya alfahari da dogon jiki ko cikakkiyar damar sake kamanni. Amma wannan nau'ikan kadangaru ya fita waje don "cilia". A'a, su ba kamar mutane bane ko wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa. Gashin gashin gecko ƙananan kari ne na fata a saman kwasan ido. Af, suma ana samunsu tare da tsawon tsawon bayan dabbobi masu rarrafe.
Wadannan dabbobi ba za a iya sanya su a matsayin abokantaka ba. Idan ka dauke shi, zai iya cizon ka, amma ba wuya. Wannan shine yadda kadangare yake kokarin kare kansa daga hatsari. Bayan ayaba, tana matukar son wasu 'ya'yan itatuwa, kamar su mangoro ko nectarine.
Green iguana
Daya daga cikin mafi kyau jinsunan kadangaru... Tana da girma, tana da girma kuma tana da saurin aiki. Koren korena ɗan asalin Kudancin Amurka ne da Arewacin Amurka. Wasu mutane suna da ƙananan ƙaho a kan rawanin. A cikin daji, waɗannan dabbobin suna zama kusa da jikin ruwa, kusa da daji.
Da rana suna zaune galibi a cikin bishiyoyi. Idan iguana ya fahimci kusancin mai farauta, zai iya ɗaukar ɓoye daga gare shi ta hanyar shiga cikin ruwa. Nauyin kadangaru daga 6 zuwa 9 kilogiram. Namijin wannan jinsin yana da fadi mai fadi a bayansa. Kasancewar ta yana nuna cewa ya balaga.
A gida, kiyaye koren iguana ba sauki bane. Za ta sami kwanciyar hankali ne kawai a cikin babban terrarium. Idan kun sanya mutane biyu a cikin ƙaramin akwati ɗaya, to faɗa zai iya farawa tsakanin su.
Fitilar wuta
Wannan kadangaren yana kamanceceniya da maciji. Tana da fadi da jiki kusan iri daya. Saboda gajerun kafafu, kuna iya tunanin cewa sikirin ba ya tafiya a kasa, amma yana rarrafe kamar maciji. Mutum na iya girma zuwa 35 cm.
Wannan nau'in yana zaune a Afirka. Yana da kyau sosai. A jikin siket ɗin wuta, akwai farin, launin ruwan kasa, ja, lemu mai launin ruwan hoda, waɗanda suke da jituwa da juna. Kadangaren ya yi fice saboda launinsa mai banbanci.
Tana son yin tono a cikin ƙasa, tana rarrabewa ta itace da itacen ganyaye. Sabili da haka, idan kuna son kula da irin wannan dabbar gidan, to ku tabbata cewa akwai ƙasa da yawa da rassa a cikin farfajiyarta.
Fata mai launin shudi mai launin shuɗi
Wani nau'in kadangare kamar maciji. Kulawa da shi mai sauƙi ne kuma mai daɗi. Ana ba da shawarar fara skink na masu launin shuɗi don masu farawa waɗanda ba su ajiye dabbobi masu rarrafe a gida ba. Akwai dalilai biyu. Da fari dai, mutum ba shi da rikici ko kaɗan, kuma na biyu, yana da kyakkyawar bayyanar.
Tinken-shuɗi mai launin shuɗi mai rarrafe ne na Australiya, wanda yanayi ya bayar da shi tare da dogon harshe mai launi shuɗi mai haske. Mizaninsa mai santsi ne, kamar kifi. Wannan babban dabba ne (har zuwa 50 cm).
Lokacin da kuka dawo da dabbar gida kuma kuka sanya ta a cikin terrarium, kada ku yi sauri don ɗaukar shi. Ana iya yin hakan ne kawai bayan ya ci abinci, ba da wuri ba, in ba haka ba tarbiyyar sa na iya rikicewa. Yayinda yawan saduwa da maigidan yake karuwa, kadangaru zai fara saba dashi.
Baki da fari tegu
Ana samun Tegu a Kudancin Amurka. Dabbar ta bambanta ta girman girmanta. A karkashin yanayi mai kyau, zai iya yin girma har zuwa mita 1.3. An sanya wannan kadangarun a matsayin mai farauta da rana. Idan ka yanke shawara ka ajiye tegus mai launin fari da fari a gida, to ka kasance a shirye don gaskiyar cewa dole ne ka ciyar da shi da ƙwayoyi masu rai, misali, ɓeraye
Dabba ce mai jini a jiki wanda a hankali yake kashe abin farautarta. Ban da kananan dabbobi, kadangaren yana cin kwari. Tegu yana da dogon siraran siraran launuka masu kalar ruwan hoda, manyan idanu da gaɓaɓɓun gaɓoɓi.
Axolotl (dragon ruwa)
Ba tare da wata shakka ba, wannan ɗayan abubuwa ne masu ban mamaki a duniya. An samo a cikin ruwan Mexico. Dodon ruwa mai salamander ne tare da ikon ban mamaki don sabunta ba kawai gabobin jiki ba, har ma da gills. Launin irin wadannan kadangarun ya banbanta. Akwai hoda, shunayya, ruwan toka da sauran mutane a launi.
Axolotl yayi kama da kifi sosai. Wannan jinsin yana da cikakkun hakora masu kaifin sa wanda zai iya basu damar cin abincinsu. Ba shi ciyar da kifi mai rai kawai, amma har da naman kaza, nama da tsutsotsi. Yana da matukar wuya a kula. Dodon ruwa ba ya jure yanayin zafi. Yana iyo ne kawai a cikin ruwan sanyi, ƙasa da digiri 22 a ma'aunin Celsius.
Kadangan namun daji
Bleadangare mai laushi
Wannan nau'in dabbobi masu rarrafe yana daya daga cikin yaduwa a nahiyar Turai. Wani fasali na ra'ayi shine ratsi bayyane a baya. Nau'in hankulan kadangaru an san shi don iya jefa jelar. Dabbar tana komawa wannan aikin ne kawai idan wani abu ya yiwa rayuwarsa barazana. Zai ɗauki aƙalla makonni 2 don dawo da wutsiyar sosai.
Ana samun wakilan kore, launin toka da launin ruwan kasa na wannan nau'in a cikin yanayi. Kuna iya bambanta mace da namiji ta launi mara kyau. A na biyu, yana da, akasin haka, yana da haske sosai. Wannan karamin dabba mai rarrafe yana da matukar saurin tashin hankali da sauri, saboda haka sunan sa. Mace irin wannan kadangarun na iya cin 'ya'yanta.
Proboscis anole
Wannan nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu masu rarrafe ne, wanda yayi kama da karamin kada mai wasa da yara. Anolis yana da dogon hanci, mai fasali kamar akwatin giwa. Ana samun sa a cikin dazuzzukan Ecuador.
Wannan ƙaramin ƙadangare ne, yana iya zama launin ruwan kasa-kore ko koren haske. Akwai alamun launuka masu yawa a jikin ta. Proboscis anole dabba ce ta dare wanda ke rarrabe ta sannu a hankali. Yana canza kama sosai a cikin muhalli.
Kadan kamar tsutsa
Wannan dabba ce wacce ba a saba da ita ba wacce za'a iya samu a Mexico ko Kudancin Asiya. Bayyanar Lizard na iya bayar da shawarar cewa wannan ba rarrafe bane, amma yanayin halittar ƙasa. Babu wata gabar jiki a jikin irin wannan talikan, don haka sai ya yi ta rarrafe a kasa kamar maciji. Amma yana da idanu, amma suna ɓoye a ƙarƙashin fata.
Komodo dragon
Irin wannan kadangarun shine mafi girma. Lizin mai saka idanu na iya ɗaukar nauyi har zuwa kilogiram 60 kuma ya kai mita 2.5. Ana samunsu a Indonesia. Wadannan manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe suna ciyarwa akan:
- Invertebrates;
- Fuka mai fuka;
- Rodents;
- Dabbobin dabbobi masu matsakaici.
An yi rikodin lamuran Komodo da ke sa ido kan mutane masu lizard. An san wannan nau'in da guba. An tabbatar da cewa cizon wannan kadangarun na iya haifar da nakasar jiki, da karin matsi har ma da rashin sani.
Itace agama
Matsakaici mai matsakaici mai son hawa bishiyoyi. Kaifin farce da farcen bege masu taimaka mata a wannan darasi. A lokacin saduwar aure, kan namiji na wannan nau'in halittar mai rarrafe an rufe shi da shuɗi ko ƙananan sikeli mai shuɗi. Jikin mutum launin toka ne ko zaitun, wutsiya kuwa rawaya-ruwan toka.
Wani bakin ciki duhu mai kauri a bayyane a wuyan kadangarun. Yana da kyau a lura da cewa itacen agama yana son ba kawai bishiyoyi ba, har ma da shrubs. Ana samunta a Afirka ta Kudu.
Gecko yana gudana
Wannan ƙadangare ne mai matsakaiciya, har zuwa cm 30. Duk da rashin girma masu girma, yana da jiki mai ƙarfi sosai, an rufe shi da ma'auni mai launin toka ko shuɗi. Kowane toky gecko an hango shi.
Wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe suna bayyanar da irin wannan lamarin ta hanyar ilimin halittu kamar dimorphism. Wannan yana nufin cewa namiji da mace sun sha bamban da juna a jikewar launi. A tsohon, ya fi launuka.
A cikin abincin gecko, igiyoyin ruwa ba kwari ne kawai ba, har ma da ƙananan vertebrates. Jaarƙwarar haƙar dabbar na ba ta damar matse jikin wanda aka yiwa lahani ba tare da wata matsala ba.
Bengal saka idanu kadangaru
Wannan kadangare na saka idanu ya fi Comorian girma, ya kai tsayin mita 1.5. Tsarin mulki na dabba yana da girma da siriri. Launi - launin toka-zaitun. A cikin wasu mutane na wannan nau'in, ana iya ganin wuraren haske a jiki. Sun fi yawa a Indonesia, India, Pakistan da sauran ƙasashe.
Bengal mai sa ido kadan an san shi don riƙe numfashinsa a ƙarƙashin ruwa fiye da minti 15. Wannan dabba tana son hawa bishiyoyi kowane lokaci da rana. Galibi ana amfani da ramin katako a matsayin mafaka. Babban abincin mai kula da Bengal shine ƙwari. Amma kuma yana iya yin biki a kan wani abu da ake kira arthropod, maciji, ko kuma wani dako.
Agama Mwanza
Daya daga cikin kadangaru masu ban mamaki a launi. Wani sashi na jikin wannan agama an rufe shi da sikeli masu launin shuɗi, kuma ɓangare na biyu lemu ne ko ruwan hoda. Wannan dabba tana da wutsiya mai tsayi sosai. Hakanan yana tsaye don sirara siririn jiki.
Agama Mwanza kadangaren makaranta ne. Shugaban kungiyar ne kawai ke da damar sakawa mace mace. Idan namiji memba na ƙungiyar ya ɗauki kansa da ƙarfi fiye da shugaba, zai iya ƙalubalance shi. Kafin saduwa da mace, shugaban garken yakan karya ƙananan damuwa a ƙasa don adana ƙwai da mace za ta yi.
Moloch
Tsuntsu ne mai rarrafe na Australiya wanda aka samo shi a cikin hamada. Moloch mai kyakkyawan ɓoye ne. Jikinta mai launin ruwan kasa zuwa yashi ba shi da tabbas a cikin busasshen yanayin Australiya. Dogaro da yanayin, yana iya canza launi. Tururuwa ita ce babban abincin irin wannan kadangarun.
Zoben da aka buga iguana
Wutsiyar wannan kadangarun tana da tsayi sosai. An rufe shi da ma'aunin haske, duk da haka, ana iya ganin ratsi mai duhu tare da tsawonsa duka, wanda yake a faɗi. Ana samun launin ruwan kasa, launin toka mai launin toka da kuma koren wulaƙan yanayi.
A fuskar dabbar akwai wasu ma'auni masu kauri wadanda suke kama da kaho. Saboda su, an rada wa dabbobi masu rarrafe "rhino". An samo shi a cikin Caribbean. Dabbar tana son hawa duwatsu da cin murtsunguro.
Marine iguana
Kuma wannan nau'in dabbobi masu rarrafe na rayuwa ne a cikin Galapagos.A bayyane yake daga sunan dabbar cewa tana yawan amfani da lokacinta galibi iyo a cikin teku. Don faduwa a rana, iguana yana fitowa daga ruwa ya hau kan dutse. Yana bushewa da sauri saboda launin duhu na sikeli. Wannan babban ƙadangaren ciyawar ne. Yana ciyarwa akan tsiren ruwan teku.
Abin sha'awa, ƙananan iguana 'ya'yan, saboda rashin kwarewar ninkaya, suna tsoron zuwa zurfin, sabili da haka, sun fi son zama a cikin ruwa kusa da gabar. Tsawan lokaci zuwa cikin teku ya ba wannan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in jirgi na igiya, (I, ba kawai damar yin iyo ba, har ma da iya numfashi. Ta yiwu ba za ta nitse cikin teku ba na kimanin minti 60.
Arizona gilashin dodo
Wannan wata dabba ce mai guba da ke rayuwa a yankunan tsaunuka da hamada na Amurka da Mexico. Babban jikin kadangarun mai lankwasa ne. Maza na wannan nau'in sun fi mata girma.
Wutsiyar dodo Arizona gila. Raƙuman ruwan orange da launin ruwan kasa madadin akan sa. Duk da bambancin launi, yana da wahalar hango dabba a kan yashi ko dutse. Yana sake kamanni sosai a cikin irin wannan yankin.
Ingantaccen ji da jin ƙamshi na taimakawa zama kyakkyawan mafarautan jeji. Yana sarrafa rayuwa cikin yanayin hamada mai zafi saboda ikon tara danshi da mai. Wannan farautar dabbobi tana farautar tsuntsaye, beraye da sauran kadangaru.
Gwago mai ruwa
Yana zaune a Indiya, Singapore da wasu ƙasashen Asiya. Irin wannan kadangarun yana da ci gaban fata na tsayi da siffofi kala-kala a duk ilahirin jikinshi. Wannan ya sanya shi asymmetrical.
Gecko mai ƙwanƙwasa-lobe yana da kyau a sake kama. Yana da wuya a lura da shi a kan dutse ko itace. Yana da tsinkayen dare wanda ke farautar tsutsotsi da kwarkwata. Yana da wuya ya zama ganima ga manyan dabbobi saboda kyawawan kamannin sa.
Fusiform skink
Wannan karamin kadangarun na iya rikicewa da kifi ko maciji. Locatedananan kafafu suna kan ƙanƙan jikinsa mai siffa irin na spindle. Wutsiyar dabbar tana da tsayi, ta mamaye kashi 50% na jikinta.
Tunda sikirin kadangararru ne na thermophilic, ana iya samun sa a cikin yanayi mai zafi na Afirka. A Nahiyar Eurasia, wannan nau'in ba shi da yawa. Skin fusiform shine mai rarrafe mai yaduwa, don haka yawanta yana ƙaruwa a kai a kai.
Biri talay skink
Wannan rarrafe mai ban mamaki ne, ɗayan iri. Ta yaya ya fice? Abilityarfin motsawa cikin sauri ta itace ta amfani da wutsiya kawai. Haka ne, a cikin duniyar kadangaru akwai nau'ikan da, ta kwatankwacinsu da biri, masu saurin tafiya daga wani reshe zuwa wani, suna rike da taimakon wutsiyarsa. Af, wannan ɓangaren jikin wannan skink ɗin yana da ƙarfi ƙwarai.
Wannan babban ƙadangare ne, har zuwa cm 85. Launin sikelin sa yana canzawa cikin rayuwa. Bayan mutum ya fi cikinsa duhu da ɗan duhu. Cizon ƙwanƙolin ƙwallar biri yana da zafi ƙwarai. Wannan shi ne saboda kaifin haƙoran da ke haƙoransa masu ƙarfi.
A lokacin rana, dabba ba ta da aiki. A wannan lokacin na rana, yana cikin kambin katako. Kaifin farce ya taimaka masa ya motsa daidai a ciki. Wannan kadangarun ba ya cin abincin halittu, saboda ya fi son 'ya'yan itatuwa da kuma tsiron shuke-shuke.
