Kwari daga umarnin hemiptera tare da kyakkyawar suna, gungun marmara babbar barazana ce ga manoman karkara. Shine shugaba a jerin kwari na masana'antar shuka a kasar mu. Saƙonni game da bayyanarsa suna kama da rahotanni na gaba tare da bayani game da kutsawar abokan gaba cikin sabbin yankuna. Cikakken sunan baƙon shine launin ruwan kasa marmara.
Bayani da fasali
Wani nau'in nau'in kwaron garkuwar, kwatankwacin kwari na jinsinsa. Jikinsa mai siffar lu'u-lu'u dan kadan yakai tsayi 11-17 mm. Launin ƙwayar cuta da ta ɓullo ruwan kasa ne ko ruwan toka.
Wuraren launuka masu banbanci sun bazu a kan kai da baya, wanda aka gyara halayen "marmara" da sunan kwaro. Daga nesa, canjin launuka masu tsananin karfi suna da tagulla, a wurare masu launin shuɗi-ƙarfe.
Ideasan jikin mutum ya fi na sama haske. Bayanai masu launin toka-toka-toka suna nan. Afafu masu launin ruwan kasa ne masu launin ratsi. Antennae, ba kamar masu haɗuwa ba, ana yi musu ado da shanyewar jiki. Wurin da aka sa wa goshi alama ce da ratsi mai duhu.
Kamar sauran kwari na babban tsari na hemiptera, wakilin marubucin jinsin yana fitar da wari mara daɗi. Warin da ke wari yana isar da "dandano" na dabbar skunk, cakuda roba mai ƙonewa, cilantro. Bayyanar baƙon nan take ana jin shi, yana da wuya ba a ji shi ba. An tsara tasirin wari don kare ƙwarin daga tsuntsayen dabbobi da dabbobi.
Daga cikin masu aikin lambu da manoma manyan motoci, sun kira shi wannan - kwaron ƙanshi. Glandan da suke samar da abu mai karewa suna kasan kirji, akan ciki. Kwarin da ke kaunar zafi yana jin dadi lokacin da aka dumama iska daga 15 ° C zuwa 33 ° C. Yanayin dadi mai kyau shine zafin jiki na 20-25 ° C.
Marmara bug Babbar matsala ce ga manoma. Kwarin na lalata amfanin gona, 'ya'yan itatuwa, shuke-shuke da yawa da aka noma. Mazaunin kwari masu ci da abinci yana ci gaba da fadada. Asalin kwaron garkuwar cutarwa yana da alaƙa da yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya (Vietnam, China, Japan), inda aka fara yin rikodin fiye da shekaru 20 da suka gabata.
Daga nan sai aka kawo kwaro zuwa Amurka, Turai, aka rarraba a Georgia, Turkey, Abkhazia, suka shiga Rasha. Gabaɗaya an yarda cewa an shigo da ɗan ƙaura da kayan marmari na 'ya'yan itacen citrus. Mummunan cizon kwari babbar barazana ce ga yankunan noma. Kwallan marmara mai ruwan kasa yana kan Una'idodi na Obungiyoyin abubuwan keɓewa, wanda Hukumar Eurasia ta amince da su a cikin 2016
Bakin hauren ya fara binciken yankunan kudancin Rasha shekaru 3-4 da suka gabata. Mazauna yankuna na kudancin ƙasarmu sun sami mahajjata mai yawa zuwa gidaje da gine-gine tare da isowar kaka 2017.
Don haka, marmara bug a Abkhazia ya lalata fiye da rabin noman tankar. Bugu da ari, mazauna a cikin kewayen garin Sochi da Novorossiysk sun samo kwari.
Ya zama cewa baƙon cutarwa yana da haɗari ba kawai don girbi ba, har ma yana barazanar mutum da kansa. Cizon kwari yana da damuwa ga mutanen da ke da rauni da garkuwar jiki. Bayyanar edema, kaikayi, da sauran alamomin suna haifar da rashin lafiyar rashin lafiyar.
Yana da wuya a tsayayya da mamayewar maharan saboda rashin hankalinsa ga magungunan kwari. Waron ƙanshi ba shi da abokan gaba na zahiri, sai dai na ɗanɗangen parasitic da ke zaune a cikin China da Japan. Abinda take sha'awa shine qwai kwari. Amma tunda kwaron da kansa bashi da tabbas, rashi 'ya'yan baya shafar yaduwar sa a duk nahiyoyin.
Fada da marmara kwaro yana samun cigaba ne kawai. Yaduwar yaduwar kwari tuni ya haifar da barnar da biliyoyin daloli ga tattalin arzikin Amurka, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da kwaro dan Amurka. Masana kimiyya suna haɓaka hanyoyi don halakar da ɓarnar garkuwar ɓarna.
Irin
Kwaron marmara mai ruwan kasa shine kawai wakilin matsayinta a tsarin nazarin halittu. Ba shi da wahala ga kwararru su gano kwaro. Amma a wuraren rabarwar sa, akwai kwari-shit kwari, kwatankwacin girman su, surar jikin su, launi.
Ana iya tantance banbancin ta hanyar nazarin kwari ta amfani da gilashin kara girman abu tare da kara girman 5-10x ko kuma a gwada, kamar marmara a cikin hoto ya bambanta da gidajen da aka saba rani.
Bugun bishiya. Green a lokacin rani zuwa kaka, kwaron ya zama ruwan kasa don sake kamanni a cikin ganyen da ya faɗi. Ba ya kawo babbar illa ga tsire-tsire masu horarwa.
Nezara kore ne. Kwarin kore na kayan lambu mai dauke da madogara mai haske. A lokacin kaka yana canza launi zuwa tagulla. Kan da pronotum wasu lokuta launin ruwan kasa ne mai haske.
Berry garkuwar bug. Launi ya canza zuwa launi na ganye kewaye: daga launin ja-zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Sidesangarorin, eriya suna alama tare da ratsi mai launin rawaya da rawaya. Baya barazanar girbi.
Duk da kamannin gani, akwai manyan bambance-bambance waɗanda ke da mahimmanci a kula da:
- bambanci mafi mahimmanci tsakanin kwaron marmara shine launi na eriya: ɓangaren ƙarshe shine baƙar fata tare da farin tushe, ɓangaren da aka yanke hukunci shine baƙar fata tare da farin tushe da kuma ƙoli. Ba a samun wannan haɗin a cikin sauran nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa;
- girman yawancin kwari bai kai cm 1 ba - kwarin marmara ya fi girma.
- Siffar jikin "kwatancen" kwari ta fi dacewa da ta baƙo.
Haɗuwa da launin kowane mutum na eriya, girmansa, da siffar clypeus yana ba da damar rarrabe nau'in kwaron marmara mai ruwan kasa da kuskure.
Rayuwa da mazauni
Mahimmancin ƙwayar ƙwayar marmara mai ruwan kasa ta dogara ne da rashin ƙwarin ƙwarin zuwa mazaunin sa. Ana samun kwaron a kan titi, a cikin gine-gine daban-daban, a karkashin kasa, kujerun gona, gine-ginen zama, burukan dabbobi, gidajen tsuntsaye. Ba a hana yaduwar rarraba ta babban zafi, yanayin zafi.
A ƙarshen lokacin noman, kwari suna shiga gidajen mutane masu zafin gaske, suna samun mafaka a cikin ɗakunan ƙasa, sharar gida, inda suke shiga ta wurin fasa, ramuka. Tare da raguwar yanayin zafin jiki, mutane na musamman suna neman wurare don hunturu. Baƙon abu ba ne ga mai shi ya sami dubunnan ƙwayoyin marmara a cikin ginin yadi.
Wari hibernate ƙarƙashin siding, toshe a cikin rataye na cladding. Lokacin hunturu na bedbugs yana wucewa - basa ciyarwa, basa haifuwa a wannan lokacin. Kodayake kwari da suka shiga farfajiyar suna hango zafi don shigowar bazara, suna taruwa a kusa da fitilu da kuma tushen zafi.
Baya ga rashin jin daɗin rayuwa, tasirin tasirin kwari a kan mutane yana da ban tsoro. Akwai sanannen ƙanshi mai ƙyama wanda kwari ke fitarwa don kariya. Abun da aka saki zai iya kara rashin lafiyar jiki.
Tambaya, Fiye da guba da farin marmara, ya zama mai dacewa. A wuraren zama, ana girbe kwari da hannu; ana amfani da sinadarai da ƙwayoyin halitta ne kawai a wuraren da aka buɗe.
A cikin bazara, ayyukan kwari suna farkawa don neman abinci, haifuwa daga zuriya. Mamayewar kwari na lalata amfanin gona na filaye da yawa, yana lalata bishiyoyi masu fruita fruitan itace, wanda ke lalata girbi. Baya ga cutarwa kai tsaye, kwaro mai launin ruwan kasa mai ɗauke da cututtukan phytoplasmic waɗanda ke shafar tsire-tsire da yawa.
Lalacewar ta bayyane musamman akan 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari. Fatar jikin tayi, wanda aka huda ta kwaroron kwaro, ya bude hanyar ci gaba da tafiyar necrotic. Canje-canjen tsarin suna farawa, suna ɓata bayyanar da ɗanɗanar 'ya'yan itacen.
Developmentaddamarwa ta tsaya - fruitsa fruitsan itacen da ba 'ya'yan itacen da suka lalace ba, ƙwayoyin hazelnut sun rataye a kan bishiyar fanko, ruɓa yana shafar inabi. Kwaron ba ya tanadin hatsi, kayan lambu, shuke-shuke na ado.
Rabu da kwarin marmara za a iya yi a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban. Yayin ci gaban larvae, suna amfani da hanyar girgiza kwari a cikin laima ko zane na yau da kullun. A wuraren da ke da ƙarancin yawan jama'a, ana gudanar da aikin duba gani da kuma amfani da taru.
Tarkon marmara dangane da amfani da pheromone ana amfani dashi a kowane irin shuka. Inara yawan kwari na tilasta mana mu nemi sabbin hanyoyin nazarin halittu, tasirin sinadarai akan ƙwaron garkuwar mai hatsari.
Gina Jiki
Bugwaron daji mai launin ruwan kasa yana da komai. A cikin bazara, samarin matasa sun kusan jawo shi kusan dukkanin albarkatun lambu. Kwaro yana cin tsire-tsire iri ɗaya a matakai daban-daban na haɓakar sa. Tsutsa da imago suna huda kayan ciki na ganye, 'ya'yan itãcen marmari, ku fitar da ruwan itace mai mahimmanci.
A kan bishiyoyin fruita fruitan itace a wuraren da kwandunan kwalliya ke shafawa, siffofin necrosis, farfajiyar mai tushe an rufe ta da kumburi, kuma an samar da ƙwayar cuta, kama da ulu auduga cikin daidaito. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari, ba su da lokacin yin amfani da su, sun ruɓe, sun durkushe kafin lokaci. Ya ɗanɗano 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan lambu,' ya'yan itacen citrus ya ɓace.
A cikin mahaifar kwaron ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa, a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, masana sun kirga nau'ikan tsire-tsire sama da 300 wadanda kwari masu cutarwa suka addabe su. Daga cikin su, kayan lambu na yau da kullun suna fuskantar bug: tumatir, barkono, zucchini, kokwamba.
Bukukuwa na kwari akan pears, apples, apricots, cherries, peaches, fig, zaitun, persimmons, masara, sha'ir, da alkama.
Kwaro yana cin abinci a kan legumes: Peas, wake, ba ya ba da kayan ado, 'ya'yan itace,' ya'yan itace. Abincin bedbug ya hada da nau'ikan daji: ash, itacen oak, maple, dawa. Marmara bug a Sochi, Dangane da kididdiga daga manoman yankin, nau'ikan tsire-tsire 32 sun lalace a Abkhazia. A yankunan da babu tsire-tsire na lambu, kwari suna rayuwa, suna ci gaba akan abinci daga ciyawar.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
A cikin yanayin yanayin yanayi mai zafi, sai a watan Nuwamba, saurin yaduwar kwari yana raguwa yayin da manya suka shiga cikin nutsuwa. Kwari kwari ne masu ban sha'awa - ƙarni uku na kwari suna bayyana a lokacin bazara:
- ƙarni na farko sun haɓaka daga Mayu zuwa tsakiyar Yuni;
- na biyu - daga shekaru goma na uku na Yuni zuwa farkon watan Agusta;
- na uku - daga farkon shekaru goma na watan Agusta zuwa farkon Oktoba.
Tsutsar tsutsa ta shiga matakai biyar na ci gaba. Abin lura ne cewa yayin ci gaban su canza launi, wanda ya sanya ya zama mai wahalar gaske a wani lokaci gano kwaron.
- A matakin farko, tsutsar tana ja ko lemu mai haske, kowanne tsayinsa yakai mmo 2.4.
- A mataki na biyu, launin ya kusan zama baƙi.
- Mataki na uku da na gaba ana yin alama da launin fata masu launin ruwan kasa-fari.
Diamita yana ƙaruwa zuwa 12 mm. Haɓakar kwari a cikin 2017 ya ɓarke duk bayanan - maimakon kama uku a kowane lokaci, masana kimiyya sun rubuta shida, wanda ya zama dalilin tattauna yiwuwar ɓarnatar da ɓarna a matakin hukuma.
Wakilan Rosselkhoznadzor sun riga sun lura da gaskiyar shigo da ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa cikin Rasha, suna haifar da kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar da ba a taɓa gani ba. Aikin da ke gaba shi ne, ta hanyar nazarin DNA na kwaroron marmara mai ruwan kasa, haɓaka hanyoyin nazarin halittu don rage yawan jama'a. Yana da al'ada don kiyaye wadata da bambancin duniya mai rai. Amma daidaituwar kwayoyin yana da mahimmanci daidai don adana tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire da fauna. Af, idan kuna buƙatar guba kwandunan kwari, to wannan rukunin yanar gizon zai taimaka muku.
