Podust Yana da kifin Turai mai ruwan kifin dangi. Ana iya gane shi ta bakin, wanda yake gefen ƙasan kai da leɓen ƙananan tare da gefen gaci mai wuya. Har ila yau, yana da halayyar membrane mai baƙar fata akan bangon ciki.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Podust
Podust (Chondrostoma nasus) nau'in jinsi ne, yana rayuwa a cikin makarantu a duk matakan rayuwarsa kuma yana cin abincin dutse. Podust yana son gudana tare da na yanzu: jinsi ne na rheophilic. Godiya ga iyawarsa, an bashi matsayin mai tsabtace ruwa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Wannan nau'ikan na iya zama mai nuna alamar muhalli - kasancewar sa yana nuna ingancin ruwa, wasu kebantattun wuraren zama da mutunta ci gaban muhalli da ake buƙata don ƙaura.
Jikin akwatinan ya bambance da sauran irin kifi a cikin takamammen bayanai. Kansa da bakinsa wanda aka manna yana da banbanci sosai kuma mai sauƙin ganewa. Kan yana karami kuma yana da bakin da babu eriya. Lebba an daidaita shi don yin ƙwanƙwasa a ƙasa, suna da kauri da tauri. An dasa fin na ƙofar a ƙashin ƙugu. Fuskantar caudal yana da baƙin ciki ƙwarai. Podust maza na iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 23, kuma mata har zuwa shekaru 25.
Bidiyo: Podust
Podust wani nau'in jinsin mutane ne wanda ke rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai gudu da sauri tare da zurfin ƙasa, tsakuwa. An samo shi a cikin babbar tashar manyan koguna kewaye da tsarin mutum (ginshiƙan gada) ko kankara. A lokacin haihuwa, yana yin ƙaura daga kogunan da yawanci yakan ziyarta kuma yana zuwa bakin ruwa. Wannan kifin yana rayuwa a cikin kogunan yankin tsakiyar Turai. Babu shi a cikin Burtaniya, Scandinavia da Yankin Iberian.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Yaya kwasfan fayiloli yayi kama
Kwasfan yana da jikin fusiform tare da ɓangaren ƙofar oval da ƙananan bangarorin da aka matse, ma'aunin ƙarfe mai launin shuɗi mai ruwan toka, da wutsiyar lemu. Yana da kaifi kaɗan, babba mai ƙananan ƙarami tare da murfin jaraba mai kauri da kaifi mai kaifi, sanannen bakin bakin abu. Nisa tsakanin leben sama da na gaba ya fi diamita ido. Podust yana da haƙoran pharyngeal masu gefe ɗaya, sikelin cycloid na ƙananan girman. Ana saka fincinin ƙashin ƙugu a ƙashin bayan ƙugu.
Cikin ciki baƙi ne, kuma launin baya yana bambanta daga launin ruwan toka-shuɗi zuwa launin toka-mai-toka, mafi duhu ko lessasa. Gefen bishiyar suna da azurfa, kuma cikin ciki fari ne ko fari-ja-fari. Arshen ƙofar dogo na fili ne, mai kama da launi zuwa dorsal. Udarshen caudal yayi kama da ƙwanƙollen dorsal, amma tare da ɗanɗano mai ja a ƙananan lobe. Fins din suna da yawa ko ƙasa da haske orange-ja a launi. Hanyar narkarda abinci ta podusta tana da tsayi musamman, tunda ya ninka tsawon jiki sau 4. Tsarin jima'i yana bayyane ne kawai a lokacin haifuwa. Maza sun fi mata launi fiye da mata, kuma suna haɓaka girma da girma a kan kai da gaban jiki.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A matsayinka na mai mulki, tsawon kwasfan yana daga santimita 25 zuwa 40, kuma nauyin yakai kilo 1. Koyaya, an rubuta mutane har zuwa tsawon 50 cm da kilogram 1.5 cikin nauyi. Matsakaicin adadin rayuwar kifin shine shekaru 15.
A ina ne kwalliya ke rayuwa?
Hotuna: Volzhsky podust
Ana samun Pust a dabi'a a cikin magudanan ruwa na Bahar Maliya (Danube, Dniester, Kwarin Kudancin, Dnieper), bangaren kudancin Tekun Baltic (Niman, Odra, Vistula) da kuma Kudancin Tekun Arewa (har zuwa Mesa a yamma). Bugu da kari, an gabatar da shi cikin magudanan ruwa na Rhone, Loire, Herault da Soki (Italiya, Slovenia). Kifi ne na ƙaura
Yanayinsa ya game kusan duk Turai, ban da Yankin Iberian, yammacin Faransa, Italiya, Dalmatia, Girka, Tsibirin Burtaniya, arewacin Rasha da Scandinavia. Madadin haka, ya kasance a ɓangaren yammacin Anatolia. A Italiya, an shigar da shi cikin Kogin Isonzo saboda zama a cikin ruwan Slovenia.
Wannan nau'in jinsin yana faruwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi tare da saurin gudu, galibi a cikin ruwa na baya akan gadoji ko a cikin manyan duwatsu. Yana zaune a ƙasan, inda yake cin algae da sauran tsire-tsire na ruwa. Yawancin lokaci podust motsa a cikin jambs. Nau'in ya yadu a cikin koguna da manyan rafuka, filayen ko tuddai, har zuwa tsawan kusan mita 500. Hakanan yana faruwa ne a cikin tafkunan ruwa na ruwa da tabkuna, inda galibi akan same shi kusa da bakin ruwa. A cikin ƙananan koguna, yana iya samun rarraba na tsawon lokaci daidai da girmansa, tare da manya waɗanda ke zaune a saman kogin.
Ana samun manya a cikin ruwa mara ƙanƙanci tare da raƙuman ruwa mai sauri, galibi kusa da abubuwan da aka tsara ta tara gadoji ko duwatsu. Suna zaune matsakaici don yin azumi manyan koguna masu matsakaiciyar ƙasa mai duwatsu ko tsakuwa. Ana samun tsutsar tsutsar ne a ƙasa da farfajiyar, kuma ciyar da tsutsa suna zaune tare da gaɓar teku. Matasa suna zaune a ƙasa a cikin ƙauyuka marasa zurfin zurfin ciki. Yayin da suke girma, suna barin bakin teku zuwa cikin ruwa mai sauri. Growtharancin ci gaban matasa ya zama ruwan dare a cikin baya ko kuma cikin kogwannin bankunan.
A lokacin hunturu, manya suna yin manyan ɗimbin yawa a ƙasan rafuka. Manya suna yin ƙaura da yawa kilomita goma zuwa hawan masarufi, waɗanda galibi suna cikin raƙuman ruwa. Spawning yana faruwa a cikin ruwa mai gudu a cikin gadaje masu zurfin tsakuwa. Kogin yana cikin barazanar cikin gida ta hanyar toshewa, lalata filayen ciko da gurbatawa. A cikin magudanan ruwa, inda aka gabatar da su, suna yin ƙaura tare da kawar da parachondroxemia a cikin Rhone da kudancin Turai a cikin Soka.
Yanzu kun san inda aka samo kwalliya. Bari mu ga abin da wannan kifin mai ban sha'awa ya ci.
Menene kwafsa yake ci?
Hotuna: Talakawa na yau da kullun
Matasa podust ne masu cin nama wanda ke ciyar da ƙananan ƙananan invertebrates, yayin da manya ke da ciyawar ciyawar dabbobi. Vaan tsutsa da yara suna cin abinci a ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan, yayin da manyan yara da tsofaffi ke ciyarwa akan benthic diatoms da detritus.
Kamar sauran nau'ikan wannan jinsi, itacen kwalliya yana amfani da lebe don tsaftace farfajiyar duwatsu don neman abinci, cire algae da inlays mai wadatar da ƙwayoyin halitta. Da lebensa na sama, ya girgiza dutsen da ke ƙasa cike da abincinsa. Yana ciyarwa akan dukkanin algae, wanda yake zanawa daga duwatsun ƙasa saboda leɓunansa na jaraba, da kuma juyawa, wanda yake samu a muhalli ɗaya.
Abincin na bishiyar ya hada da abinci masu zuwa:
- kwari na cikin ruwa;
- kayan kwalliya;
- tsutsotsi;
- kifin kifi;
- ruwan teku;
- mosses;
- protozoa;
- kayan abinci;
- nematodes;
- sharan gona;
- ma'adanai haɗe tare da murfin algae;
- benthic diatoms.
Mai lura zai iya gano kasancewar kwazazzabo saboda alamun abinci da aka bari a ƙasan. A cikin yara, bakin yana cikin matsayi mai ɗaukaka, don haka suna ciyarwa akan microinvertebrates da plankton. Yayinda yake girma, bakin yana motsawa zuwa ƙasa kuma yana ɗaukar kyawawan halaye na cin abinci, kamar na manya.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Podust a Belarus
Podusta ya fi son filayen da ke kwarara cikin sauri a cikin koguna da neman abinci a makarantu, a wuraren budewa, inda suke farautar kananan dabbobi kuma suna cin algae a kasa. Daga Maris zuwa Mayu, suna bayyana a cikin shinge a cikin shimfidar wurare masu duwatsu. Sau da yawa suna yin balaguron balaguron balaguro ta hanyar abin da ake kira "masu yawon bude ido masu matsakaitan zango". Suna buƙatar yanayi mai dumi, mai natsuwa don ci gaban tsutsa, da wurare masu zurfin tsuru-tsuru don tsutsa.
Jinsunan ba su da ƙarfi, suna da ƙarfi, kuma suna da son yin magana. Ustaƙan pust ɗin yana siye ne da nau'ikan girma daban-daban da shekaru daban-daban, galibi ana alakanta shi da wasu fungi irin na katako. A lokacin bazara, suna iya yin ƙaura har ma da nisan kilomita ɗari don isa yankunan da suka dace da shimfidawa, galibi suna cikin ƙananan raƙuman ruwa, inda manya ba sa tsayawa don yanayin wahalar.
Daga farkon bazara zuwa ƙarshen kaka, shoals suna aiki sosai kuma suna tafiya tare da rafin da ke ƙasa don neman abinci. A wannan lokacin, galibi suna haɗuwa kusa da cikas waɗanda ke jinkirta saurin ruwa, kamar magudanar gada, manyan duwatsu, tushen bishiyar da ambaliyar ruwa, ko kututturan da suka cika ruwa. A lokacin sanyi, suna motsawa cikin ruwa mai zurfi, suna ɓuya a cikin rami ko ƙarƙashin manyan duwatsu da aka kiyaye daga igiyoyin ruwa masu ƙarfi, inda suke ɓoyayye ko rage ayyukan.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Pust a cikin ruwa
Balaga ya isa ga maza tsakanin shekaru na biyu zuwa na uku, yayin da mata yawanci suke buƙatar ƙarin shekara. Girman girma yana da ɗan girma, amma yanayin ruwa da wadatar abinci suna tasiri sosai. Podust yayi ƙaura da yawa gomomin kilomita zuwa filayen da ake haihuwa, wanda galibi ana samunsu a cikin raƙuman ruwa. Maza suna yin garken tumaki, kowanne yana kiyaye ƙaramin yanki. Mata suna kwance a kan duwatsu waɗanda za a yi amfani da su, a tsakanin waɗancan abubuwa, a matsayin wuraren ɓoye don soya.
Kodayake dabba ce mai yawan haihuwa, amma ba ta cakuda da wasu nau'in kifaye. Mata suna haihuwa sau ɗaya kawai a shekara, kuma a cikin wasu mazaunan na ɗan gajeren lokaci na kwanaki 3-5. Haihuwa tana da girma sosai, mace tana yin diga-dalla daga dubu 50 zuwa dubu 100 mai fadin omstes 1.5 mm a diamita. Qwai na bishiyar bishiya suna da danko, ana ajiye su ne a cikin bacin ran da mace ta haifa a cikin tsakuwa na matattarar. Ana cire su bayan makonni 2-3. Bayan sun sha ruwan gwaiduwar gwaiduwa, larvae din suna motsi tare da bankunan don ciyarwa kasa da farfajiya.
Podust na nufin rukuni na kifin da ke taruwa sau ɗaya a shekara. Kifi na fara fitowa daga watan Maris zuwa Yuli, ya danganta da latitude da yanayin yanayi na shekarar da muke ciki, a yanayin zafin ruwa na aƙalla 12 ° C. Hazo yana faruwa a cikin ruwa mai gudu, kan gadaje mara ƙanƙara, sau da yawa a ƙananan rijiyoyi. Maza sun isa farko a yankuna masu fita, kuma kowannensu yana zaune da ƙananan yanki na yankin da aka kiyaye shi daga masu fafatawa.
A lokacin yaduwar haihuwa, ana lura da tsananin launi na jikin maza da mata. A cikin maza, zubar da jini yana rufe dukkan jiki, yayin da a cikin mata akwai nodules da ke rabewa a kan kai. A watan Oktoba, manyan ocytes (wanda aka cika da gwaiduwa) a cikin asusun ajiyar kwai na kashi 68%. Wannan yana nuna yiwuwar keɓancewar wucin gadi a farkon watan Afrilu da samun fiɗa mai girma don bazara ko noman kaka.
Samuwar maniyyi na karshe a cikin kwayoyin halitta na iya faruwa jim kadan kafin a fara yaduwa. Yawancin ƙwai suna samarwa ta manyan mata da tsofaffi. Kwakfan yana samar da ƙwai da matsakaita girman 2.1 mm a diamita. Bugu da kari, ya fi girma mata sa muhimmanci ya fi girma qwai.
Halittan makiya na podust
Photo: Yaya kwasfan fayiloli yayi kama
Podust ganima ne ga kifi da ichthyophages, masu rarrafe na cikin ruwa da wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar su otter. Theaunar kwalliyar kwalliya don tsaftataccen, rafukan ruwa mai iskar oxygen yana sa ya zama ganima ga manyan salmonids irin su kifi mai ruwan kasa, kifin marbled da Salmon Danube. Jinsin yana da saukin kamuwa da cututtukan kwayar cuta. Podst na iya zama mai ɗaukar nauyi da jigilar ƙwayoyin cuta, gami da nau'ikan trematodes da cestodes, sauran helminths, protozoa, parasitic crustaceans da sauran invertebrates. Samfurori masu rauni da marasa lafiya galibi suna kamuwa da cututtukan fungal mai saurin mutuwa.
Ana daukar Podust a matsayin kifi mai mahimmanci don zagawar rayuwar kifin. Bayan kyankyasar kananan podustas, wannan kifin yana cin su. Kafin haihuwa, podust suna ƙaura zuwa sama, inda galibi suke cin karo da cikas ta hanyar madatsun ruwa da aka gina akan koguna, wanda ke rage yawansu. Pust yana da matukar damuwa da cutar.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Podust ba shi da sha'awar masunta: halayenta kamar kifin mai rai ba su da kyau, ƙari, kamun doka da yake yawanci ba shi da yawa.
Kifi ne mai kyan wasa wanda aka lalata shi da abubuwa masu fashewa a zurfin. Podust yana da matukar shakku kuma abin da ya yi game da kama shi yana raye. Algae a cikin kumburi, tsutsar ciki, ƙwarin kwari da sauran tsutsar ciki ana amfani dasu azaman koto. An yaba da naman Podust, amma a yanayin manyan samfuran, in ba haka ba akwai kasusuwa da yawa a cikin kifin. Ana aiwatar da mummunan kamun kifi ne kawai a cikin jihohin da ke iyaka da Bahar Maliya. Ana amfani da nau'in azaman azaman kifaye a cikin kifi da gonakin kifin kifi.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Kifin kwalliya
Podust sananne ne sananne a yawancin kewayon sa. Yankin rarrabawa a halin yanzu yana faɗaɗa. An gabatar da shi don dalilai na kamun kifi a cikin ruwa mai yawa inda yake da kyau, yana barazanar kasancewar asalin halittu na asali ko asalin da suke da kusanci da shi wanda yake gasa don abinci da gasar haihuwa.
A cikin gida, wasu al'ummomin sun ragu saboda gina madatsun ruwa da wasu shingaye na wucin gadi wadanda ke kawo cikas ga kogin, suna soke ayyukan haifuwa na bazara na masu kiwo. An sauƙaƙe wurin da yake yamma da Turai ta amfani da tashoshin kewayawa. Wannan saurin dasa shi da kuma haduwa da shi yana nuna yiwuwar jinsin.
A cikin Danube na Austrian na ƙasa, podust ya kasance jinsin mutane a farkon rabin karnin da ya gabata. Koyaya, asarar filayen da aka samu sakamakon matakan injiniyan kogin (gine-ginen gine, tsayayyar ginin gabar teku, lalata gandun dazuzzuka) ya haifar da raguwar adadi mai yawa a ɓangarorin kogi da yawa.
Podust yana cikin Red Book na wasu ƙasashe, kamar:
- Belarus;
- Lithuania;
- Yukren;
- Rasha.
A kusan dukkanin ƙasashe inda wannan nau'in ya yadu, ana amfani da dokar hana kamun kifi a lokacin bazara da mafi ƙarancin matakan kamawa. An jera Podust a cikin Annex III zuwa Yarjejeniyar Berne don Kula da lifean Turai da Muhalli na asabi'a a matsayin nau'in haɗari. A cikin Lissafin IUCN (Internationalungiyar forasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi da Albarkatun ,asa), wannan jinsin an rarraba shi azaman wanda ke fuskantar barazanar kaɗan.
Kariyar Podust
Hotuna: Podust daga littafin Red
Godiya ga rigakafin gina masana'antar samar da wuta a Hainburg a shekarar 1984, an kiyaye ɗayan ɓangarori biyu na ƙarshe na kyautar ofan Austrian Danube. Kifi mai son ruwa mai ƙarfi, kamar su kwalliya, suna samun mahimman wuraren zama a wurin, waɗanda kwanan nan ba su da yawa. Koyaya, wannan ba shine mafi kyawun matakan tsaro a gare su ba.
Duk da cewa an aiwatar da ayyukan maido da yawa a yankin gandun dajin, jinkirin da aka samu a cikin kwasfan ruwa ta hanyar tsire-tsire masu karfi a sashin kwararar kyauta a kasa Vienna yana haifar da ci gaba da zurfafa zurfin kogin don haka a sannu a hankali kara rabuwa da dazukan da ke kwararar ruwa. Ta hanyar kirkirar matsugunan da suka dace da kowane zamani na cigaba a cikin ayyukan sake sabuntawa da kuma hanyoyin inganta kogin, ana fatan hannayen jari zasu farfaɗo. Wadannan matakan suna amfani da kusan dukkanin nau'ikan kifin dake bakin kogi.
A cikin tsarin aikin Donau Auen National Park, ya zama dole a shawo kan wani shingen da ba za a iya wucewa ba a cikin ƙasan Kifin, wanda yake da mahimmanci ga ƙaurawar podust. Haɗe tare da ƙananan matakan (misali kafa filayen samar da filaye) da haɓaka yankin, yakamata a sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci don kwaskwarima da sauran nau'in kifaye masu ƙaura.
Podust Shine wakilin cyprinids, wanda ke zaune daga matsakaici zuwa azumi manyan koguna matsakaita tare da dutse ko tsakuwa ƙasa. Wannan jinsin ya samo asali ne a farkon bazara a sassan rafuka. Matasa podustas dabbobi masu cin nama ne waɗanda ke cin ƙananan ƙwayoyin invertebrates, yayin da manya ke da ciyawar ciyawar bishiyoyi. An ƙirƙiri barazanar gida ga podustam saboda madatsun ruwa, lalata filayen da ke haifar da yaduwar abubuwa da gurɓatarwa.
Ranar bugawa: Janairu 26, 2020
Ranar da aka sabunta: 07.10.2019 a 19:34
