Ruwan ruwa mai kyau Ruwan polyp ne mai laushi mai laushi wanda lokaci-lokaci yakan ƙare cikin akwatin kifayen kwatsam. Ruwan ruwa mai ban sha'awa dangi ne na murjani, anemones na teku da jellyfish. Dukkanin su mambobi ne na nau'in rarrafe, wanda ke tattare da sifofin ƙyalƙyali masu haske, kasancewar shinge masu harbawa da hanji mai sauƙi tare da buɗewa ɗaya (gastrovascular cavity).
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: Ruwa mai tsafta
Ruwan ruwa mai ƙanƙara karamin polyp ne na iri ɗaya (ɗiga) kamar anemones na teku da jellyfish. Duk da yake mafi yawancin masu ruwa da tsaki suna cikin ruwa, ruwa mai kyau na hydra ba sabon abu bane domin yana rayuwa ne kawai a cikin ruwa mai kyau. Anthony van Leeuwenhoek ne ya fara bayyana shi (1632-1723) a wata wasika da ya aika wa Royal Society a ranar Kirsimeti ta 1702. Waɗannan halittun sun daɗe da sha'awar masu nazarin halittu saboda ikon da suke da shi na yin halitta daga ƙananan abubuwa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Abin lura shine hatta kwayaye daga hydra ruwa mai tsafta ta hanyar inji ta iya warkewa kuma su sake haɗuwa cikin dabba mai aiki cikin kusan mako guda. Ta yaya wannan aikin yake faruwa, har yanzu masana kimiyya ba su fahimta sosai.
Bidiyo: Freshwater Hydra
Anyi rikodin nau'ikan nau'ikan ruwa mai tsafta, amma akasarinsu suna da wahalar ganowa ba tare da cikakken madubin magani ba. Jinsunan guda biyu, duk da haka, sun bambanta.
Suna da yawa a cikin akwatinan ruwa:
- Hydra (Chlorohydra) viridissima (koren hydra) wani nau'in kore ne mai haske saboda kasancewar algae da yawa da ake kira zoochlorella, waɗanda ke rayuwa azaman daidaitawa a cikin ƙwayoyin endodermal. A zahiri, galibi suna fari a launi. Green algae suna yin hotynthesis kuma suna samar da sugars wanda hydra ke amfani dashi. Hakanan, tsarin cin abincin hydra yana samar da sinadarin nitrogen ga algae. Green hydras ƙananan ne, tare da tanti kusan rabin tsayin shafi;
- Hydra oligactis (launin ruwan kasa) - Ana iya rarrabe shi da sauran hydra ta dogayen dogayen tanti, wanda, lokacin da aka huta, zai iya kaiwa 5 cm ko fiye. Shafin yana da launin ruwan goro mai haske, 15 zuwa 25 mm tsayi, tushe an matse shi sosai, yana samar da "kara".
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Yaya ruwan hydra yake
Duk hydras na ruwa mai ruwa mai ɗamara yana da launi mai launuka biyu-biyu, jikin tubular da ya rabu da siraran siradi, wanda ba kwayar salula wanda ake kira mesoglea. Haɗin bakin-duburarsu (ƙuƙwalwar ciki) an kewaye su da fitattun shinge masu ɗauke da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta (nematocysts). Wannan yana nufin cewa suna da rami daya ne kawai a jikinsu, kuma wannan shine baki, amma kuma yana taimakawa wajen kawar da sharar. Tsawon jikin wani ruwa mai tsafta ya kai 7 mm, amma tanti zai iya zama mai tsayi sosai kuma ya kai tsawon santimita da yawa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ruwa mai tsabta yana da nama amma ba shi da gabobi. Ya ƙunshi bututu mai tsawon kimanin mm 5, wanda aka kafa ta yadudduka epithelial biyu (endoderm da ectoderm).
Launin ciki (endoderm) wanda yake rufe cikin ramin gastro-vascular yana samar da enzymes don narkar da abinci. Layin waje na sel (ectoderm) yana haifar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ake kira nematocysts. Tantirorin tsawo ne na yadudduka na jiki kuma suna kewaye da buɗe bakin.
Saboda saukin gini, ginshikin jiki da tanti suna da matukar wahala. A lokacin farautar, hydra yana shimfida alfarwarsa, a hankali yana motsa su kuma yana jiran saduwa da wasu dabbobin da suka dace. Animalsananan dabbobin da suka gamu da tantireshin sun shanye ta neurotoxins da aka saki daga nematocysts mai harbawa. Tantiran suna lilo a kusa da ganimar gwagwarmayar kuma suka jawo shi cikin faɗaɗa buɗe bakin. Lokacin da wanda aka azabtar ya shiga cikin ramin jiki, narkewa na iya farawa. Daga baya ana fitar da cuticles da sauran tarkacen da ba'a lalata su ba ta bakin.
Yana da kai, wanda ya kunshi baki wanda aka zagaye shi da zobe na tanti a gefe daya, da kuma sandar diski, kafa, a wani karshen. Ana rarraba ƙwayoyin mahaifa masu yawa tsakanin sel na sassan jikin, wanda ke ba da nau'ikan sel huɗu daban-daban: gametes, jijiyoyi, ɓoyayyen sel da nematocytes - ƙwayoyin ƙona waɗanda ke ƙayyade nau'in ƙwayoyin shigar.
Haka kuma, saboda tsarinsu, suna da ikon tsara ruwan cikin jikin. Don haka, za su iya tsawaita ko kuma sa hannu a jikinsu a kowane lokaci. Kodayake bashi da gabobi masu mahimmanci, ruwa mai tsafta yana amsa haske. Tsarin hydra ruwa mai tsafta shine zai iya jin canjin yanayi, ilimin sunadarai na ruwa, tare da tabawa da sauran abubuwan motsa jiki. Kwayoyin jijiyoyin dabbobin suna da karfin gwiwa. Misali, idan ka taba shi da bakin allura, to siginar daga kwayoyin jijiyoyin da suke jin tabawar za a yada su zuwa sauran, kuma daga kwayoyin jijiyoyin zuwa jijiyar-jijiya.
A ina hydra ruwa yake rayuwa?
Photo: Ruwa mai tsafta cikin ruwa
A dabi'a, hydras na ruwa mai tsabta yana rayuwa cikin ruwa mai kyau. Ana iya samun su a cikin kududdufai na ruwa da raƙuman ruwa, inda galibi suke haɗuwa da tsire-tsire masu ruwa ko kankara. Algae da ke rayuwa a cikin hydra ruwa mai fa'ida yana samun fa'ida daga mahalli mai kariya kuma yana samun samfuran abinci daga hydra. Freshwater hydra shima yana amfani da abincin algal.
Hydras da ake ajiyewa a cikin haske amma in ba haka ba yunwa ta nuna sun rayu fiye da hydras ba tare da koren algae a cikin su ba. Hakanan suna iya rayuwa cikin ruwa tare da ƙananan narkar da iskar oxygen saboda algae suna samar musu da iskar oxygen. Wannan iskar oxygen iskar gas ne ta algae. Green hydras suna wuce algae daga tsara zuwa tsara a ƙwai.
Hydras yana motsa jikinsu a cikin ruwa yayin da suke haɗe, faɗaɗawa da kuma yin kwangila a ƙarƙashin cakuda motsi na tsoka da ruwa (hydraulic). Ana haifar da wannan matsin lamba a cikin ramin narkewar abinci.
Hydras ba koyaushe a haɗe yake da matattarar ba kuma yana iya motsawa daga wuri ɗaya zuwa wani ta hanyar zamewa tare da ƙashin bas ko faɗuwa gaba. Yayin tashin hankali, sukan raba faifan basal, sa'annan su lanƙwasa kuma su ɗora tebur ɗin a kan bututun. Wannan yana biye da sake haɗawa da ƙananan diski kafin sake maimaita dukkan aikin. Hakanan zasu iya yin iyo sama da ruwa. Lokacin da suke iyo, wannan saboda basal disc yana samar da kumfa na gas wanda ke jigilar dabba zuwa saman ruwa.
Yanzu kun san inda ake samun hydra ruwa. Bari muga me zata ci.
Menene hydra ruwa mai dadi yake ci?
Photo: Polyp ruwa mai tsafta
Ruwan ruwa mai tsabta suna da lalata kuma ba su da kyau.
Kayan abincin su sune:
- tsutsotsi;
- tsutsayen kwari;
- cananan ɓawon burodi;
- kifin tsami;
- wasu invertebrates kamar su daphnia da cyclops.
Hydra ba farauta bace mai aiki. Su ne tsoffin mayaƙan kwanton-bauna waɗanda ke zaune suna jiran abin da za su kama don su kusanci yajin. A lokacin da wanda aka azabtar ya kusa isa, hydra a shirye yake don kunna abinda kwayoyin halittar zafin. Wannan amsa ce ta ilhami. Daga nan sai alfarwansu su fara juyawa su kusanci wanda aka azabtar, su ja shi zuwa bakin a gindin tushin tantin. Idan ya isa kadan, hydar zai ci shi. Idan ya yi yawa da za a cinye shi, za a jefar da shi, kuma mai yiwuwa ne masanin aquarist ya samo shi, ba tare da wani sanadin mutuwar ba.
Idan ganima bata isa ba, zasu iya samun abinci ta hanyar shafar kwayoyin halitta kai tsaye ta saman jikinsu. Lokacin da babu abinci kwata-kwata, ruwa mai tsafta yana dakatar da ninkawa kuma yana fara amfani da kayan kyallensa don kuzari. A sakamakon haka, zai ragu zuwa ƙarami kaɗan kafin ƙarshe ya mutu.
Freshwater hydra yana shanye kayan abinci tare da neurotoxins, wanda yake ɓoyewa daga ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ake kira nematocysts. Thearshen ɓangare ne na ƙwayoyin ectodermal ɗin shafi, musamman ma tanti, inda aka cushe su cikin ɗimbin yawa. Kowane nematocyst capsule ne wanda yake ɗauke da wani filo mai tsawo kuma mara daɗi. Lokacin da hydra ke motsa ta hanyar sigina na sinadarai ko injina, haɓakar nematocysts yana ƙaruwa. Mafi girman wadannan (masu shiga ciki) suna dauke da kwayar cutar ne wanda hydra ruwa mai danshi ke shiga cikin ganima ta hanyar zaren rami. Smallerananan ƙusoshin hannu, waɗanda suke da danko, suna juyawa ba tare da haɗuwa da ganima ba. Yana lessar da secondsan daƙiƙa 0.3 don harbawa wanda aka azabtar.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Ruwa mai ruwa
Tabbatarwar tsakanin ruwa mai kyau da algae an nuna ya zama gama gari. Ta hanyar irin wannan tarayyar, kowace kwayar halitta tana amfanar dayan. Misali, saboda alakar alakar sa da chlorella algae, koren hydra na iya hada abincin shi.
Wannan yana wakiltar babbar fa'ida ga hydras na ruwa, kasancewar sunada damar hada abincin nasu lokacin da yanayin muhalli ya canza (abinci yayi karanci). A sakamakon haka, koren hydra yana da babbar fa'ida a kan hydra mai ruwan kasa, wanda ba shi da chlorophyll da ake buƙata don hotunan hoto.
Wannan zai yiwu ne kawai idan koren hydra ya sami hasken rana. Duk da kasancewa masu cin nama, koren hydras suna iya rayuwa tsawon watanni 3 ta amfani da sugars daga hotuna. Wannan yana bawa jiki damar jure wa azumi (in babu ganima).
Kodayake yawanci suna sanya ƙafafunsu kuma suna zama wuri ɗaya, hydras na ruwa mai iya aiki ne na motsi. Abin da ya kamata su yi shi ne sakin ƙafarsu da ninkaya zuwa wani sabon wuri, ko kuma a hankali su ci gaba, tare da haɗawa da sakin alfarwansu da ƙafarsu a madadin. Idan aka ba su damar haihuwa, da ikon motsi a lokacin da suke so, da kuma cin ganima sau da yawa girmansu, ya zama a bayyane dalilin da ya sa ba a maraba da hydra mai ruwa mai kyau a cikin akwatin kifaye.
Tsarin salula na ruwa mai tsafta yana bawa wannan karamar dabbar damar sake halitta. Matsakaiciyar kwayoyin dake saman fuskar jiki na iya canza kama zuwa kowane nau'in. Game da wata lahani ga jiki, ƙwayoyin tsaka-tsakin suna fara rabuwa da sauri, girma da maye gurbin ɓangarorin da suka ɓace, kuma raunin ya warke. Abubuwan sabuntawa na ruwa mai kyau suna da yawa wanda idan aka yanke rabi, wani sashi yana tsiro da sabon tanti da bakin, yayin da ɗayan ke tsiro da ƙafafu.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Ruwa mai tsafta cikin ruwa
Ruwa mai dauke da ruwa yana shan hanyoyi guda biyu masu hada juna iri-iri: a yanayin zafi mai zafi (18-22 ° C) suna haihuwa ta hanyar buduwa. Sake haifuwa a cikin ruwa mai tsafta galibi yana faruwa ne gaba ɗaya, wanda aka sani da yin budding. Waro mai kama da toho a jikin “mahaifa” hydra mai tsafta a ƙarshe ya zama sabon mutum wanda ya keɓe daga mahaifin.
Lokacin da yanayi yayi tsauri ko lokacin da abinci yayi ƙaranci, ruwa mai ɗanɗano zai iya hayayyafa ta hanyar jima'i. Mutum daya na iya samar da kwayar cutar kwayar halitta ta mata da ta maza, wacce ke shiga ruwan da ake yin kwayar cutar. Kwan kwan ya zama cikin tsutsa, wanda ke rufe da kankanin, irin su gashin da aka fi sani da cilia. Tsutsa na iya daidaitawa kai tsaye kuma ya juya zuwa cikin hydra, ko kuma ya ƙare a cikin babban layin waje wanda zai ba shi damar rayuwa cikin mawuyacin yanayi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A karkashin yanayi mai kyau (ba shi da kyau), hydra mai ruwa mai iya 'samarwa' har zuwa kananan kananan hydras 15 a wata. Wannan yana nufin cewa kowane kwana 2-3 tana yin kwafin kanta. Ruwa daya na ruwa mai tsafta cikin watanni 3 kacal yana iya samar da sabbin hydras 4000 (la'akari da cewa "yara" suna kawo ruwa 15 a kowane wata).
A lokacin kaka, tare da farkon yanayin sanyi, duk hydras suna mutuwa. Kwayar halittar mahaifiya ta bazu, amma kwan yana nan da ran sa kuma yana kwanciya. A cikin bazara, yana farawa rayayye rarraba, an tsara sel a cikin matakai biyu. Da farkon yanayi mai dumi, ƙaramin hydra ya shiga cikin ƙwarjin ƙwai kuma ya fara rayuwa mai zaman kanta.
Abokan gaba na hydras na ruwa
Photo: Yaya ruwan hydra yake
A cikin mazauninsu na gargajiya, hydras na ruwa mai ƙarancin makiya. Daya daga cikin abokan gabarsu shine trichodina ciliate, wanda ke iya afka mata. Wasu nau'in fleas na teku na iya rayuwa a jikin ta. Tsarin shimfida mai tsari mai cin kyauta yana ciyar da hydra ruwa mai ƙwari. Koyaya, bai kamata kuyi amfani da waɗannan dabbobin don yaƙi da hydra a cikin akwatin kifaye ba: misali, trichodines da planaria suna adawa da kifi iri ɗaya kamar yadda suke wa hydra na ruwa mai ƙwari.
Wani abokin gaba na hydra ruwa shine babban katantanwar kandami. Amma kuma bai kamata a ajiye shi a cikin akwatin kifaye ba, saboda yana ɗauke da wasu cututtukan kifi kuma yana da ikon ciyar da shuke-shuke aquarium mara kyau.
Wasu masanan ruwa suna saka matashin gourami mai yunwa a cikin tankin hydra na ruwa. Sauran suna yaƙi da ita ta hanyar amfani da ilimin ɗabi'arta: sun san cewa hydra ya fi son wuraren haske sosai. Suna inuwar komai banda gefe guda na akwatin kifaye kuma suna sanya gilashi daga cikin wannan bangon. A tsakanin kwanaki 2-3, kusan duk ruwan hydra zai taru a wurin. An cire gilashin kuma an tsabtace shi.
Waɗannan ƙananan dabbobi suna da saukin kamuwa da ion jan ƙarfe a cikin ruwa. Sabili da haka, wata hanyar da ake amfani da ita don yaƙi da su ita ce ɗaukar waya ta jan ƙarfe, cire murfin mai rufewa da gyara dam ɗin akan famfon iska. Lokacin da duk hydras ya mutu, ana cire waya.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Ruwa mai tsafta
Ruwan ruwa mai san ruwa sanannu ne da damar sake halitta. Mafi yawan kwayoyin halittun su sel ne. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna da ikon ci gaba da rarrabuwa da rarrabewa zuwa ƙwayoyin kowane irin jiki. A cikin mutane, irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin "jimillar" suna nan ne a cikin fewan kwanakin farko na ci gaban amfrayo. Hydra, a gefe guda, koyaushe yana sabunta jikinta da sabbin ƙwayoyin halitta.
Gaskiya mai Nishaɗi: Ruwa mai tsabta ba ya nuna alamun tsufa kuma yana kama da marar mutuwa. Wasu kwayoyin halittar dake kula da ci gaba koyaushe suna kan aiki, saboda haka suna sabunta jiki koyaushe. Wadannan kwayoyin halittar suna sanya hydra har abada matashi kuma suna iya sanya tushe don binciken likita na gaba.
A cikin 1998, an buga wani binciken da ke bayanin cewa hydras balagagge bai nuna alamun tsufa ba a cikin shekaru huɗu. Don gano tsufa, masu bincike suna duban tsufa, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin ƙaruwar mace-mace da raguwar haihuwa tare da ƙaruwa. Wannan binciken na 1998 bai taɓa iya tantance ko yawan haihuwa ba ya ƙaruwa ba. Sabon binciken ya kunshi kirkirar kananan tsibirai na aljanna don ruwa mai ban ruwa 2,256. Masu binciken sun so samar da yanayi mai kyau ga dabbobi, ma’ana, a baiwa kowanne abinci na ruwa sau uku a mako, da kuma kayan kwalliyar da ake amfani da shi.
Tsawon shekaru takwas, masu bincike basu gano alamun tsufa a cikin hydra dinsu ba. An kiyaye mace-mace a matakin daya a hydras 167 a kowace shekara, ba tare da la’akari da shekarunsu ba (“tsoffin” dabbobin da aka yi karatun su ne na kwazon hydras, wadanda suka kai kimanin shekaru 41 - kodayake ana nazarin mutane ne kawai na shekaru takwas, wasu sun tsufa a ilimin halittu saboda sun kasance kwayoyin halitta kwalaye).Hakanan, haihuwa ya kasance mai ƙarfi na 80% na hydras akan lokaci. Sauran 20% da suka rage sun yi ta jujjuyawa sama da kasa, mai yiwuwa saboda yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Don haka, yawan barazanar ruwa mai tsafta ba ta fuskantar barazana.
Ruwan ruwa mai kyauWani lokaci ana kiransa polyp na ruwa, ƙaramin halitta ne wanda yayi kama da jellyfish. Waɗannan ƙananan kwari suna da ikon kashewa da cin soyayyen kifi da ƙananan kifin manya. Hakanan suna haɓaka cikin sauri, suna samar da ƙwayoyi waɗanda suka girma cikin sabbin hydras waɗanda suka ɓace kuma suka ɓace da kansu.
Ranar bugawa: 19.12.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 09/10/2019 a 20:19
