Omul

Omul - kifin da ke cikin jinsunan kifin mai kama da farin kifi yana da suna a Latin - Coregonus autumnalis. Baikal omul mai mahimmanci nau'ikan jinsuna ne daban: Coregonus migratorius, ma'ana, "farin kifi mai ƙaura", an bayyana shi a kimiyance a 1775 ta IG Georgi.

Asalin jinsin da bayanin

Hotuna: Omul

Wani nau'in halittar arctic yana rayuwa a gefen tekun Arewacin Tekun. Wannan kifin kifi ne mai lalacewa kuma ya tashi don yawo tare da kogunan arewacin Alaska, Kanada da Rasha. A baya can, ana ɗaukar kifin Baikal a matsayin ƙasashe na Arctic kuma ana kiran sa Coregonus autumnalis migratorius. Bayan gudanar da binciken kwayar halitta, sai ya zamana cewa Baikal omul ya fi kusa da farin kifin da ake kama da shi, kuma an kebe shi azaman jinsin daban.

Dangane da waɗannan karatuttukan, tunanin da ake yi game da shigarwar Arctic omul daga kogunan tafkin Tekun Arctic a lokacin tsaka-tsakin al'adun, kimanin shekaru dubu ashirin da suka gabata, bai yi daidai ba. Wataƙila, Baikal omul ya fito ne daga siffofin kakannin da aka samo a cikin Oligocene da Miocene a cikin tafkunan ruwa da koguna.

Bidiyo: Omul

Coregonus autumnalis ko Ice Tomsk omul a Rasha ana samunsa a arewacin kogin. Mezen zuwa Chaunsky Bay, banda Ob Ob, ana samunsa a cikin Ob Bay da kuma cikin koguna makwabta, akwai a Penzhin.

Za'a iya raba hannun jarin kifi ta hanyar filaye zuwa:

• Pechora;
• Yenisei;
• Khatanga;
• Lena;
• indigir;
• Kolyma.

A gabar kankara ta Arewa. A Amurka, daga Cape Barrow da Kogin Colville zuwa Cornichen Bay, C. laurettae Bean, C. Alascanus, waɗanda aka haɗu kamar hadaddiyar C. autumnalis. Omul nau'ikan kifi ne da ke zaune a gabar tekun Ireland - Coregonus pollan Thompson.

Emarshen teku daga mafi zurfin tabki a duniya yana da nau'ikan eco-form waɗanda za a iya haɗa su cikin:

• bakin teku;
• rashin lafiya;
• zurfin zurfin ruwa.

Hakanan za'a iya raba Baikal omul zuwa cikin garken dabbobi da yawa bisa ga wurin da aka zubar da jini:

• chivyrkuiskoe (zurfin zurfin ruwa);
• Selenga (pelargic);
• ambasadanci (zurfin zurfin ruwa);
• severobaikalskoe (bakin teku)

A da can, jinsunan bakin teku na Barguzin suma sun yi fice, amma saboda yawan katako da aka sata a gefen Kogin Barguzin, an kusan kashe ta, duk da cewa wannan yawan na da yawa. A tsakiyar karnin da ya gabata, ta ba da cibiyoyin dubu 15 na kamun.

A yanzu an samar da garken jakadanci ba bisa ka'ida ba daga kwai da aka saka. Subsananan raƙuman da suka ci gaba ta hanyar halitta a cikin Tafkin Baikal za'a iya tattauna su game da Severobaikalsk, Chivyrkuisk da Selenga omul. Dukan jama'ar yanzu suna cikin halin damuwa.

A Mongolia, an fara ba da Baikal omul a shekarar 1956 a Tafkin Khubuzgul, inda yake rayuwa a yanzu kuma ya tashi daga koguna don yabanya. A wasu wuraren da aka yi ƙoƙarin kiwo irin wannan kifin, babu wani mai yawan haifuwa.

Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali

Hotuna: Menene omul yayi kama?

A cikin omul, kamar a cikin sauran mazaunan tsakiyar ruwa, bakin yana a ƙarshen kai, yana fuskantar kai tsaye, ma'ana, m, muƙamuƙi sun daidaita daidai kuma ƙananan bai wuce na sama ba, kai ƙarami ne.

Layin tsakiyar jiki yana gudana ta manyan idanu. Dogaro da jinsuna da mazaunin Arctic da Baikal omul:

• stamens daga 34 zuwa 55 guda;
• kwakwalwa 60-66 inji mai kwakwalwa;
• adadin sikeli akan layin da yake wucewa gefen shine kwakwalwa 800-100;
• pyloric (makafi) kayan ciki na hanji 133-217 guda;
• a launi, omul na iya samun launin ruwan kasa ko kore a sama, kuma bangarorin da ciki azurfa ne. Akwai tabo mai duhu akan dorsal fin da shugaban Baikal omul.

Matsakaicin girman babba 25-45 cm, tsayin zai iya kaiwa 63 cm, kuma nauyi yana da kilogram 1-3. Mazaunan Arctic tare da mai mai kyau suna rayuwa kusan shekaru 10, matsakaicin shekarun da aka sani shine shekaru 16. Akan kogi Lena omul na iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 20.

Nau'in Baikal yana da matsakaita girman 36-38 cm, zai iya kaiwa 55-60 cm. Tare da ƙananan girma, yana da nauyi daga 250 zuwa 1.5 kg, wani lokacin kilo 2. Kifayen da ke zaune a arewacin tafkin sun fi wakilan kudancin ƙanana. Jikinta yana da tsayi, yana da fasali mai sigar mai haɗuwa, wanda ke ƙaddara motsi a cikin ruwa tare da saurin gudu.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: An san cewa a baya akan Baikal an kama mutane masu nauyin kilogiram 7-10, amma ba a tabbatar da amincin waɗannan gaskiyar ba. Mafi yawan samfurin da aka yi rikodin daga yawancin Selenga sun auna kusan 5500 g, tare da tsayin 500 mm.

Baikal kifi:

• pelargic tare da kunkuntar caudal fin, suna da yawa-ganga, akwai 44-55 daga cikinsu;
• kifin bakin teku yana da doguwar kai, da kuma jiki mai tsayi; masu yin gill suna zama ƙasa da yawa kuma akwai kaɗan daga cikinsu - 40-48 inji mai kwakwalwa. An lasafta su a matsayin matsakaitan matsakaita;
• kusa da kasa-zurfin-ruwa - kananan mutane. Stamens ɗin su masu tsayi ne kuma masu wahala, kimanin kwastomomi 36-44. Shugaban yana tsawaita a kan babban jiki tare da babban ƙarancin caudal.

Ina omul yake rayuwa?

Hotuna: Omul a Rasha

Semi-anadromous arctic jinsunan suna fitowa daga rafuka biyu zuwa cikin rami kuma suna amfani da dukkanin yankin bakin tekun arewacin don ciyarwa. Shine mazaunin arewacin dukkanin kifaye masu fari, kuma yana rayuwa a cikin ruwa kusan 22% na ruwan gishiri, ana iya samun sa a cikin ƙarin ruwan gishiri. A lokacin bazara, zaku iya samun sa a cikin Tekun Kara da gefen ƙauyukan Tsibirin Novosibirsk.

Ana samun nau'in Baikal mai yawan gaske a cikin tabki da kuma cikin koguna masu gudana a cikinsa. A lokacin rani, yana zaune a tsakiya ko yadudduka na ƙasa. A lokacin bazara, jakadanci da na chivyrkuisky sun nitse zuwa zurfin zuwa 350 m, a lokacin hunturu har zuwa mita 500. A lokacin sanyi, Selenginsky da na Severobaikalsky ba sa zurfin zurfin 300.

A shafi na. Bolshaya Kultuchnaya, r. Abramikha, r. Bolshaya Rechka, wanda ke gudana a cikin Ambasada Sor, ya haifar da nau'in Ambasada. Bayan sun fantsama, kifin ya koma bakin ruwa. Selenga omul, wacce ake kira da yawa-rake, ta tashi da nisan kilomita ɗari sama da Selenga kuma ta shiga raƙuman ruwanta na Chikoy da Orkhon. Yankin tsakiyar rake omul yana zuwa ɓoye a cikin rafuka masu matsakaicin tsayi: a cikin Upper Angara, Kichera, Barguzin.

Ruwa mai yawa-ruwa mai tsayi ya tashi don zuriya a cikin ƙananan raƙuman ruwa kuma yana da hanyar haɓaka - har zuwa kilomita biyar, a kan ƙananan Chivyrkuy da Bezymyanka, har zuwa kilomita 30 a kan kogin Bolshoy Chivyrkuy da Bolshaya Rechka.

Yanzu kun san inda aka sami omul. Bari mu ga abin da wannan kifin yake ci.

Me omul yake ci?

Hotuna: Kifi omul

Babban menu na mazaunan Ice Tomsk ya ƙunshi crustaceans da soyayyen kifi, waɗannan sune amphipods, mysids, farin farin kifi, polar cod, mai ƙanshi. Rundunonin ruwa suna da kiba sosai, suna cike da ruwa da dukkanin kifin.

Mutanen Baikal na Pelargic a zurfin mita 300-450 sun sami wadataccen abincin kansu, wanda ya ƙunshi zooplankton, ƙananan kifi da yara. Wani ɓangare na menu shine benthos, ma'ana, ƙwayoyin halittu daban-daban waɗanda ke rayuwa a saman ƙasan karkashin ruwa da kuma cikin matakansa na sama. Babban abincin abincin shine Baikal Epishura. Plankton, wanda aka haɗu da waɗannan ƙananan matsalolin gwagwarmaya, yana wakiltar kusan kashi 90% na ƙarancin ruwa na tafkin

Babban mutum ya fi son wani mashahurin mazaunin ruwan Baikal - Branitsky macrohectopus. Mutanen yankin suna kiran wannan wakilin na Gammarids Yur. Shine kawai sanannen amphipod crustacean a cikin pelargia mai ɗanɗano.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Don girma yara masu nauyin kilo 1, kuna buƙatar kilo 10 na Epishuravablepods. Ana buƙatar adadin daidai don girma 1 kilogiram na macrohectopus, wanda aka ciyar da shi ga babban omul.

Idan adadin epishura a cikin ruwa bai wuce dubu 30 a cikin 1 m3 ba, to omul gaba daya ya koma cin amphipods, kuma soya ya ci gaba da ciyar dasu. Akwai sauran ƙari na Baikal - golomyanka. Yaran wannan kifin mai haske, wanda ya kunshi mai, zasu je su cika abincin omul tare da rashin jituwa. Gabaɗaya, menu na Baikal omul ya haɗa da nau'ikan kifaye 45 da ƙananan dabbobi.

Ya danganta da yanayi, abincin na iya bambanta:

• a lokacin rani - epischura, kifin yara (gobies, Arctic cod, slingshot);
• a cikin kaka - golomyanka, goby mai fuka-fukai, amphipods;
• a cikin hunturu - amphipods, golomyanka;
• a cikin bazara - amphipods, gobies matasa;
• A kan ƙananan yara na goby yellowfly, wani nau'in jinsin, omul yana ciyarwa a watanni 9 na shekara.

Goby da kansa yana haifar da sau uku a shekara: a cikin Maris, Mayu da Agusta, kuma yana rayuwa a ko'ina cikin Kogin Baikal, wanda ke ba da omul ingantaccen tushen abinci.

Manyan menu na siffofin bakin teku, wanda suke yin bazara da kaka a cikin ruwa mara zurfi, ya kunshi:

• macrohectopus 33%;
• pebigic gobies 27%;
• zooplankton 23%;
• wasu abubuwa 17%.

A cikin mutanen da ke kusa da zurfin-zurfin-teku da ke rayuwa a zurfin mita 350, halayyar abinci mai gina jiki yana da halin:

• macrohectopus 52%;
• ƙananan kifi 25%;
• gammarids na ƙasa 13%;
• zooplankton 9%.

Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa

Hotuna: Baikal omul

Omul ya rayu na dogon lokaci kuma yana ba da zuriya sau da yawa, kodayake wakilan Tekun Ice Tomsk galibi suna ɓatar da haihuwa kuma suna iya haifar da ɗiya sau 2-3 kawai. Mafi yawan mutanen Baikal omul a yankin kudancin Baikal na yankin Selenga ne, yayin da ya tashi haikan tare da wannan kogin da kuma wasu makwabta na kogin. Bayan ciyarwar bazara, daga Selenginskoe ƙaramin ruwa daga ƙarshen Agusta zuwa ƙarshen Nuwamba ya tashi don haɓaka, a yanayin zafin ruwa na 9-14 °. Garken na iya kaiwa kawuna miliyan 1.5 - 7, kuma yawan kwan da aka kafa ya kai biliyan 25-30.

Don lokacin sanyi, omul zai shiga cikin zurfin, gwargwadon jinsin, zuwa cikin Tekun Maloye, Verkhne-Angarskoye, Selenginskoye mara zurfin ruwa, Chevyrkuisky da Barguzinsky bays (har zuwa 300 m), jakadan jakadanci a cikin ruwan Selenginsky (200-350 m).

A lokacin bazara kifin ya motsa zuwa gaɓar teku. Tana yin ƙaura duk shekara don neman abinci. Lokacin da ruwan da ke kusa da gabar ya ɗumi ya tashi sama da 18 °, adadin epishura yana raguwa, omul ya shiga cikin tabkin da ke buɗe, inda tsarin yanayin zafin jiki bai tashi sama da 15 ° ba. A wannan lokacin, anan ne yaduwar ɗimbin ɗumbin yawa da haɓakar nau'in pelargic ke gudana.

Arewa Baikal omul ya kai ga balaga a shekara ta huɗu, Selenginsky, Barguzinsky, Chivyrkuisky - a cikin na biyar, da jakadanci - a cikin na bakwai. A wannan zamanin, mutane suna haɗuwa da makarantar haɓaka. A lokacin da ake juyawa, kifin baya cin abinci, kuma bayan ya fara ciyarwa sosai (masunta suna kiran wannan zhor), suna kitse mai.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Omul na iya ba da zuriya har zuwa shekaru 15, amma, tun da ya rasa wannan ikon, ya ci gaba da bin garken garken.

Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa

Hotuna: Arctic omul

Omul tana kiwo kowace shekara tare da farkon balagar jima'i. Kifin kaka da ke taɓarɓarewar ruwa ya wuce gefen koguna (ban da nau'ikan ruwa mai zurfin gaske) har zuwa kilomita dubu, yana ratsa zurfin ruwa da bakin ruwa.

Saurin ragowa yana faruwa a wurare masu saurin gudu (saurin zuwa 1.4 m / s), amma ba a cikin ainihin halin yanzu ba, inda akwai ƙanƙara ko ƙasan dutse. Tsarin haihuwar yana faruwa cikin duhu. Qwai, girman 2 mm, launi ne mai ruwan lemu. Yawan ƙwai a cikin samari mata 5-15 dubu, a cikin manya - 20-30 dubu. Attachedasan roe yana haɗe zuwa saman ƙasa. Ci gaban amfrayo a zazzabin 0-2 ° yana ɗaukar kwanaki 200.

Ofishin jakadanci ya shiga koguna sau biyu. Haɗin haɗin farko yana cikin Satumba a zazzabi na 10-13 ° kuma a cikin Oktoba a 3-4 °. Daga ƙarshen watan Afrilu zuwa farkon watan Mayu, ƙyanƙyashe ƙyanƙyashe 10-12 mm a girma da nauyinsa 6 MG. Zafin ruwan a wannan lokacin daga 0 ° zuwa 6 °. Bayan yayi dumu-dumu har zuwa 11 ° zuwa sama a gabar tafkin Baikal, sai a sake haifar tsutsar cikin soya ta bazu a tafkin.

Ana ɗaukar soya ta ruwan kogunan cikin Ambasada Sor. Kimanin wata daya, suna cin plankton, suna motsawa har zuwa 5 mm. Abincin ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi 15 na nau'ikan invertebrate 55. A mataki na ƙarshe na ci gaba, soyayyen yana da tsawo 31 -35.5 mm. A shekara ta biyar ta rayuwa, omul ya fara girma, ya kai tsawon 27 cm kuma nauyin 0.5 kg.

A watan Oktoba - Disamba, kafin daskarewa, jama'ar Baikal na Arewa da na Selenga sun tashi haikan. An shimfiɗa Caviar a cikin wata ɗaya a yanayin zafin ruwa na 0 - 4 °. Tare da raguwar zafin jiki a farkon embryogenesis, ci gaba yana haɓaka kuma aikin zai iya zama har zuwa kwanaki 180.

Girman kifin da ke zuwa ɓoye a karon farko ya bambanta da yawan jama'a:

• Selenginskaya - 33-35 cm 32.9-34.9 cm, 350-390 g;
• chivyrkuiskaya - 32-33 cm, 395 g;
• Severobaikalskaya - 28 cm, 265 -285 g;
• jakadanci - 34.5 - 35 cm, 560 - 470

Adadin hannayen jarin da ke zuwa don yaduwar ya kuma dogara da shekara da yawan jama'a, kawunansu miliyan 7.5 - 12 ne kawai, gami da har zuwa miliyan 1.2 da ke gefen Verkhnyaya Angara da Kichera, har zuwa kan miliyan 3 a Selenga. Selenga omul ya ba da mafi yawan adadin caviar - har zuwa biliyan 30, Severobaikal - har zuwa biliyan 13, jakadanci - har zuwa biliyan 1.5, Chivyrkuisky - har zuwa biliyan 1.5. Qwai suna rayuwa da kashi 5-10% kafin tsutsar ta fito. Bayan ƙarshen haɓakar amfrayo, har zuwa kashi 30% na tsutsa ta koma cikin tafkin.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Daga cikin qwai dari da aka samu yayin da ake kwanciya da su a kifin Posolsk, kifi daya ne ya isa balaga. A karkashin yanayin yanayi, daga cikin kwai 10,000 da aka sanya a cikin koguna masu tsabta a karkashin kyakkyawan yanayi, kwai 6 sun rayu har zuwa girma.

Abokan gaba na omul

Hotuna: Menene omul yayi kama?

Ofaya daga cikin makiya omul ana iya ɗaukar sa hatimin Baikal, kodayake babban abin menu shine golomyanka, ba ta damu da cin omul ba. Masunta sunyi zunubi akan Baikal pinniped, kodayake hatimin yana son komai, yana da wuya a kamashi a cikin ruwa mai tsabta. Sabili da haka, hatimin ya fi son hawa cikin raga, inda akwai kifayen da yawa.

Wani abokin gaba shine Baikal cormorants. Wadannan tsuntsayen suna cin abincin kifi. Yanzu, saboda ayyukan kiyaye dabi'a, adadin wadannan tsuntsayen ya karu, amma har yanzu ba za su iya shafar yawan kifayen sosai ba. Suna iya kamawa da beyar, kodayake yana kauce wa ƙananan wurare, ɓarkewar dutse, inda ƙwallon ƙafa yakan fi kama kifi, amma idan akwai babbar makaranta, to wani abu ya faɗo cikin ƙafafun beyar. An yi nasarar farautar omul ta hanyar otter.

An gabatar da haɗari ga haifuwa na omul ta hanyar ƙaddamar da aikin sulhu don samar da kasuwanci. Da fari dai, wannan kifin, kamar omul, yana ciyar da plankton, wanda ke nufin zai yi gasa don samar da abinci. Abu na biyu, idan aka kama peled, za a sha omul, wanda zai haifar da raguwar yawanta.

Babban makiyin omul shine mutum da ayyukansa. Wannan kifin ya kasance abu ne na kamun kifi, amma a karshen shekarun 60 na karnin da ya gabata, an lura cewa adadin kifaye masu daraja sun fadi kasa warwas, a shekarar 1969 an gabatar da haramcin kamun kifin. An dage takunkumin bayan shekara goma. Tun daga 1 ga Oktoba, 2017, an sake hana shi farauta, tunda asalinsa ya ragu sosai a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata kuma kusan tan dubu 20 ne.

A cikin Chivyrkuisky da Barguzinsky bays, akwai manyan lokutan kamun kifi guda biyu, lokacin da omul ya shiga cikin ruwa mara zurfi: lokacin fara dusar kankara da kuma kafin shekaru goma na farko na watan Yuli, na biyu, lokacin da aka kama omul a cikin zurfin (har zuwa mita 200) tare da raga, bayan daskarewa. A wannan lokacin, farauta ta zama ruwan dare musamman. Har zuwa shekarun 90 na karnin da ya gabata, ba a yi amfani da raga mai zurfin ciki ba, wanda ke kamawa daga zurfin da zurfin zurfinsa, kuma kifin ya koma baya zuwa ramuka na hunturu a cikin girma mai yawa.

Tsawon lokaci katako na katako ya haifar da lalacewar omul da duk yanayin halittar Lake Baikal. Haka kuma sare dazuzzuka da gurɓatar muhalli suma sunyi mummunan tasiri ga yawan mutane. Tun daga 1966, matattarar litattafai da takarda suna aiki a bakin tafkin Baikal, wanda aka rufe shi kawai a cikin 2013. Irin wannan shuka yana aiki a Selenga.

Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin

Hotuna: Omul

Yawan mutane a tafkin Baikal ya kasance cikin halin damuwa cikin shekaru goma sha biyar da suka gabata. Alamar ilmin halitta masu alaƙa da haɓakar girma, abubuwan mai, ƙiba, yawan haihuwa sun ragu. Wannan wani bangare ne saboda raguwar filayen yaduwar goby yellowfly, daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin abinci na omul.

Masanin Ichthyologist Tyunin ya ba da shawarar cewa aikin omul yana tasiri ne daga aikin hasken rana, canjin yanayi a cikin yanayi, tsarin zazzabi na ruwan tafki. Wannan sake zagayowar koma bayan tattalin arziki yana da lokaci na shekaru 40-50. Taɓarɓarewar tattalin arziki na ƙarshe ya kasance a cikin shekaru 70 na karnin da ya gabata, lokaci na gaba ya faɗi ne a farkon shekarun 20 na wannan karnin.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: An kama mafi girma kama a cikin 40s na karni na karshe. Sannan an kama har zuwa tan 60,000 - 80,000 a shekara.

Haɗin da aka samu ya ragu daga raka'a miliyan biyar zuwa miliyan a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Wannan ya sami sauƙin mafi yawa ta ci gaban yawon buɗe ido da gina sansanoni a bakin tafkin, wanda ya haifar da raguwar yawan gobies kuma, sakamakon haka, omul. Don ƙara yawan jama'a, ana amfani da matakan ba kawai don hana kamun kifi da yaƙi da ɓarnar ɓarna ba. Haramcin kamawa omul zai ci gaba har zuwa 2021. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, za a ci gaba da sa ido, kuma bisa ga sakamakonsa, za a yanke shawarar ci gaba ko janye shi.

Yanzu omul shima ana sake shi ta hanyar abu. Fiye da masana'antun dubu 500 suna cikin wannan, kuma raka'a miliyan 770. tsutsa. A cikin 2019, an saki nau'ikan larvae 410 a shuke-shuke Bolsherechensky, Selenginsky, Barguzinsky, wanda ya ninka sau 4 fiye da na 2018 da kuma sau 8 fiye da na shekaru biyu da suka gabata. Don adana yawan jama'a, ana amfani da ingantacciyar hanyar tattara caviar, wanda ke ba kifin damar komawa da rai ga yanayin muhallinsu. A cikin 2019, an tsara shi don haɓaka sikelin kamun kifi da kashi 30% don sakin ƙirar tsutsa sama da miliyan 650 a shekara mai zuwa.

Don kara yawan kamun kifi, ya zama dole a kula da tsaftar kogunan da suke ta haihuwa, tare da tsarkake su daga itaciyar busasshiyar itace. Zamani na kyankyasar kifi zai kara yawan tsutsa da ake fitarwa, kuma ya zama dole a fara kiwon fatar a can har sai sun yi aiki. Rage yawan sare dazuzzuka, kula da tsarin halittun ruwa a tafkin Baikal da rafuka, amfani da ƙasa mai ma'ana ba tare da zaizawar ƙasa ba zai kiyaye yanayin ƙasa kuma zai shafi karuwar kifin omul.

Ranar bugawa: Oktoba 27, 2019

Ranar da aka sabunta: 01.09.2019 a 21:14