Leech nasa ne na wani karamin rukuni na annelids wanda yake na rukunin tsutsotsi masu ɗamara. Akasin sanannen sananniyar dabara, leech ba lallai bane mai jini da jini wanda za a iya amfani da shi don dalilai na kiwon lafiya. Wannan karancin likitanci ne kawai, kuma akwai sauran ire-iren su. Koyaya, yawancin wakilan wannan karamin rukuni suna rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai tsabta tare da jinkirin gudana ko, gaba ɗaya, tare da tsayayyen ruwa. Kadan daga cikin jinsunan ledojin da suka iya kwarewar halittu da halittun ruwa. Zuwa yau, kimiyya ta san kusan nau'ikan 500 na leda. Daga cikin waɗannan, ana samun nau'ikan 62 a yankin Tarayyar Rasha.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Leech
Kalmar Rashanci "leech" ta fito ne daga Proto-Slavic kuma a zahiri tana nufin "sha", wanda ya dace da gaskiya da kuma yiwuwar, saboda wannan tsutsa tana ci gaba da sha. Ko kuma yana cikin yanayin da ke kusa da rayayyen motsi - lokacin da ya cika da jini - a zahiri, idan ba muna magana ne game da waɗancan jinsunan da suka fi son haɗuwa da ƙananan dabbobin gaba ɗaya ba. Tsawon jiki iri daban-daban na ledoji ya banbanta daga mm da yawa zuwa goma na cm. Babban nau'in lebur a Latin ana kiransa Haementeria ghilianii (tsayin jikin wannan lewan ya kai cm 45). Ta na zaune ne a yankin da ke yankin Kudancin Amurka.
Gaba da baya na jikin wadannan tsutsotsi an sanye su da kofunan tsotsa. An kirkiro tsotsa gaban ne ta hanyar rarrabuwa zuwa bangarori 4-5, na baya - 7. A kan haka, ya fi ƙarfi sosai. Dubura tana saman tsotse-tsotse. A cikin ramin jiki, parenchyma ta cika sarari. Ya ƙunshi tubules - lacunae, ragowar abin da ake kira ramin jiki na biyu. Tsarin jini yana raguwa galibi, an ba da gudummawar sa zuwa lacunar tsarin coelomic tubules.
Bidiyo: Leech
Fata ita ce ke yanke fata, ba ta da parapodia kuma, gabaɗaya, na kowane irin ƙyallen fata. Tsarin juyayi kusan ɗaya yake da na ƙananan ƙananan tsutsotsi. A ƙasan tsotsewar gaba bakin ne ta hanyar buɗe bakin ta cikin bakin. A cikin ɓarkewar kututtukan proboscis, pharynx na iya motsawa waje.
A cikin leken muƙamuƙi, muƙamuƙu 3 masu haɗari masu haɗari sun kewaye ramin baka - tare da taimakonsu, tsutsa ta yanke cikin fata. Numfashi a cikin mafi yawan nau'ikan halittar leken yana faruwa ne ta hanyar abubuwan da ke jikin mutum, amma, wasu nau'ikan suna da gill. Exretion yana faruwa ta hanyar metanephridia. Tsarin jini yana wakilta sashi da gaske, wani kuma ta tasoshin rami, wadanda basa iya bugawa. An kira su sinuses kuma suna wakiltar ragowar coelom.
Jinin a cikin ledojin proboscis ba shi da launi, kuma a cikin ledojin muƙamuƙi ja ne, wanda aka bayyana ta kasancewar haemoglobin da ke narkewa a cikin ruwan lemo. Kawai tsintsaye daga jinsi Branchellion ne ke da cikakken tsarin numfashi - gabobin numfashi a cikin suraruwa ne masu kama-da-ganye wadanda suke gefen sassan jiki.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Yaya leech yayi kama
Jikin yana da tsayi tsayi ko ma siffar siffar sifa ce, an dan daidaita shi a dorsal-ciki. Akwai rarrabuwa fili a cikin kananan zobba, tare da kowane sashe na zobba 3-5 daidai da sashi na 1 na jiki. Fatar na dauke da gland da yawa wadanda ke fitar da hancin. A gaban akwai nau'ikan ido guda 1-5, waɗanda suke ɗaure ɗaya ko ɗaya bayan ɗaya (wani na iya cewa - biyu-biyu). Ana samo foda a gefen gefen jiki, kusa da kofin tsotsa na baya.
Tsarin mai juyayi yana wakiltar ƙungiya biyu mai haɗaka (ganglion) da kuma ainihin analogue na kwakwalwar da ke haɗe da ita ta hanyar gajerun kayan aiki na ƙananan ƙungiyoyi (sun samo asali ne daga ɗumbin sassan haɗin sarkar ciki). Hakanan, a cikin sharuɗɗan aiki, sashin ciki kanta yana haɗuwa da su, wanda ke cikin sinus na cikin ciki.
Sarkar ciki tana da nodes 32. Kullin kai yana da alhakin shigar da masu karba, da kuma gabobin azanci da pharynx, da kuma nau'ikan jijiyoyi 2 reshe daga kowane ganglion na sarkar ciki. Su, bi da bi, suna haɗa sassan jiki daidai. Jijiyar tsawon lokaci tana da alhakin sadarwar ƙananan bangon hanji. Yana bada rassa ga makafin buhunan hanji.
Tsarin tsarin narkewar abinci na dā ya dogara da yanayin cin abincin tsutsa. Misali, ana iya wakiltar farkon sashin hanji a cikin ledoji ta bakin (tare da faranti guda uku masu haɗari) - a cikin leɓon muƙamuƙi, ko na proboscis, wanda ke da ƙarfin fitowa (a cikin leɓo na proboscis).
Halin yau da kullun na dukkan leɓe shine kasancewar a cikin ramin baka na gland na yawan jijiyoyin da ke ɓoye abubuwa daban-daban, haɗe. kuma mai guba. Bayan pharynx, wanda ke aiki a matsayin famfo yayin tsotsa, akwai ciki mai matukar saurin kaucewa tare da jakunkuna masu yawa (za a iya samun nau'i-nau'i 11), tare da na baya sune mafi tsawo. Hindgut gajere ne kuma siriri.
Ina leech din yake rayuwa?
Hotuna: Leech a Rasha
Duk leeches (ba tare da togiya) masu farauta ne. Su, galibi, suna cin jini. Sun fi dacewa kan dabbobi masu jini-jini ko yatsu, amma galibi suna cin sauran tsutsotsi duka. Leeches (yawanci) mazaunan sabbin ruwa ne, amma, akwai kuma nau'ikan siffofin ƙasa waɗanda ke rayuwa a cikin ciyawa mai laima (ma'ana, nau'in tsirrai na ƙasa). Yawancin jinsuna siffofin ruwa ne (Pontobdella).
Mafi shahararren leken magani - Hirudo medicisis. Tsutsa na iya yin girma har zuwa 10 cm tsawo kuma 2 cm fadi. Yawanci launin baƙi-launin ruwan kasa ne ko launin baƙi-koren launi; akwai tsararren tsari mai tsayi a baya tare da jan launi. Ciki mai launin ruwan toka mai launin toka, tare da idanuwa guda 5 da suke kan zobba na 3, 5 da na 8 da kuma muƙamuƙan jaws masu ƙarfi. Game da mazaunin, leken magani shine, akasari, sananne ne a gulbin kudancin Turai, Rasha da Caucasus.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Aesculapian na Mexico suna amfani da wata leda - Haementaria officinalis. Yana da irin wannan, har ma da ɗan tasirin tasirinsa a jikin mutum.
Daga cikin ledoji, akwai kuma nau'ikan dafi, cizon sa babban hadari ne ga rayuwar dan adam da lafiyar sa. Misali - N. mexicana, yana zaune a Amurka ta Tsakiya. Wato, ba kamar likitancin likitanci ba, shi, ban da hirudin, yana sanya abubuwa masu guba cikin jikin dabbar da aka makala ta. Wannan yana ba ta dama a nan gaba ba kawai don jin daɗin ɗanɗano jininsa ba, har ma don kimanta ingancin naman. Wannan leken shine mai farauta wanda baya shakkar wadata kansa da abinci ta wannan hanyar.
A cikin yankuna masu zafi na Asiya, a cikin dazuzzuka masu dausayi da ciyawa, wani, ba ƙaramin haɗari mai haɗari ba ne - Hirudo ceylonica da ire-irenta masu alaƙa da juna, wanda ke haifar da zafi yayin cizon. Zuban jinin da ta tsokane zai yi wuya a daina. Sabili da haka, ba a amfani dashi don dalilai na magani. Caucasus da Crimea suna da nasu, na yau da kullun irin na leɓe. Misali, Nephelis vulgaris ƙaramin tsutsa ne mai sirara da sirara jiki. Launi launin toka ne, wani lokaci akwai launin ruwan kasa a bayanta. Wakili na biyu shine Clepsine tessel ata, wata yar Tatar, wani fasali na daban wanda yake mai fadi da jiki.
Har ila yau, sanannen abu ne saboda Tatar ɗin suna amfani da shi a cikin maganin gargajiya, kodayake masu gudanar da aikin likita ba su amince da amfani da irin wannan leƙen ba. Amma a gindin laka Caspian da Azov, leken teku, Archaeobdella Esmonti, yana zaune. Wannan tsutsa tana da launin ruwan hoda kuma ba ta da tsotsa a bayanta. Ana samun santsin arewacin, Acanthobdella peledina a cikin tafkin Tafkin Onega.
Yanzu kun san inda ake samun leen. Bari muga abin da wannan dabbar take ci.
Menene leech ke ci?
Photo: Leech a cikin yanayi
Babban abin da menu na leech din yake shine jinin kashin baya, da mollusks da sauran tsutsotsi. Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, a tsakanin kananan halittu na ledoji, akwai wasu nau'ikan halittun da basa cin jinin jinin dabbobi, sai dai su hadiye kayan abincin gaba daya (galibi suna gudanar da hakan da matsakaicin abinci - ba zai yi wahala ba ko da karamar karama ta hadiye tsutsan sauro ko na tsuntsu) ...
Baya ga waɗanda aka lissafa a sama, akwai kuma nau'ikan leƙoki waɗanda ke wadatar da sauran abinci. A madadin haka, wasu nau'ikan wadannan dabbobin "tare da cin abinci" suna cinye jinin amphibians har ma da tsire-tsire.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Abubuwan da ke tattare da sinadarai na leeches sun kafa tushen amfani da magani. Tun tsakiyar zamanai, ana amfani da hirudotherapy ko'ina - magani tare da leɓe. Hanyar aikin warkewa ta wannan fasaha ana iya bayyana ta gaskiyar cewa tsutsar tsotse tana haifar da zub da jini na cikin gida, da kawar da cunkoso da kuma inganta samar da jini ga wannan sashin jikin.
Kari akan haka, tare da cizon leda, abubuwan da ke da maganin sa maye da kuma maganin kumburi sun shiga cikin jini. Dangane da haka, microcirculation na jini yana inganta, yiwuwar thrombosis yana raguwa, kuma edema ya ɓace. A cikin layi daya tare da wannan, ana ɗaukar tasirin reflexogenic akan tsarin juyawar gefe. Kuma duk wannan ana iya samunsa albarkacin jarabar cincin cin jini!
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Leech cikin ruwa
Mutum ba zai iya ba sai mai da hankali ga abubuwan da ƙirar ke motsawa. A kowane karshen jikin ledo akwai kofunan tsotsa, ta yadda za'a iya manna su da abubuwan dake karkashin ruwa. Ana yin juyewa da gyara na gaba tare da ƙarshen gaba. Lelen yana motsawa ta lanƙwasa cikin baka. A cikin layi daya da wannan, ba zai zama da wahala ba leech ya motsa a cikin rukunin ruwa - tsutsotsi masu shan jini suna iya iyo da sauri, suna lankwasa jikinsu cikin raƙuman ruwa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: La'akari da irin yanayin rayuwar ledo, a aikin likitanci, kafin a sanya shi ga mara lafiya, ana binciken ledoji tare da ba shi magunguna na musamman - wannan na rage yiwuwar mutum ya kamu da cututtuka. Nan da nan bayan an yi amfani da shi, dole ne a cire kututturen da "ya ɓata" ta hanyar ɗora tambarin tare da barasa zuwa ƙarshenta. Sabanin sanannen sanannen ra'ayi, kawar da ƙwanƙolin da ba a so ba zai yi wahala ba - zai isa a ƙara ɗan gishiri a cikin kofin tsotsa, wanda zai gyara shi a kan fata.
Hakanan, kada mu manta cewa leɓe, aiwatar da hari kan mutum, suna haifar da wata cuta da ake kira hirudinosis. Mafi yawancin lokuta, ledoji suna barin abincinsu a daidai lokacin saduwa, lokacin da tsutsotsi ya riga ya fara fahimtar cikar sa, wanda baya buƙatar sa kuma. Hanyar shan jini na iya ɗaukar ta daga minti 40 zuwa awanni 3-4.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Leech
Duk leeches, ba tare da togiya ba, sune hermaphrodites. A lokaci guda, mutane 2 suna shiga cikin aikin yin kwaro, ɓoye iri. Kafin kwanciya da kwai, wata kwayar halitta ta musamman da ke hada kwayar tsutsa (ana kiranta da daddare) tana raba kunkurin gamsai, wanda ya kunshi furotin albumin.
Ana cikin sauke digo daga jiki, kwai ya riga ya hadu (abin da ake kira zygotes) ya shiga rafta daga budewar al'aurar mata. Bayan haka, bututun mucous yana rufewa ya kuma samar da harsashi wanda zai iya kare amfrayo da sabbin tsutsotsi da aka haifa.
Bugu da kari, albumin tushen abinci ne mai dogaro a gare su. Gabobin al'aura maza suna wakiltar kwayar halittar al'aura, wadanda suka kasance nau'i-nau'i a cikin 6-12 sassan tsakiya na jiki kuma an haɗa su ta bututun ɓarna a kowane ɓangaren jiki.
A lokacin kiwo, kusan babu canje-canje da ke faruwa tare da leɓe. Sun riƙe launinsu da girmansu, basa ƙaura kuma basuyi wani abu da zai sa kuyi tunani game da rayuwar makiyaya da buƙatar motsawa don samun zuriya.
Halittan makiya na leeches
Photo: Yaya leech yayi kama
Anyi la'akari da cewa shine manyan abokan gaba na likitancin kifaye masu cin nama da desman da aka lissafa a cikin Littafin Ja, amma wannan imanin yana da sabani sosai. A zahiri, yanzu maƙiyan ƙasa mafi haɗari ga leɓe ba kifi bane, ba tsuntsaye ba, har ma fiye da haka, ba desman ba, waɗanda suke murna da cin abincin tsutsotsi masu shan jini, amma saboda ƙarancin yawansu, ba sa ma iya kawo musu barazana. Don haka, da farko dai, leshi yana bukatar yin hattara da katantanwa. Su ne waɗanda ke halakar da ɓarna waɗanda ba a haife su ba, don haka suna rage yawan su.
Haka ne, kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa wadanda ke rayuwa a gabar kogunan tare da tafiyar hawainiya da kuma tabkuna masu farautar fararen halittun ruwa, gami da leke. Da ɗan sau da yawa, tsutsotsi masu shan jini su zama abincin tsuntsaye. Amma kwari da ke cikin ruwa da tsutsarsu sukan ci abinci sau da kafa. Tsutsa na mazari da kwaro, wanda ake kira kunama ruwa, galibi suna kai hari ga ledoji, yara da manya, baligi.
A sakamakon haka, sakamakon tarin wadannan duk mazaunan tafkunan ruwa mai kyau yana haifar da raguwar hanzari a yawan likitancin likitanci, wanda ake amfani da shi koda a tsarin zamani na kula da cututtuka da yawa. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa mutane suka fara kiwo da shi ta hanyar kere-kere. Koyaya, wannan hanyar ba ta magance matsalar 100% ba - kwari da katantanwa suma suna farawa ne a cikin tafkunan ruwa na wucin gadi, waɗanda ke lalata laulaye a ɗabi'a, ba tare da kulawa da mahimmancinsu ga mutane ba.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Dabbar dabba
Akwai ra'ayin cewa adana yawan jinsunan likitancin likitanci ana tabbatar da shi ne ta hanyar amfani da wucin gadi kawai - saboda gaskiyar cewa mutane suna tallafawa lambobinsa, suna nomawa a tafkunan asalin mutum. Babban mahimman abubuwan da ke iyakancewa sun kasance canji a cikin halaye na halittun ruwa da na halittun ruwa saboda ayyukan ɗan adam.
Amma duk da duk matakan da aka ɗauka, an sake dawo da yawan likitancin bayan an fara nome shi a yanayin wucin gadi. Kafin wannan, babban abin da ke iyakance shi ne kamawar wadannan tsutsotsi da mutane ke yi - an mika ledojin ga ma'aikatun lafiya domin samun fa'idodin abin duniya.
Matsayin jinsin shine rukuni na 3 1. Wato, leech na magani nau'ikan nau'in sa ne. Matsayi a cikin Tarayyar Rasha. Yana ƙarƙashin kariya a cikin yankunan Belgorod, Volgograd, Saratov. Matsayin duniya. An jera nau'ikan a cikin IUCN Red List. Musamman - 2 Rataye II zuwa CITES, jerin ja na ƙasashen Turai. Rarraba leken magani - wanda aka samo a Kudu. Turai, a kudu da Tashar Rasha, haka kuma a cikin Caucasus da ƙasashen Asiya ta Tsakiya. A cikin yankin Voronezh, galibi kuna iya ganin kututturen likita a cikin magudanan gundumomin Novousmansky da Kashirsky.
Jinsi daya ne na dukkanin tsintsaye wadanda yawan su, gwargwadon tsarin zamani, yana cikin jinsin "cikin mawuyacin hali" yana cikin hatsari. Game da kariyar leda, wani tsari na matakai ya dace ne kawai da larurar likitoci, kuma domin kiyaye yawan jama'a, masu samar da wadannan tsutsotsi sun yanke shawarar hayayyafa tsutsotsi masu shan jini a yanayin wucin gadi.
Leech, a matsayin karamin rukuni, ya hada da tsutsotsi masu yawa, amma ba duka suke cin jinin mutane da na dabbobi ba. Yawancin leda da yawa suna haɗiye abincinsu gaba ɗaya, kuma ba sa lalata shanu da sauran dabbobin da ba su da sa'a don shiga tafkin ruwa mai ɗanɗano da ledoji ke zaune. Kuma wannan duk da cewa babu shuke-shuke a tsakanin su.
Ranar bugawa: 02.10.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 03.10.2019 a 14:48
