Kwancen sauro sananne ga mutane da yawa tun suna yara. Bayyanar yanayin firgita galibi ana ɗaukarta kamar bayyanar "sauro cizon sauro" kuma yana haifar da tsoro ga da yawa. Kodayake kwari kwata-kwata basu da cutarwa wadanda basa cizo ko ciwuka. Wadannan kwari suna kama da wani karin girma na shahararren sauro. Kowa ya tsorata da wani babban sauro mai doguwar kafa, rataye daga rufi ko yawo a cikin ɗakin, amma wannan halittar ba ta da wata illa ga mutane.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hoto: Sauro mai jego
Mutane sun san sauro mai dogon kafa daga alli da manyan wuraren ajiyar amber. Shaida mafi tsufa ita ce ambar Lebanon (Cananan Cretaceous, kimanin shekaru miliyan 130), ana samo ƙarami mafi ƙanƙanci a cikin amber Dominican, inda aka samo shi daga Miocene (zamanin Neogene) daga shekaru miliyan 15 zuwa 40. An samo wakilan fiye da jinsi 30 a cikin amber Baltic, wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu suna nan.
Bidiyo: Sauro na ɗari bisa ɗari
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Tipulidae yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan rukunin sauro, gami da fiye da 526 na jinsi da subgenera. Masanin sauro mai suna Charles Alexander, masanin sauro ne ya bayyana yawancin sauro game da sauro a cikin littattafan kimiyya sama da 1,000.
Matsayin yanayin halittar sauro na Tipulidae ya kasance ba a sani ba. Maganar gargajiya ita ce cewa su farkon reshe ne na Diptera - mai yuwuwa da sauro na hunturu (Trichoceridae), ƙungiyar da ke da alaƙa da duk sauran Diptera - masu bada kai ga nau'ikan zamani. La'akari da bayanan nazarin kwayoyin, yana yiwuwa a kwatanta haruffan da aka samu na tsutsa, kwatankwacin na kwari "mafi girma" na kwari.
Pediciidae da Tipulidae ƙungiyoyi ne masu alaƙa, limoniids kalmomi ne masu ƙarancin aiki, kuma Cylindrotominae kamar alama ce ƙungiya mai talla, wacce ta fi kyau a cikin Tertiary. Sauro na Tipulidae na iya samo asali ne daga magabata a cikin Upper Jurassic. An samo tsofaffin samfuran sauro masu dogon kafa a cikin manyan duwatsu na Upper Jurassic. Kari akan haka, an sami dangin a cikin Cretaceous na Brazil da Spain, sannan daga baya a cikin yankin Khabarovsk. Hakanan, ana iya samun ragowar jinsunan kwari a cikin manyan duwatsun Eocene da ke kusa da Verona.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Yaya sauro mai kwari yake kama?
Sauro mai dogon-kafa (Tipulidae) kwari ne na dangin Diptera, masu dogon ruwa-biyu. Suna wakiltar mafi yawan sauro kuma sun kai tsawon jiki kusan 40 mm da fikafikan sama da 50 mm. Duk da girmansu, sauro kankara yana da siririyar jiki da kunkuntar fuka-fuki.
Launi na waje yawanci yakan kasance daga launin toka zuwa launin ruwan kasa, a wasu jinsi yana iya zama rawaya har ma da baƙar fata-rawaya ko baƙi-ja. Fikafikan fika yawanci baƙar fata ne, kuma a cikin wurin hutawa an mai da su baya. Kamar yadda yake tare da dukkan fukafukai biyu, masu rufin baya sun zama juzui masu juyawa (masu riƙewa). A cikin wasu nau'ikan, fuka-fukan gaba suna da tsini. Eriya tana da kashi 19. Haka kuma kwarin yana da dinkakku mai yatsu kamar V.
An sake jan kan, a cikin sifar "abin kunya". Yana faɗaɗa gaba, yana sanya proboscis mai taushi sosai kuma yana iya ɗaukar ruwa kawai. Endarshen baya ya yi kaurin gaske kuma yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin halittar namiji da kuma kwan mace da aka kafa daga kayan ciki. Akwai dogayen eriya a kan kai.
Dogayen ƙafafu suna shafar, waɗanda galibi suna da maƙasudin maki masu mahimmanci kuma, daidai da haka, da sauri suna sauka. Suna da tsayi sosai. A cikin sauro mai dogon kafa (ban da jinsi irin na Indotipula, ƙafafun suna da manyan matakai da ake kira spurs. Baya ga manyan idanu biyu masu gaɓoɓin jiki, wasu nau'ikan suna da idanu marasa kyau a kai.
Yanzu kun san ko sauro na cikin haɗari ko a'a. Bari mu ga inda aka samo waɗannan kwarin.
A ina ne sauro yake rayuwa?
Photo: Cutar kwari sauro
Kwari suna ko'ina a duk nahiyoyin duniya. Ba sa nan kawai a wuraren da babu ruwa, a kan ƙananan tsibirai na tekuna tare da kankara shekara ɗaya ko murfin dusar ƙanƙara, ƙari, a tsakiyar Arctic + Antarctic. An kiyasta fauna ta duniya game da nau'in kwari 4200. Wadannan ganyayyun gurnani suna da wakiltar nau'ikan nau'ikan jinsuna a kusan kowane yanki na tarihin rayuwa (banda Antarctica).
An rarraba adadin jinsunan da yanki ya rarraba kamar haka:
- Yankin Palaearctic - nau'in 1280;
- Masarautar Nearctic - nau'in 573;
- yankin neotropical - nau'in 805;
- Yankin Afrotropical - nau'in 339;
- Yankin Indomalayan - nau'in 925;
- australasia - nau'ikan 385.
Valauyukan larval suna mai da hankali a cikin kowane irin ruwa mai ɗanɗano da kuma yanayin keɓaɓɓiyar salin. Wasu nau'ikan ana samun su a cikin matattara mai laushi na mosses ko marshchants. Ana samun nau'ikan Ctenophora Meigen a cikin itace mai ruɓewa ko kuma lambun turf. Larvae na irin wadannan nau'o'in kamar Nephrotoma Meigen ko Tipula Linnaeus su ne baƙi masu yawa na busassun ƙasa na makiyaya, steppes da lawns.
Hakanan ana samun tsutsa daga cikin ƙungiyar Tipulidae a cikin ƙasa mai yalwar ƙasa da laka, a wurare masu dausayi na gandun daji, inda akwai humus mai ƙanshi, a cikin ganye ko laka, sassan shuke-shuke masu lalacewa ko 'ya'yan itatuwa waɗanda suke a matakai daban-daban na lalacewa. Larvae suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yanayin halittar ƙasa yayin da suke yin amfani da kayan ƙabilar tare da haɓaka ayyukan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin laushi.
Me sauro mai tsayi ke ci?
Hoto: Babban ɗaki sauro
Manya suna ciyar da ruwan keɓaɓɓun ruwan 'ya'yan itace kamar su ruwa da ruwan neɗa, da kuma pollen. Ba za su iya ɗaukar wasu abinci masu ƙima ta bakin bakinsu ba. Yayin da larvae ke karbar shukar dake lalacewa, amma banda wannan, kyallen tsirrai masu rai, wanda ke haifar da babbar illa ga gandun daji da aikin gona. Yawancin mutane ba sa gano ainihin sauro daga wannan dangin, suna masu zato cewa sauro ne mai haɗari. Dayawa sunyi imani cewa suna cizon mai zafi sosai.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Zaton da ake yadawa na cewa sauro mai tsawon lokaci "mai daɗi" tuni masu bincike sun ƙaryata shi saboda gaskiyar cewa cizon waɗannan sauro ba zai iya shiga fatar mutum ba.
Tsarin narkewa kanta yana da ban sha'awa. Babban ɓangaren abincin su ya ƙunshi abinci na tsire-tsire, wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu naci wanda ke da wahalar narkewa. Wato fiber da lignin. Don haɗuwa da su, ƙwayoyin halitta masu rai guda ɗaya suna zuwa don taimakon ƙwayoyin, waɗanda ke fitowa fili a cikin hanjin tsutsa. Wadannan kwayoyin sunadarai suna fitar da enzymes wadanda ke taimakawa wajen narkar da zare.
Babban kayan abinci na tsutsa na sauro mai dogon kafa sun hada da:
- humus;
- tushen shuka;
- gansakuka;
- ruwan teku;
- detritus.
Kwayoyin halittar cikin unel-cell na larvae suna taimakawa abinci don wadatar da abubuwa masu buƙata, sakamakon abincin da ake sha cikin sauƙi. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin hanjin larvae akwai ɓatattun makafi na musamman waɗanda ake riƙe abinci a ciki kuma inda aka samar da yanayi na musamman don ƙwayoyin cuta. Ana kuma samun wannan nau'in tsarin narkewar abincin a cikin kashin baya kamar dawakai, ba ma kwari ba.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Sauro mai jego
Musamman ma da yamma, sauro sau da yawa yakan zama ƙaramin garken tumaki. Jinsuna daban suna tashi a yanayi daban daban. Sauro mai sauro (Tipula Oleracea) yana tashi ne daga Afrilu zuwa Yuni, kuma a ƙarni na biyu daga watan Agusta zuwa Oktoba. Jirgin da ba shi da damuwa (T. paludosa) yana tashi ne kawai a watan Agusta da Satumba, Art Tipula czizeki - kawai a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba. Wataƙila, wannan bayyanar ta zamani daban-daban tsari ne na rarrabewar jinsi kuma yana hana haɗuwa da juna.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Waɗannan kwari suna da fasalin zane mai ban dariya - suna da halteres kusa da baranda. Waɗannan ƙarancin girma na iya taimakawa daidaitawa a cikin tashi, ƙara haɓakawa.
Tsutsar cizon sauro na iya zama mai cutarwa idan ta yadu ko'ina, musamman akan kayan lambu. Har zuwa larvae 400 a kowane murabba'in mita zasu iya rayuwa a cikin kasar, inda zasu iya lalata gonakin ta hanyar lalata tushensu, kuma da daddare su lalata saman shuka. Daga cikin jinsunan da suka fi cutarwa akwai tsintsiya mara lafiya (T. paludosa), da marsh centipede (T. oleracea), T. czizeki da wasu nau'ikan daban-daban, wadanda galibi suna ciyar da shuke-shuke matasa a dajin.
Har ila yau, tsutsayen wasu nau'ikan na cinye sauran kwayoyin halittar ruwa da kwari, wadanda zasu iya kunshi tsutsan sauro, kodayake ba a rubuce wannan a hukumance ba. Yawancin manya suna da ɗan gajeren rayuwa wanda basa cin komai, kuma duk da cewa ana yada cewa sauro mai yawan cinye sauro a jikin sauro, basu iya kashe ko cinye wasu kwari ba.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: Sauro mai baƙar fata
Mace baligiya, a mafi yawan lokuta, tana da ƙwai ƙwai lokacin da take rarrafe daga jaririn, kuma yakan kusanci mata idan akwai namiji. Maza kuma suna neman mata yayin tashi a wannan lokacin. Yin ɗaukar hoto yana ɗauka daga fewan mintoci kaɗan zuwa awanni da yawa kuma ana iya yin su cikin jirgin. Manya suna da tsawon rai na 10 zuwa 15. Mace nan da nan ta shimfiɗa oviposition, galibi a cikin ƙasa mai laushi ko cikin algae.
Kadan ne ke motsa ƙwai a saman kandami ko a busasshiyar ƙasa, wasu kuma kawai suna jefa su cikin gudu. A ƙa'ida, mace takan tashi sama kaɗan daga ƙasa don neman ajiyar da ta dace. A wasu nau'in (kamar su Tipula scripta da Tipula hortorum), mace na haƙa ƙaramin rami a cikin ƙasa, bayan haka sai ta yi ƙwai. A wasu jinsunan, mata na yin ƙwai da yawa.
Abun ciki, yawanci larvae mai launin toka ba tare da ƙafa ko wasu gabobin motsa jiki suna zamewa daga ƙwai ba. Ba kamar larba ba, ƙwayoyin sauro suna da kawunansu na kai, amma wannan (ba kamar sauro ba) yana bayan rufaffiyar hanyar (hemisphere). Wani fasali na larvae shine stigmas na baya biyu, waɗanda ke kewaye da filin duhu da ƙarin takamaiman nau'in.
Yawancin jinsunan sauro suna da tsutsa masu launin baƙar fata. Tare da taimakon zare na musamman, zasu iya anta kwan a cikin yanayin ruwa ko yanayi mai danshi. Wadannan tsuntsayen warwar-warwaron cizon sauro an same su a cikin nau'ikan muhallai da yawa a cikin ƙasa da cikin ruwa. Suna da sifa iri-iri, amma suna taɓowa zuwa ƙarshen gaba, kuma galibi ana maido da kwanten cephalic a cikin kirji. Ciki kanta yana da santsi, an rufe shi da gashi, fitowar gaba ko tabo, kwatankwacin walda.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Tsutsa na iya cin abinci akan microflora, algae, rayuwa ko ruɓewar tsire-tsire, gami da itace. Wasu daga cikin wadanda aka zaba din suna cin naman mutane. Abun farji na ƙwarin suna da ƙarfi da wuyar murkushe su. Larvae babbar hanyar haɗi ce wajen sarrafa ganye da allura.
Manyan larbawan Tipula maxima, kimanin santimita biyar, suna rayuwa a rafin daji kuma suna cin ganyayen kaka. Taimako a cikin samar da abinci mai narkewa mai narkewa na faruwa a cikin ɗakunan kumburi. Bayan matakai na larva hudu, suna pupate, wanda hakan ya haifar da samuwar kananan kaho a kan yar tsana a yankin kirji a matsayin sashin numfashi. Jikin yana cike da ƙayayuwa, kuma doll ɗin kanta mai sassauci ne. Pupation yawanci yakan faru ne a cikin ƙasa ko rubabben itace. A wasu nau'ikan, pupae hibernate; a cikin wasu nau'in, ana iya kiyaye al'ummomi biyu a shekara.
Abokan gaba na sauro mai ɗari da yawa
Hotuna: Yaya sauro mai kwari yake kama?
Cibiyoyi suna motsawa tare da wahala a kan ƙafafun kafa da yawa. Waɗannan ƙafafun sukan kiyaye rayukansu. Lokacin da wani hari ya auku daga gefen mai farauta kuma ya jingina zuwa gaɓar da ke fitowa, a sauƙaƙe ya kan tashi, kuma mutum ya kasance da rai kuma zai iya tashi.
Larvae da manya suna zama ganima mai ƙima ga dabbobi da yawa, wato:
- kwari;
- kifi;
- gizo-gizo;
- tsuntsaye;
- 'yan amshi;
- dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Baya ga mahimmiyar rawar da take takawa a matsayin mai sarrafa rubabbun wakoki, sauro mai dogon lokaci kyakkyawan abinci ne ga yawancin tsuntsayen da suke gida a wannan lokacin na shekara. Don haka, a waɗannan maraice na bazara, lokacin da zaku ga waɗannan manyan sauro suna ta yawo a fitilar a kan baranda, kuna buƙatar yin watsi da duk tsoro ku shakata.
Akwai wasu sauro wadanda ke faduwa a wajen dangin Tipulidae da Pediciidae, amma ba su da kusanci da su. Wadannan sun hada da Ptychopteridae, sauro na hunturu, da sauro mai tanadi (Ptychopteridae, Trichoceridae, da Tanyderidae, bi da bi). Mafi shahara a cikinsu shine fatalwar sauro Bittacomorpha clavipes, babban kwari da ke tashi da kafafuwan ƙafafu (“ƙafafu”), yana taimakawa don ɗaga dogayen kafafunta, baki da fari zuwa sama.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Sauro mai yawan jijiyar jini a Rasha
Babu wani abu da ke barazana ga wannan iyali, tunda wakilansu sun yadu kuma yawan jinsuna da yawa na ƙaruwa. Yawancin nau'ikan sun zama masu mamayewa a wasu yankuna kuma suna cutar da noma da gandun daji. An tsara jinsin dangi a cikin Littafin Bayanai na Red a matsayin ƙungiyoyi aƙalla cikin haɗari. Kodayake girma da yawan yawan jama'a wani lokacin yana da wahalar kimantawa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kodayake ana samun sauro mai yaduwa a duk duniya, amma wasu nau'ikan galibi suna da iyakantaccen rarrabuwa. Sun fi banbanci a yankuna masu zafi, kuma suma suna da yawa a tsaunuka da kuma a arewacin latitude.
Sauro na Turai na yau da kullum T. paludosa da marsh centipede T. oleracea kwari ne na aikin gona. Su larvae suna da mahimmancin tattalin arziki. Suna zama a cikin manya-manya na ƙasa, kuma suna cin tushen, tushen gashi, kambi, wani lokacin kuma ganyen amfanin gona, tsinkaye ko kashe shuke-shuke. Su kwari ne marasa ganyayyaki na kayan lambu.
Tun a ƙarshen 1900s. T. Kwancen sauro ya zama mamayewa a cikin ƙasashe da yawa, gami da Amurka. An lura da tsutsu a kan albarkatu da yawa: kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwa, hatsi, shuke-shuke masu ƙayatarwa da ciyawar ciyawa. A cikin 1935, filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na London yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da waɗannan kwari suka addabe su. Mutane da yawa dubbai sun tattara daga ma'aikata kuma sun ƙone saboda sun sa ɓoyayyun wurare sun bayyana akan lawn ɗin filin.
Ranar bugawa: 08/18/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 25.09.2019 a 13:46
