Kogin ruwa - kifi mai ban sha'awa, saboda a waje yana kama da maciji, haka ma, yana iya rufe nisan kilomita da yawa ta ƙasa. Hakanan ana yaba shi da gourmets: ana ɗaukar namansa da daɗi sosai. Ba ko kadan saboda wannan, yawan jinsin ya ragu sosai, don haka a kasashe da yawa ana daukar matakan kare ta.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Kogin ruwa
Aananan mawaƙa na pikaya, wanda ya rayu a Duniya shekaru miliyan 530 da suka gabata, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin samfuri. Sun kasance ƙananan girma - ƙananan santimita kaɗan, amma a lokaci guda a cikin hanzarin motsi ƙira suna kama da su sosai - suna motsawa a cikin hanya ɗaya, suna lankwasa jikin. Amma wannan kamanceceniyar bai kamata yaudara ba: sabanin fitilun lantarki, eels suna cikin kifin kifi na ray, ma'ana, sun faru ne kawai bayan miliyoyin shekaru bayan haka. Kodayake sun yi kama da narkakku a zahiri da kuma tawakkali - ɗayan kifaye na farko da ba shi da lahani wanda ya rayu a ƙarshen Cambrian.
Maxillomates ya bayyana a cikin zamanin Silurian: shi, da kuma na biyun na gaba, Devonian da Carboniferous, ana ɗaukarsu lokacin mafi girman kifin fure, lokacin da suke dabbobi da yawa da yawa a duniya. Amma daga jinsunan da ke rayuwa a doron kasa, kaɗan suka rage - yawancin bambancin kifayen da ke yanzu sun samo asali ne daga baya.
Bidiyo: Kogin Eel
Kifin Bony, wanda ya haɗa da eels, ya tashi a farkon Jurassic ko ƙarshen Triassic. A lokaci guda, wakilan farko na umarnin eels na iya tashi, kodayake babu wata yarjejeniya a kan wannan batun tsakanin masu binciken: wasu sun yi imanin cewa sun faru ne daga baya, a farkon Paleogene.
Wasu kuma, akasin haka, dogaro da binciken kwatankwacin tsarin halittar burbushin halittu, suna danganta asalin kakanninsu zuwa zamanin da. Misali, irin wannan dadadden kifin kamar Tarrasius sananne ne, tun zamanin Carboniferous kuma yana da kamanceceniya da kwalli. Amma ra'ayi mafi rinjaye shine cewa wannan kamanceceniya baya nufin alaƙar su. K Linnaeus ya bayyana kogin eel a cikin 1758, sunan Latin shine Anguilla anguilla.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Mafi tsufa eel - sunansa Putt - ya zauna a cikin akwatin kifaye a Sweden tsawon shekaru 85. An kama shi yana ƙarami sosai a cikin 1863 kuma ya tsira daga yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Yadda kogin eel yayi kama
Eels suna da jiki mai tsayi sosai, wanda ya sa suka zama kamar macizai fiye da kifi - a da, saboda wannan, a wasu ƙasashe ba a cin su, saboda ba a ɗauke su da kifi ba. A zahiri, wannan ba kifi bane kawai, amma kuma yana da ɗanɗano: ana ɗauka gwal a matsayin abinci mai kyau, kodayake kamanninsu na iya zama abin ƙyama.
Launin eel na iya zama daban: bayan shi zaitun ne, koren duhu ko launin ruwan kasa mai sheen kore - ya dogara da inda yake zaune. A sakamakon haka, kifin yana da wahalar gani yayin duban ruwan daga sama. Gefenta da ciki na iya zama daga rawaya zuwa fari - galibi eel yana haske yayin da yake girma.
Sikeli kadan ne, kuma an rufe fatar tasa da laushi, wanda zai sa ya zama mai santsi da zamewa - eel na iya juyawa dama daga hannun, don haka ya kamata ku mai da hankali sosai yayin riƙe shi. Matsakaicin kifi na iya girma zuwa 1.6-2 m, kuma ya auna nauyin kilogiram 3-5.
Kan bayin a bayyane ya yi shimfida daga sama, jikinsa a kai yana da silinda; yayin da yake kusantowa da jela, komai a hankali yake daidaitawa. Lokacin motsi, ƙuƙwalwar tana lanƙwasa ko'ina, amma da farko yana amfani da wutsiya. Idanun sa jajawo ne kuma kanana kaɗan har ma don kifi, wanda kuma ya ba da asali.
Hakoran kanana ne, amma masu kaifi, an shirya su cikin layi. Abubuwan da firam din, banda na pectorals, suna hade kuma suna da tsayi sosai: suna farawa daga wani dan nesa daga pectorals kuma suna ci gaba zuwa wutsiyar kifin. Layin kai tsaye bayyane yake. Gwanon yana da taurin kai sosai: yana iya zama alama cewa raunukan nasa sun yi tsanani sosai da ya kamata ya mutu, amma idan har yanzu ya samu damar tserewa, wataƙila bayan fewan watanni zai kusan zama cikin koshin lafiya, sai dai idan ya sami rauni na kashin baya.
A ina ne kogin yake zaune?
Photo: Kogin ruwa a ruwa
Hakanan ana kiran kogin eel wani lokacin Bature, saboda kusan yana rayuwa ne kawai a Turai: bayan iyakokinta ana samun sa ne kawai a Arewacin Afirka da kuma cikin ƙaramin zango a Asiya Minarama. A cikin Turai, ya fi sauƙi a faɗi inda ba shi ba: a cikin tekun Bahar Maliya. A cikin kogunan da suke kwarara zuwa duk sauran tekunan da ke wankan Turawa, ana samun sa.
Tabbas, wannan baya nufin ana samunsa a duk rafuka: ya fi son nutsuwa koguna da ruwa mai nutsuwa, saboda haka da wuya ku same shi a cikin kogunan tsaunuka masu sauri. Mafi yawan jama'a suna rayuwa a cikin kogunan da ke kwarara zuwa tekun Bahar Rum da Baltic.
Kogin eel ya bazu ko'ina cikin Yammacin Turai da Arewacin Turai, amma iyakar rarraba shi zuwa gabas yana da matukar wahala: an same shi a Yankin Balkan zuwa kudu na Bulgaria, ya haɗa da shi, amma har ila yau wannan iyakar ta yi gaba sosai zuwa yamma kuma tana gudana kusa da gabar yammacin Balkans. A cikin Ostiraliya, ba a sami tudun kogi.
A Gabashin Turai, yana zaune:
- a cikin mafi yawan Jamhuriyar Czech;
- kusan ko'ina a cikin Poland da Belarus;
- a cikin Ukraine, ana iya samun sa kawai a cikin ƙaramin yanki a arewa maso yamma;
- a ko'ina cikin Baltics;
- a arewacin Rasha zuwa yankunan Arkhangelsk da Murmansk sun hada da.
Har ila yau, zangonsa ya haɗa da duka Scandinavia da tsibirai kusa da Turai: Burtaniya, Ireland, Iceland. Daga yankin rabar da shi, za a ga cewa ba bu sharadin zafin ruwan: yana iya zama dumi, kamar cikin kogunan Bahar Rum, da sanyi, kamar waɗanda ke kwarara zuwa Tekun Fari.
Eels suma sananne ne saboda gaskiyar cewa suna iya yin rarrafe daga cikin tafkin kuma suna tafiya akan ciyawar ciyawa da ƙasa - misali, bayan ruwan sama. Don haka, suna iya cin nasara har zuwa kilomita da yawa, sakamakon haka suna iya ƙarewa a cikin rufin rufaffe. Abu ne mai sauki a yi ba tare da ruwa ba na tsawon awanni 12, ya fi wahala, amma kuma zai yiwu - har zuwa kwana biyu. Sun rayu a cikin teku, amma suna rayuwa a can ne kawai farkon lokaci da ƙarshen rayuwarsu, sauran lokacin da suke rayuwa a cikin koguna.
Yanzu kun san inda aka sami kwarjin kogin. Bari mu ga abin da wannan kifin yake ci.
Menene kogin eel ke ci?
Hotuna: Eel Kifi
Abincin eel ya hada da:
- 'yan amshi;
- karamin kifi;
- caviar;
- kifin kifi;
- tsutsayen kwari;
- tsutsotsi;
- dodunan kodi;
- kaji.
Suna farauta da dare, kuma samari galibi suna cikin ruwa mara ƙanƙani kusa da bakin teku, kuma manya, akasin haka, suna cikin zurfin ruwa nesa da shi. Kuna iya kama su yayin rana, kodayake a wannan lokacin ba su da ƙarfi. Galibi suna farautar ƙananan kifi ne da ke zaune a ƙasan, kamar kifaye. Idan ba zai yiwu a same shi ba, za su iya tashi zuwa saman.
Eel, musamman ma eel, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu kashe caviar sauran kifin, musamman irin kifi. Yana ƙaunarta ƙwarai da gaske, kuma a lokacin ɓarnawar aiki a cikin Mayu-Yuni, caviar ne ya zama tushen menu. Zuwa ƙarshen bazara, yana sauyawa zuwa ciyarwa akan ɓawon burodi, yana cin soya da yawa.
Sun kware a fanke da soya tench, saboda haka galibi ana samun goro a cikin koguna inda wannan kifin yayi yawa. Abin lura ne cewa ba za su iya ciyarwa ba kawai a cikin ruwa ba, har ma a cikin ƙasa: suna rarrafe zuwa bakin teku don kama amphibian ko katantanwa. Babban eel na iya katsewa kajin ruwa.
Kodayake suna farauta a cikin duhu, kuma idanunsu basu da kyau, suna iya ƙayyade wurin da abin ya faru daidai idan sun kasance a nesa na mita 2 ko kusa da shi, ƙari kuma, suna da kyakkyawar ƙanshi, albarkacin abin da zasu iya ji ƙanshin daga nesa. Gilashin gilashi suna cin larvae da crustaceans galibi - su kansu har yanzu suna da ƙanƙan da ƙarfi don kama amphibians, ƙaramin kifi ko ma soya.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Kogin ruwa a Rasha
Eels suna aiki da dare, yayin da aka share kwanaki suna hutawa a cikin ramuka, ko kuma kawai a kwance kawai a ƙasan, binne cikin sikari - wani lokacin zuwa zurfin har zuwa mita. Burrows na eels koyaushe suna da mafita biyu, galibi ana ɓoye su a ƙarƙashin wani irin dutse. Hakanan zasu iya hutawa a bakin gaɓa, a cikin tushen bishiyoyi: babban abu shine cewa wurin ya kasance mai sanyi da sanyi.
Yawancin lokacin da suke ciyarwa a kusa da ƙasan ko a kanta, suna son ɓoyewa a cikin mafaka, waɗanda suke da itace da yawa, da dutsen dutse ko kuma lokacin farin ciki. A lokaci guda, zurfin zurfin ba lallai ba ne: yana iya zama ko dai tsakiyar kogi ko kuma wuri mai zurfi ba kusa da bakin teku. Amma wani lokacin sukan bayyana a farfajiyar, musamman idan ruwan ya tashi: a wannan lokacin ana samun su a cikin daskararrun shinge ko ciyayi kusa da gabar, a cikin wuraren waha kusa da nan. Sun fi so lokacin da gindinta ya lulluɓe da laka ko yumbu, amma a wuraren da yake da duwatsu ko yashi, da wuya ya yiwu a sadu da wannan kifin.
Daga ƙarshen bazara da duk lokacin bazara, ƙwanƙolin yana gudana: suna sauka tare da rafin sannan su yi iyo zuwa wuraren da aka haifa, suna shawo kan nesa mai nisa. Amma eels sun tsiro sau ɗaya kawai (bayan sun mutu), kuma suna rayuwa tsawon shekaru 8-15, kuma a wasu lokuta, ya fi tsayi, har zuwa shekaru 40, saboda ƙaramin ɓangare ne kawai ke shiga cikin karatun. A lokacin hunturu, baƙi suna yin bacci, suna shiga cikin kogin ko ɓoye a cikin kabarinsu. Kusan ba sa amsa abin da ke faruwa a waje, dukkan matakai a jikinsu suna raguwa ƙwarai, wanda ke ba da damar kusan cin ƙarfin a wannan lokacin kuma kada ku ci.
Amma a lokacin bazara har yanzu suna rasa nauyi sosai, don haka bayan farkawa daga bacci sai su fara ciyar da kansu sosai. Yawancin eels suna shiga cikin nutsuwa, amma ba duka ba: wasu suna aiki cikin hunturu, wannan galibi yana nufin mazaunan koguna da tabkuna masu dumi.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Giant River Eel
Jiragen ruwa daga dukkan kogunan suna iyo zuwa Tekun Sargasso don haɓaka. Don yin wannan, dole ne su rufe wurare masu nisa: ga waɗancan kifayen da ke rayuwa a cikin kogunan Rasha, har zuwa kilomita 7,000 - 9,000. Amma suna iyo a can - zuwa wurin da aka haife su da kansu. A cikin wannan tekun ne yanayin da ke da kyau ga tsutsar ƙashin ƙugu, wanda ake kira leptocephalic, ya dace. Ana yin jinkiri a cikin zurfin zurfin - 350-400 m. Eel mace tana haihuwar ƙananan ƙwai dubu 350-500, kowannensu ya kai kimanin mm 1 a diamita, bayan haka sai su mutu.
Bayan kyankyasar kwan, larvae a bayyane suke a fili - wannan yana basu kariya mai kyau daga masu farauta. Bakin idanunsu kawai ake gani a cikin ruwan. Sun bambanta da iyayensu sosai kafin a dauke su wani jinsin daban - masana kimiyya sun daɗe da aiki da sirrin haihuwar eel, kuma sunan leptocephalus yana makale a bayan ƙwayoyinsu.
Bayan an haife leptocephalus, sai yawo yakeyi kuma Tekun Gwal ne ya dauke shi. Tare da wannan karatun, leptocephalics a hankali suna shawagi zuwa Turai. A matakin da kifin ya riga ya kusa da gabar Turai, sannan kuma ya shiga bakin kogunan, ana kiransa gilashin ruwa. A wannan lokacin, kifin ya girma zuwa 7-10 cm, amma nan da nan kan kusanci kogin ya daina ciyarwa na dogon lokaci kuma yana rage girman ta sau ɗaya da rabi. Jikinta ya canza, kuma tana kama da maƙarƙashiya, ba leptocephalus ba, amma har yanzu yana bayyane - saboda haka haɗuwa da gilashi.
Kuma tuni yayin hawa sama kogin, eel din ya sami launi na baligi, bayan haka sai ya kusan zama a can tsawon rayuwarsa: wadannan kifaye suna zama a cikin kogin tsawon shekaru 8-12, kuma suna girma koyaushe, ta yadda a karshen rayuwarsu zasu iya yin girma zuwa mita 2 ...
Abokan gaba na kogin eel
Hotuna: Kogin ruwa
Babu wasu takamaiman mahautan da ke farautar kullun. Manya a cikin yanayi kusan ba sa fuskantar barazana yayin da suka kasance a cikin kogin: sun yi girma da yawa don kada su ji tsoron kifin kogi ko tsuntsayen ganima. Amma a cikin teku zasu iya cin abinci tare da shark ko tuna.
Yaran da ba su girma ba har yanzu ba su da girma ba za a iya yi musu barazanar kifayen farauta, kamar pike, ko tsuntsaye: cormorants, seagulls, da sauransu. Kuma duk da haka ba za a iya cewa ko don ƙaramin saurayi a cikin kogin akwai barazana da yawa ba. Tabbas, ya fi wuya ga soya, ban da ambaton leptocephals: mahara da yawa suna ciyar da su.
Amma manyan abokan gaba na eel mutane ne. Ana ɗaukar wannan kifin a matsayin mai ɗanɗano, saboda yana da nama mai taushi da ɗanɗano, saboda haka ana farautar su sosai. Ba wai kawai kamun kifi ba, har ma da sauran ayyukan ɗan adam yana da mummunan tasiri ga yawan eel. Gurbatar ruwa ba ya nuna yadda ya kamata ga mutanen su, haka nan kuma gina madatsun ruwa da ke hana su yaduwa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Dalilin da yasa ba a riga an kafa eels yin iyo har zuwa yanzu don haɓaka ba, akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban akan wannan maki. Mafi yawan abin da ake bayani game da wannan shi ne guguwar nahiya: kafin, eels sun kusa yin iyo zuwa Tekun Atlantika, har ma a yanzu, idan nisan yayi girma sosai, suna ci gaba da yin hakan.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Yadda kogin eel yayi kama
A baya can, yawan eels a ƙasashen Turai suna da yawa sosai. A wasu wuraren, ba a kama su kwata-kwata, suna masu la'akari da cewa ba za su iya cin abinci ba, ko kuma an ciyar da su da dabbobi kwata-kwata, tunda har yanzu ana kama mayu da yawa kamar-kama. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman game da Yankin Iberian, inda aka kama da yawa eel toya.
A wasu ƙasashe, an daɗe ana cinye su tsawon lokaci kuma ana ƙaunarsu, a can ma an ƙara kama su. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa yawan kifin ya ragu sosai a rabin rabin karni na 20. Har yanzu ana ci gaba da kamun kifin, amma, sikelinsa ya ragu sosai saboda raguwar kifin.
A baya a ƙarshen 1990s, ana kama tan dubu 8-11 kowace shekara, amma a lokacin ya zama sananne cewa yawan ya ƙi. Ya ci gaba da raguwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wanda sakamakon haka girman kamun kifi ya zama mafi kyau. Yanzu eel eel ya zama mai ƙimar gaske.
Ana siyar da soyarsa a Spain akan Yuro dubu 1 a kowace kilogram a matsayin abinci mai ɗanɗano ga masu hannu da shuni. An jera kwarjinin kogin a cikin Littafin Ja a matsayin jinsin da ke gab da karewa, amma, ba a hana kamun kifi ba - aƙalla ba a duk ƙasashe ba. Shawarwarin Unionungiyar Hadin Kan Internationalasashen Duniya don ta ƙayyade kamawa.
Kariyar kogin kogi
Hotuna: Kogin ruwa daga littafin Red Book
Saboda raguwar adadin kogunan ruwa da kuma sanya shi a cikin littafin Red Book, a kasashe da yawa an dauki matakan kare shi. Duk da cewa har yanzu ba a dakatar da kama ta gaba daya ba, ana yin ta da tsari sosai. Don haka, a cikin Finland an saita waɗannan ƙuntatawa: za ku iya kama ƙira idan ta kai wani girman (kuna buƙatar sakin ƙananan kifi) kuma kawai a lokacin. Idan aka karya wadannan ka'idoji, ana sanya wa masu masunta tarar da yawa.
A cikin Rasha da Belarus, ana ɗaukar matakan don ajiyar wuraren ajiyar kifin: a baya, a zamanin Soviet, an sayi gilashin gilashi don wannan a Yammacin Turai, yanzu siyarwarsu a wajen EU ta iyakance, wanda ya rikita batun sosai. Dole ne a yi siye-saye a cikin Maroko, kuma tunda wannan yawan jama'a ne, ya fi yanayin zafi, dole ne ya zama da wahala.
A cikin Turai, don kiyaye yawan ƙwayoyin tsuntsaye dake shawagi, ana kamasu kuma ana ɗaga su a gonaki inda babu wata barazanar da ke damunsu. Tuni maɗaukakiyar mawaƙa an sake ta cikin koguna: da yawa daga cikinsu suna rayuwa. Amma ba shi yiwuwa a haifa eels a cikin bauta, saboda kawai ba sa haihuwa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Idan eels daga teku yayi iyo har zuwa gabar Turai, sai su yi iyo a cikin kogin farko da suka ci karo da shi, don haka duk ya dogara da inda suka juya zuwa gaɓar tekun. Kogunan da suke da fadi da yawa ana iya fuskantar su saboda ana samun karin mayuka a cikin wuraren waha.
Kuma idan ƙafafun ya zaɓi makami, to yana da wuya a dakatar da shi: yana iya hawa kan ƙasa ya ci gaba da tafiya, yana rarrafe akan wata matsala, hawa kan wata ƙirar.
Kogin ruwa Misali ne guda daya na yadda cin zarafi da kima ke lalata yawan kifaye masu matukar daraja. Yanzu, yana ɗaukar shekaru masu yawa na aiki na wahala don karewa da hawan eels don adadin eels su farfaɗo - na biyun yana da wahala musamman saboda gaskiyar cewa basu haihuwar cikin kamuwa.
Ranar bugawa: 08/17/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 17.08.2019 a 23:40
