Irin wannan mai martaba mai girman fuka-fukai kamar steppe jigilar kaya, yana kama da alfahari da ɗaukaka, a cikin dukkan siffofin avian da bayyane, ana iya ganin yanayin hawkish ɗin sa nan da nan. Za mu yi nazarin salon rayuwa, halayen ɗabi'a, ɗabi'a, bayanai na waje, abubuwan fifiko na abinci da wuraren da za a tura dindindin na wannan kyakkyawan tsuntsu mai ban sha'awa, wanda, rashin alheri, ya zama ƙarami kaɗan.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Steppe Harrier
Mai hawan steppe shine mai farauta mai fuka-fuka daga dangin shaho, tsari na shaho-da kuma nau'in maharan. Gabaɗaya, a cikin nau'in maharan, akwai tsuntsaye 16 da ke rayuwa a wannan lokacin, kuma wasu nau'ikansu sun mutu.
Wataƙila, da yawa suna da masaniya da irin wannan jumlar kamawa "launin toka-furfura a matsayin mai kawo cikas", tana bayyana wani mutum wanda gashinsa fari ne daga launin toka. Wannan magana tana da alaƙa da wata, saboda wasu nau'ikan wadannan tsuntsayen suna dauke da launuka masu launin toka-toka mai hade da launuka masu launin shuɗi, kuma daga nesa mai ɗaukar jirgin sama kamar ba shi fari.
Bidiyo: Steppe Harrier
Irin wannan kwatancen an tsayar da shi ne ga wata, ba wai kawai saboda launin layinsa ba, amma kuma saboda wasu siffofin waje. Baki mai lankwasa mai kama da ƙugiya, kambin gashin tsuntsu da ke kan iyaka da kumatu da cincinsa ya yi kama da wani tsoho mai hikima mai gemu da ƙura da furfura. Akwai wata sigar ta fassarar wannan jimlar, ana danganta ta da canjin yanayin launi na maza, dangane da shekarunsu. Girma, a cikin likitan tsuntsaye, ana maye gurbin sautunan launin ruwan kasa da tabarau masu haske.
Dangane da girma, maƙerin steppe yana da matsakaicin matsayi a cikin dangin shaho. Maza sun fi mata ƙanana. Tsawon jikin mutum ya kasance daga 44 zuwa 48 cm, kuma na mace - daga 48 zuwa 53. Tsawon fuka-fukan a cikin tazarar maza ya kai kimanin 110 cm, kuma a jikin mata masu gashin tsayi ya fi tsayin 10 cm. Akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin jinsi a cikin launi, wanda zamu bayyana a ƙasa.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Mene ne maɓallin steppe?
Abu ne mai sauqi ka rarrabe mace mai hawan mahaifa daga namiji idan ka san dukkanin nuances a cikin launin tsuntsaye. Namiji balagagge yana da launi mai launi mai haske, kuma ƙananan ɓangaren kusan fari ne. Mai hawan steppe yana da sautunan launuka masu haske fiye da dan uwan filin sa. A saman fikafikan tsuntsayen, ana ganin tabo mai kama da sihiri, wanda baya kama fuka-fukan tashi. Cikin haske yana da launi fari mai kamannin kai, goiter, da wuya.
Launin mace mai launin ruwan-kasa ne, fikafikan da wutsiya an lulluɓe su da ratsi, kuma wani matsattsun wuri na farin inuwa a cikin siffar jinjirin wata ya fito a yankin wutsiyar sama. Wutsiyar tana da huɗu daga sama, kuma daga ƙasa - ratsiyoyi masu faɗi uku waɗanda suke a ƙetaren. Daga duk waɗannan ratsi, ɗayan ne kaɗai ke bayyane - na sama. Idon mace ya haɗu da wani sashi mai duhu, wanda a kanshi akwai kuma iyaka mai haske. Tun daga nesa, mai ɗaukar matakan mata yana kama da mace mai laushi; maza na kowa ba zai iya bambanta su ba.
Birdsananan tsuntsayen suna da launi mai launin ja-launi, sautin sa ya fi sauƙi idan aka kwatanta shi da matasa masu lahani. Wani sashin abin wuya mai launi mai haske ya zayyana ɓangaren gaban shugaban maƙallan steppe. A ƙasa fuka-fuki suna layi tare da ratsi. Kafafun samari, kamar na manyan tsuntsaye, rawaya ne. Idanun matasa duhu ne masu launi, kuma da shekaru sai suka koma rawaya ko launin ruwan kasa mai haske.
Kamar kowane sauran shaho, mai ɗaukar matakan yana da bakin baki mai kama da ƙugiya. Wsafafun fuka masu ƙarfi suna da ƙarfi kuma suna sanye da wando masu gashin tsuntsu daga sama zuwa gwiwoyi. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran shaho, wanda yanayin jikinsu ya kasance mai yawa da kaya, mai ɗaukar hoto yana da siririya. Yanayinsa na musamman shine kasancewar kunkuntun fuka-fuki. Lokacin da maƙerin steppe ya tashi sama, yana ɗan tuna da jirgin teku. A cikin wadannan tsuntsayen, tashi sama koyaushe mai kuzari ne da saurin kuzari, fikafikan fikafikan suna da yawa. Yayin tashi sama, kusurwar da ke tsakanin fikafikan tsuntsu na iya bambanta daga digiri 90 zuwa 100.
A ina ne mai hawan steppe yake rayuwa?
Photo: Tsuntsaye steppe harrier
Abin ba in ciki yana sauti, amma mai cutar a yau yana daga cikin nau'in tsuntsaye masu hatsarin gaske, wadanda suka zama ba su da yawa.
Matakan jirgin sama suna son:
- mashigar kudu maso gabashin Turai, kuma a yammacin Turai iyakarsa ta isa Dobrudzha da Belarus;
- sararin Asiya, suna sauka zuwa yankin Dzungaria da Altai Territory;
- kudu maso yamma na Transbaikalia;
- shiyyar arewacin kasarmu, inda yankin matsugunan ya iyakance ga Moscow, Tula da Ryazan, da Kazan da Kirov;
- Siberia, Arkhangelsk, Krasnoyarsk, Omsk da Tyumen yankuna (yana faruwa a lokacin bazara);
- kudancin Crimean da Caucasian da aka fadada, Turkestan da Iran.
A kudu ne yawan tsuntsayen suka fi yawa. Amma a cikin Jamus, Sweden, da yankin Baltic da kuma arewa maso yammacin Mongolia, akwai masu matsala kadan, amma har yanzu ana samun su. Da wuya sosai, amma an ga maƙerin tudu a Biritaniya. Kar ka manta cewa mahaɗan tsuntsu ne mai ƙaura wanda ke motsawa zuwa sababbin wurare saboda ƙarancin abinci ko yanayin yanayi mara kyau. Hakanan akwai tsuntsayen da ba sa zama, waɗanda galibi ke zaune a tsibirin Kirimiya da Caucasus.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Don yin lokacin hunturu, babban jirgin ruwa mai tafiya zuwa Burma, Indiya, Mesopotamiya, da Iran. Mai farautar ya tashi zuwa nahiyar Afirka da kuma arewa maso yammacin Caucasus.
Da sunan tsuntsu, ya bayyana sarai cewa wannan masinjan yana son raƙuman ruwa, fili, fili, sannan ya sauka a filayen fadama. Baƙon abu, amma wani lokacin ana samunsa a yankunan dazuzzuka marasa haske. Mai farauta yana buƙatar isasshen ra'ayi daga tsayi don samun nasarar farauta, yana duban abubuwan da zai iya farauta.
Yanzu kun san inda tsuntsun tsuntsaye mai tsere yake rayuwa. Bari mu ga wanda yake farauta.
Mene ne mai hawan steppe yake ci?
Hotuna: Steppe Harrier daga littafin Red
Mai hawan steppe shine mai farauta mai fuka-fukai, saboda haka abincin sa ya ƙunshi abinci na asalin dabbobi. Asali, menu mai fuka-fuki ya hada da kowane irin beraye. Bayan su, tsuntsun yana hawa cikin dazuzzuka da dausayi.
Don haka, maƙerin ba ya son cin abincin:
- beraye da voles;
- kananan gophers;
- hamsters;
- kwaro;
- shrews;
- kwarto;
- kajin baƙin grouse da gajeren kunnuwa masu kunnuwa;
- waders;
- steppe skates;
- larks;
- kadangaru;
- manyan kwari.
Kamar yadda kake gani, abincin mai ɗaukar hoto yana da bambanci sosai. Shi maharbi ne mai saurin farauta, saboda ya fi masa sauƙi ya ga ɗan ganima mai girman gaske a cikin hasken rana. Jirgin ya kama ƙananan tsuntsaye a daidai tashi. Hakanan yana iya cin abinci a kan ƙwai, lalata wuraren da tsuntsayen ke tsugunnewa. Fuka mai fuka-fukin farauta ne ba kawai don abin farauta ba, har ma wanda ke zaune a ƙasa ba tare da motsi ba.
Bayan da ya lura da hoton da ke jikinsa, sai matukin ya fara nutsewa da sauri zuwa kasa, yana sanya dambensa da dogayen gabanshi gaba. Suna taimaka wa wata don samun abinci koda kuwa inda ciyayi masu tsayi suke girma. Kafin ya nitse gabaki ɗaya a ƙasa, harbin yana raguwa, yana watsa wutsiyarsa kamar fan. Kowane mai farauta mai fuka-fuki yana da yankin farautarsa
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Rabon fili don farauta, wanda yake na wata mai tsayi, bashi da girma sosai, amma gashinsa yana tashi akai akai, yana bin hanya daya. Harrier din yayi jirgin sa a karamin hawa.
Yana da kyau a lura cewa idan abubuwa suna tafiya ba daidai ba game da abinci, masu lahani suna ƙaura zuwa wasu yankuna don neman wuraren da akwai wadataccen abinci.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Steppe Harrier a cikin jirgin
Kusan dukkanin rayuwar masu cutar ta steppe suna da alaƙa da sararin buɗewa: Semi-sahara, steppes, filayen. Sau da yawa fuka-fukai suna tsayawa kusa da filayen noman, kuma suna rayuwa a cikin gandun daji-steppe. Masu yin lakanin suna shirya wuraren shakatawa a cikin ƙasa, sun fi son tuddai, galibi ana samun su a cikin yashi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ana iya ganin Lunes ko dai a cikin tashi ko a ƙasa, waɗannan tsuntsayen kusan ba sa zama a kan rassan bishiyoyi, suna jagorancin rayuwa ta iska.
Halin wata yana lalata, ɓoyayyiya, mai taka tsantsan da rashin iya rarrabewa, amma wani lokacin yakan shiga fashi, yana tashi zuwa cikin gonakin mutane, inda yake kai hari ga ƙananan kyanwa da kuma tattabaru na gida. Wannan yana faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma, ga alama, saboda gaskiyar cewa maƙerin yana jin yunwa sosai kuma bashi da inda zai samu wani abinci.
A cikin jirgin, jigilar yana kama da ɗaukaka, kyakkyawa, tana motsawa a hankali da auna. Idan aka kalli wata mai tashi sama, za a ga cewa tana rawar jiki kaɗan. Kawai a cikin bazara bikin aure kakar ne gaba daya daban-daban, zanga-zanga wasanni a wani tsawo. A cikin matattarar steppe, jirgi ya fi kuzari da sauri fiye da sauran nau'ikan haɗarin. Bayan sun tara zuriyarsu, masu cutar suna zuwa lokacin hunturu don dumi ƙasashe: zuwa nahiyar Afirka, zuwa Indiya, Burma, Iran. Suna dawowa tare da zuwan bazara (ƙarshen Maris - Afrilu), suna yin shi a cikin keɓewa mai kyau ko nau'i biyu.
Sautin wata yana wakiltar sautunan raɗaɗɗu, waɗanda za a iya maye gurbinsu da kira mai ƙarfi da kuma yawan kiran "geek-geek-geek". Sautuna yayin sauƙaƙƙƙƙƙƙƙƙƙƙƙƙƙƙƙƙkken lokaci yayin da haɗuwa da haɗari sun bambanta, wucewa daga karin waƙoƙi da faɗakarwa zuwa ƙwanƙolin abubuwa. Matakan jirgin saman ba su samar da ƙauyuka da yawa da yawa ba, sun fi son zama da gida gida a gida biyu.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Steppe Harrier a Rasha
Matakan Steppe sun zama balaga a cikin shekaru uku. Lokacin bikin tsuntsayen yana farawa ne daga bazara. A wannan lokacin, ana iya ganin tsuntsayen maza na iska suna yin tasiri a kan matan fukafukai. Masu farauta suna hawan sama zuwa sama tare da saurin walƙiya, sa’an nan kuma sun nutse ƙasa da ƙasa, suna yin juzu'i da juyin mulki daidai da tashi. A lokaci guda ana jin karin kirari. Mata ma na iya rawa tare da mazajensu, amma dabarun dabarunsu ba su da ma'ana da hanzari.
Shafukan shimfidar ƙasa suna da sauƙi, ƙananan ƙananan damuwa ne, waɗanda aka lulluɓe su da ciyawar busasshiyar ciyawa da shukokin shrub. Za'a iya samun zuriyar lebba mai laushi a ciki. Ana sanya ƙwai a cikin Afrilu ko Mayu, kuma ƙila ya kasance daga ƙwai uku zuwa shida a cikin kama. Babban sautin harsashin fari ne, amma ana iya watsa launuka masu launin ruwan kasa akansa. Lokacin shiryawa yana ɗauka ne daga kwana 30 zuwa 35; uwaye masu zuwa suna ƙyanƙyashe yaran.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A lokacin shiryawa da tarbiyya, offspringarieran zuriya suna zama masu saurin tashin hankali, suna kishin yaransu. Ba sa ja da baya a gaban duk wani haɗari, suna iya kore ko da kuwa Fox, kare da gaggafa.
Hatching na kajin na iya faruwa a ƙarshen Yuni ko farkon Yuli. Dukan ɗayan sun kasance tare har zuwa watan Agusta. Mace da jariran sabbin mahaifa suna ciyar da su ta hanyar uba mai kulawa da abokiyar zama, bayan ɗan lokaci sai uwa mai fuka-fukai ta tashi daga gida kuma ta jagoranci farauta mai zaman kanta. A cikin ƙananan kajin kaɗan, jiki a rufe da farin fulawa, sa'annan ya zama kodadde kodadde, a hankali yana samun mafi ƙarancin launi mai ruwan kasa.
Kaji ba sa barin shafinsu na kwana daga kwanaki 35 zuwa 48, bayan wannan lokacin kuma za su fara yin balaguro na farko ba shiri, suna shirin tashi zuwa kasashe masu dumi. Arshen zamanin haifuwa na masu haɗari yana faruwa kusa da shekaru goma sha takwas, kuma suna rayuwa a cikin yanayin su na asali daga shekaru 20 zuwa 22, a cikin zaman talala zasu iya rayuwa na kwata na karni.
Abokan gaba na maƙerin steppe
Photo: Tsuntsaye steppe harrier
Babban maƙiyan maƙerin tudu a cikin yanayin yanayi ana ɗaukarsu wasu fuka-fukai masu farauta: gaggafa da mikiya da ƙasa. Masana kimiyyar halittar jiki sun tabbatar da cewa duka manyan mutane da matasa masu kamuwa da cutar suna kamuwa da cututtukan jini, wanda ke sa tsuntsayen su mutu. Duk da wannan, babu masu cin gashin kansu ko cutuka da ke kawo babbar illa ga yawan jama'a, babban barazanar da ke tattare da wanzuwar maharin shine mutane.
Abun bakin ciki, amma mafi mahimmanci kuma mafi hatsarin makiya na masu taka tsantsan sune mutanen da suke gudanar da ayyukansu na kasada da son kai na tattalin arziki, wanda aka ba su kawai don taimakonsu. Mutum, yana tsoma baki tare da abubuwan da ke tattare da tsarin halittu, yana raba mahaɗan daga yankunan da ake zaune, wanda hakan ke shafar tasirin tsuntsaye. Yawancin kajin da ba su da kwarewa ba suna mutuwa a ƙarƙashin ƙafafun motoci. Masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar cewa yawancin ’ya’ya maza suna shan wahala a lokacin yankan amfanin gona na hunturu.
Tsuntsaye suna mutuwa ta hanyar cin naman berayen da ke dafi kusa da filayen nome. Akwai ƙananan wurare kaɗan waɗanda ba a taɓa su ba inda mahaɗin zai iya samun kwanciyar hankali da aminci gaba ɗaya. Mutane ba wai kawai suna mamaye yankuna da yawa don bukatun kansu ba, amma har ma suna lalata yanayin mahalli gaba ɗaya, suna cutar da yawancin wakilan fauna, gami da masu tarko.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Mene ne maɓallin steppe?
Can baya a karni na sha tara, mai tudun tudu ya kasance tsuntsu mai saurin yaduwa. A cikin talatin na karnin da ya gabata, an dauke shi a matsayin wakili na musamman na dabbobin yamma na yankin Caucasus. Amma kusa da 1990, ya zama babban rake, rikodin lokaci guda tare da tsuntsaye an rubuta su.
Gabaɗaya, babu takamaiman bayanai game da adadin garken garken Steppe Harrier, duka dangane da ƙasarmu da kuma duk sararin duniya. A cewar wasu rahotanni, akwai mutane dubu 40 ne kawai ko kuma dubu 20 na masu kawo tarnaki masu rauni. Daga cikin waɗannan, kusan ma'aurata dubu 5 suna rayuwa a cikin faɗin ƙasarmu, amma waɗannan bayanan ba za a iya kiransu cikakke ba.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Adadin masu kawo cikas a lokuta daban-daban a yankuna daban daban, saboda tsuntsaye suna ta yin ƙaura koyaushe zuwa wuraren da akwai gwaiwa da yawa. Saboda wannan, a cikin wadannan yankuna, an kirkiro wani ra'ayi ba daidai ba cewa adadin mai fuka-fukai masu fuka-fuki sun yi yawa.
Bayanai masu banƙyama sun nuna cewa yawan masu tasirin yana da matukar rauni, akwai 'yan tsuntsaye kaɗan da suka rage, suna ɓacewa, kuma, sakamakon haka, suna cikin Littafin Ja. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ayyukan ɗan adam da gaggawa, wanda ke haifar da lalata mahalli na asali na waɗannan tsuntsayen masu daraja.
Mutane suna tsunduma cikin yankan ciyawa, gandun dazuzzuka, suna yin gonaki da yawa don ƙasar noma, ta haka suna zaluntar masu tarko, suna kore su daga wuraren da suke zaune na dindindin, suna yin mummunan tasiri ga rayuwar rayuwar tsuntsaye. Duk wannan yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa yawan masu haɗarin yana raguwa, tsuntsaye suna buƙatar kariya don kar su ɓace daga fuskar duniyar tamu.
Kariya daga steppe harrier
Hotuna: Steppe Harrier daga littafin Red
Kamar yadda ya bayyana, yawan masu cutar kadan ne, wadannan masu gashin tsuntsaye na daga cikin nau'in tsuntsayen da ke cikin hatsari, saboda haka suna karkashin kariya ta musamman ta kungiyoyin kare halittu daban-daban. An jera jigilar steppe a kan Lissafin IUCN. Tsuntsun yana cikin littafin Red Book na Tarayyar Rasha, a matsayin jinsinsu, wanda yawansu ke raguwa a hankali.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin 2007, Bankin Rasha ya ba da kyautar azurfa 1 ruble, wanda ke nuna matattarar mai hawa, yana cikin jerin Littafin Red.
An jera jigilar steppe a cikin shafi na biyu na CITES, a cikin rataye masu lamba 2 na taron Bonn da Bern. An jera tsuntsayen a cikin rataye na yarjejeniyar da aka kulla tsakanin kasarmu da Indiya kan matakan kiyayewa na musamman ga tsuntsayen masu kaura. An kiyaye maƙerin steppe a cikin waɗannan tanadin:
- Khopersky;
- Orenburg;
- Altai;
- Tsakiyar ƙasa baƙar fata.
An jera fasalin a cikin Littattafan Bayanai na Yanki na yankuna daban-daban na ƙasarmu.Ana ba da shawarar gano wuraren da tsuntsaye ke zama na dindindin tare da sanya su kariya, kuma a tsakanin mazauna yankin don inganta halayyar kulawa da kulawa ga waɗannan tsuntsaye masu ban mamaki da ban mamaki don kiyaye wannan nau'in haɗari. Masana kimiyyar halittar jiki sunyi imanin cewa yankuna masu matukar alfanu ga duk wadannan ayyukan sune tsallakar Trans-Ural da Yammacin Siberia.
Ya rage a yi fatan cewa duk matakan kariya za su sami kyakkyawan sakamako, kuma steppe jigilar kaya zai fara daidaitawa aƙalla a cikin lambobinsa. Babban mai sa'a wanda yayi sa'a ya lura da wannan tsuntsu mai daraja da daukaka a cikin daji, saboda gudun wata yana matukar birgewa, kuma saurin nutsewarsa yana da ban mamaki. Ba a banza bane maharan suka zabi bude sarari don rayuwarta, domin a cikin halayyarsa mutum na iya jin halin cin duri mai zaman kansa da kuma tsananin son yanci.
Ranar bugawa: 08/15/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 15.08.2019 a 0:57
