Pipa - ɗaya daga cikin kwadi mafi ban mamaki, wanda aka samo musamman a Kudancin Amurka, a cikin kwatar Amazon. Ofaya daga cikin siffofin musamman na wannan toad shine cewa zai iya ɗaukar zuriya a bayanta tsawon watanni 3. Don wannan fasalin ne masana kimiyyar dabbobi ke kiran pipu "mafi kyawun uwa."
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Pipa
Kan Pipa yana da siffar triangular kuma daidai yake da shi daidai da dukkan jikin wannan kwado na wurare masu zafi. Idanun suna saman kan bakin bakin, basu da ƙashin ido kuma suna da ƙanƙan kaɗan. Ofaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke da ban sha'awa na ɓangaren kayan ciki shine rashin hakora da harshe a cikin waɗannan dabbobin. Madadin haka, gabobin narkewar abinci sune gyaran fata wanda yake a bakin bakinsa. Suna da kamanceceniya da kamannin su.
Bidiyo: Pipa
Wani bambanci mai mahimmanci daga sauran kwadi shine cewa ƙafafun gaban wannan amphibian basu da membran a ƙarshen su kuma suna ƙare a cikin yatsun kafa mai tsayi. Kuma abin da ya fi ban mamaki - babu farce a kansu, wanda ke bambanta Surinamese pipu gaba ɗaya daga duk manyan dabbobi. Amma akan gabobin bayan kafa akwai folds na fata, sun bambanta da karfinsu kuma suna kasancewa tsakanin yatsunsu. Wadannan ninki suna sanya kwadon yana da karfin gwiwa sosai.
Tsawon jikin Surinamese pipa kusan bai wuce cm 20 ba. Da kaɗan, idan akwai manya-manyan mutane, tsawonsu ya kai 22-23 cm Fatar wannan dabbar tana da rauni sosai kuma tana daɗaɗawa cikin tsari, wani lokacin ana iya ganin tabo baƙi a baya. Ofayan mahimmancin “nasarorin” juyin halitta wanda ya bawa Surinamese pipa damar daidaitawa da yanayin muhalli shine shuɗi (sabanin mafi yawan kwadi na wurare masu zafi) launi. Waɗannan kwadi suna da fata mai ruwan toka-ruwan kasa da ciki mai launi mai haske.
Sau da yawa akwai raɗaɗɗen duhu wanda ke zuwa maƙogwaro kuma ya rufe wuyan toad, don haka ya zama kan iyaka a kansa. Wani wari mai daɗi, mara daɗin dabba wanda bai taɓa ƙayatarwa ba ("ƙamshi" yana kama da hydrogen sulfide) shima yana aiki ne a matsayin abin hana masu yiwuwar farauta.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Yaya Pipa yake kama
Pipa na cikin rukunin amphibians, dangin pipin. Abubuwan sifofi na musamman sun fara riga a wannan matakin - har ma idan aka kwatanta da dangin ta, pipa tana da bambance-bambance da yawa, saboda da yawa daga masu binciken dabbobin, lokacin da suka fara haɗuwa da wannan dabba ta waje, suna shakkar ko kwado ne. Don haka, babban banbanci na farko daga sauran sauran amphibians (da kwadi musamman) shine yanayin jikin sa na musamman.
Bayan da aka lura da ƙwanƙolin kwado a karon farko, sai tunanin ya nuna cewa ba shi da sa'a sosai, saboda yana kama da ya hau kan kankara ne, kuma sau da yawa. Jikinta a cikin sifa yana kama da wani ganye da ya faɗo daga wasu bishiyoyin yankuna masu zafi, saboda siriri ne kuma shimfide ne. Kuma rashin sanin duk wata dabara, hatta yarda cewa a gabanka ba ganye ne wanda ya fadi ba, amma rayayyen halitta daga kogin yankuna masu ruwa-ruwa, yana da matsala sosai.
Wadannan amphibians kusan basa barin yanayin ruwa. Haka ne, a lokacin rani, za su iya komawa cikin tafkunan da ba su bushe ba tukuna, kuma ban da yanayin canjin da ya canza, babu abin da zai tsoratar da wadannan dankalin shimfidar a wurin da suke. Pipa galibi misali ne bayyananne na tasirin juyin halitta a jikin dabba - saboda tsawon rayuwar da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa, idanun waɗannan amphibians ɗin sun zama kaɗan kuma sun rasa idanun ido, rashin lafiyar harshe da kuma ɓacin rai.
Tsarin Surinamese da ke zaune a yankin Tekun Amazon ya fi kyau marubuci Gerald Durrell ya bayyana shi a cikin aikinsa na Tikiti Uku zuwa Kasada. Ya ƙunshi layuka masu zuwa: “Ya buɗe tafin hannunsa, sai wani dabba mai ban mamaki da banƙyama ya bayyana a idanuna. Haka ne, a cikin kamanninta yana kama da ɗan toka mai ruwan kasa wanda ya sami matsin lamba.
Shortananan gajerun siraran kafafunta an sanya su a sarari sasanninta na murabba'in jiki, wanda ya yi kama da cewa tsayayyen gawarwakin ba ya son tunawa. Siffar bakin ta mai kaifi ce, idonta ƙanana ne, kuma siffar Pipa kamar fanke take.
A ina ne Pipa yake zama?
Hotuna: Pipa Frog
Wurin da aka fi so da wannan kwadin shine tafkunan ruwa tare da dumi da ruwa mai laushi, wanda ba shi da ƙarfi da ƙarfi. Bugu da ƙari, maƙwabta tare da mutum ba ya tsoratar da ita - Surinamese pipy mazauna kusa da ƙauyukan mutane, galibi ana ganin su ba da nisa da shukoki ba (galibi a cikin hanyoyin ban ruwa). Dabbar tana jin daɗin laka ƙasa-ta hanyar manya, lakar laka ita ce wurin zama a gare ta.
Irin waɗannan halittu masu ban mamaki suna zaune a ƙasashen Brazil, Peru, Bolivia da Suriname. A wurin ana ɗauke su a matsayin "amphibians masu mulkin dukkanin ruwa mai sabo" - pipas na Surinamese suna jagorancin rayuwar rayuwar ruwa kawai. Wadannan kwadi ana iya ganinsu cikin sauki ba kawai a kowane irin tafki da koguna ba, har ma da magudanan ruwa na ban ruwa wadanda suke kan gonaki.
Koda lokaci mai tsawo na fari ba zai iya tilasta musu su yi rarrafe a kan kasa mai ƙarfi ba - bututun sun fi son zama a cikin huhunan da aka bushe. Amma tare da lokacin damina, sararin samaniya na ainihi yana farawa a gare su - kwaɗi sun cika rayukansu, suna motsi tare da kwararar ruwan sama ta cikin dazukan da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye.
Babban abin mamakin shine ya zama irin wannan ƙaunatacciyar soyayyar bututun Surinamese don ruwa - kasancewar waɗannan dabbobin suna da huhu mai kyau da kuma kazamta, fata mai keratinized (waɗannan alamun sunfi dacewa da dabbobin ƙasa). Jikinsu yayi kama da ƙaramin lebur mai faɗi huɗu mai kusurwa huɗu a gefuna. Matsayin canzawar kai zuwa cikin jiki kusan ba a bayyana ta kowace hanya. Idanuwa kullum kallon sama suke.
Wani wurin zama don bututun Surinamese shine akwatin ruwa na ɗan adam. Duk da cewa babu kyawun gani da kuma warin fitowar hydrogen sulfide, mutanen da ke son dabbobi masu daɗi suna farin ciki da yin waɗannan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin a gida. Gaba dayansu suna jayayya cewa abu ne mai matukar ban sha'awa da fadakarwa don bin tsarin haihuwar 'ya mace ta hanyar haihuwar tadpoles.
A yayin da, bayan karanta labarin, kuna cike da juyayi ga Surinamese pipa kuma ku yanke shawara da ƙarfi don samun irin wannan kwado a gida, sannan ku shirya babban akwatin kifaye nan da nan. Amfani daya na amphibian yakamata yakai a kalla lita 100 na ruwa. Ga kowane mutum mai zuwa - irin wannan ƙarar. Amma menene akwai - ya zama cewa Surinamese pipa kawai a cikin daji yana amfani da kowane yanayi. A cikin bauta, tana fuskantar tsananin damuwa, kuma domin wannan dabbar ta haihu, ya zama dole a samar da wasu yanayi.
Wadannan sun hada da:
- tabbatar da wadataccen iskar oxygen na akwatin kifaye;
- yanayin zafin jiki na yau da kullun. Canje-canje a cikin ƙimomi ya halatta a cikin kewayon daga 28C zuwa 24C;
- iri-iri na abinci. Wajibi ne a ciyar da waɗannan kwadin ba kawai tare da busasshen abinci don fauna na akwatin kifaye ba, har ma da ƙwarin ƙasa, tsutsa na kwari da ke cikin ruwa da kuma sabo na kifi.
Don kashe pipa na Surinamese da ke zaune a cikin akwatin kifaye don jin daɗi yadda ya kamata, ya kamata a zubo yashi da kyakkyawan tsakuwa da algae mai rai a ƙasan.
Menene pipa yake ci?
Hoto: Pipa a cikin ruwa
Tare da manyan yatsun hannu masu tsayi wadanda suke kan manyan hannayenta na gaba, toad ya kwance ƙasa ya nemi abinci, sannan ya aika shi cikin bakinsa. Tana taimakon kanta a cikin irin wannan kyakkyawan tsarin tare da ci gaba akan ƙafafunta. La'akari da yadda suka yi kama da taurari, wannan kwadin galibi ana kiransa "yatsun tauraruwa". Abincin da kwado na Surinamese ya kunshi nau'ikan kayan maye daban-daban wadanda suke a kasan matattarar ruwa, a cikin kasa.
Bugu da kari, pipa yana cin abinci:
- karamin kifi da soya;
- tsutsotsi;
- kwarin kwari.
Kwaɗin Pipa kusan ba sa farauta a farfajiyar. Ba kamar kwadi na yau da kullun ba, wanda muka saba gani, ba sa zama a cikin gulbi kuma ba sa kama ƙwaro mai tashi da dogon harshensu. Haka ne, suna da fata mai laushi, babban ƙarfin huhu, amma Surinamese pipa yana ciyarwa ne kawai a cikin rami, ko kuma kasancewa cikin ruwa kawai.
Game da lokacin damina, wasu masu bincike sun lura da yadda, a lokacin damina, Amhibians na Kudancin Amurka suka bayyana a gabar teku kuma suka shawo kan daruruwan kilomita da yawa don neman kududdufai masu dumi da laka da ke kusa da gandun daji masu zafi. Dama can suna dumama da zafin rana.
Yanzu kun san abin da za a ciyar da kumfan pipu. Bari muga yadda take rayuwa a daji.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Surinamese pipa
Kamar sauran kwadi da yawa na wurare masu zafi, lokacin da ruwa ya zama mara ƙarfi ko bushe, Surinamese pipa yana zaune na dogon lokaci a ƙazanta, kududdufai marasa zurfin ciki ko rami, yana haƙuri da jiran lokaci mafi kyau. Da firgita, amfaniya ya yi sauri nutsewa zuwa gindin, yana zurfafa cikin ramin.
Ba shi yiwuwa a tsaya a kan abubuwan da halayen tadpoles ɗin da aka ƙyanƙyashe ya ƙunsa. Misali, tadpoles masu karfi suna kokarin isa saman ruwa da wuri-wuri kuma su kama kumfar iska mai tallafawa rai. Raunana "zuriyar", akasin haka, suna faɗuwa zuwa ƙasa kuma suna shawagi zuwa saman kawai bayan ƙoƙarin 2-3.
Bayan huhu ya buɗe, tadpoles na iya iyo a kwance. Bugu da ƙari, a wannan matakin, suna nuna halin son kai - ya fi sauƙi ta wannan hanyar don kuɓuta daga masu farauta da samun abinci. Kwado, wanda a baya yake daukar kwai a bayansa, yana gogawa da duwatsu bayan taddofin sun fito, yana son cire ragowar kwan. Bayan zoben, mace balagagge ta sake shirye don saduwa.
Tadabobi suna ciyarwa daga ranar 2 ta rayuwarsu. Babban abincin su (kamar baƙon abu kamar yadda sauti yake) shine ciliates da ƙwayoyin cuta, domin ta nau'in abincin su suna masu tace abinci (kamar mussels). Don ciyarwar fursuna, ƙurar foda tana da kyau. Sake haifuwa da haɓaka bututun Surinamese yana faruwa a T (in vivo) daga 20 zuwa 30 ° C kuma taurin bai wuce raka'a 5 ba.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Surinamese pipa kwado
Namiji cikin aikin jima'i yana sanya takamaiman sautunan sauti, yana nuna wa mace cewa babu shiri zai sanya ta zama mai daɗi da nishaɗi. Namiji da mace suna yin rawar rawanin damisa a ƙarƙashin ruwa (yayin wannan aikin, ana "kimanta juna"). Mace tana yin ƙwai da yawa - a layi daya da wannan, “zaɓaɓɓiyarta” ta shayar da su da ruwan kwayar cutar.
Bayan haka, mace ta nitse ƙasa, inda ƙwai suka haɗu kai tsaye a bayanta kuma nan da nan suka manne da ita. Namiji ma yana shiga wannan aikin, yana latsa ƙwayayen ga abokin tarayya da ƙafafun baya. Tare, suna gudanar da rarraba su daidai yadda yakamata a cikin ƙwayoyin da ke gaba dayan bayan mace. Adadin kwai a irin wannan kama ya bambanta daga 40 zuwa 144.
Lokacin da kwado zai ɗauki 'ya'yansa kusan kwanaki 80 ne. Nauyin "kaya" tare da kwai a bayan bayan mace ya kai kimanin gram 385 - ɗauke da kamun pipa wani aiki ne mai wahalar gaske. Amfanin wannan tsarin na kulawa da zuriya kuma a cikin gaskiyar cewa bayan kammala tsarin ƙirƙirar kama, an rufe shi da membrane mai ɗimbin kariya wanda ke ba da amintaccen kariya. Zurfin sel inda aka saka caviar ya kai 2 mm.
Zama, a zahiri, a jikin uwa, amfrayo suna karɓa daga jikinta dukkan abubuwan gina jiki da suke buƙata don ci gaban su cikin nasara. Rarraban da ke raba ƙwai daga juna yana cike da jijiyoyi - ta hanyarsu oxygen da abinci mai narkewa a cikin yanke ya shiga zuriyar. Bayan kimanin makonni 11-12, ana haihuwar matasa pips. Samun balaga - kawai ta shekaru 6. Lokacin kiwo yana dacewa da lokacin damina. Wannan ba abin mamaki bane, saboda pipa, kamar kowane kwadi, yana son ruwa.
Halittan makiya pip
Hotuna: Surinamese pipa toad
Pipa na Surinamese kyauta ce ta gaske ga tsuntsayen wurare masu zafi, masu farauta ƙasar da kuma manyan 'yan amshi. Game da tsuntsaye, wakilan dangin masu ba da agaji, agwagwa da masu shan ruwa galibi suna cin abinci akan waɗannan kwadi. Wani lokacin storks, ibises, heron. Mafi yawancin lokuta, waɗannan tsuntsaye masu daraja da daraja suna iya kama dabba daidai da tashi.
Amma babban haɗari ga bututun Surinamese shine macizai, musamman waɗanda ke cikin ruwa (kamar sauran sauran toads da ke rayuwa a kowace nahiya). Bugu da kari, hatta kyaun gani da ido ba ya taimaka musu a nan - a yayin farauta, dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da jagoranci ta hanyar hankali da kuma kokarin zafin da kwayoyin halitta ke fitarwa. Hakanan manyan kunkuru ma suna son yin biki a irin wannan kwadin.
Bugu da ƙari, idan manya suna da aƙalla wasu zarafi don ceton rayukansu, da sauri gudu ko ɓoyewa daga mai bin su, to, tadpoles ɗin ba su da kariya. Lambobi da yawa daga cikinsu sun lalace, sun zama abincin kwari na ruwa, macizai, kifi har ma da mazari. Gabaɗaya, kowane mazaunin tafki na wurare masu zafi "zai ɗauke shi da daraja" don cin abinci a tadpole.
Asirin tsira kawai shine yawa - kawai cewa da zarar macen da ke Surinamese ta ba da kwai kimanin 2000, ta ceci jinsin daga halaka kuma ta ba da damar jama'a su kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Yaya Pipa yake kama
Ana rarraba Pipa galibi a cikin kogin Kudancin Amurka. Ana iya ganin waɗannan kwaɗin a kusan duk ƙasashen wannan nahiya. Wasu masanan kimiyyar dabbobi sun lura da kasancewar wadannan kwadin a Trinidad da Tobago. Iyakar tsaye na zangon ya kai mita 400 sama da matakin teku (ma'ana, har ma a irin wannan tsawan, ana samun pips na Surinamese).
Duk da cewa a hukumance ana sanya pipa na Surinamese a tsakanin masu amphibians, ana ɗaukar wannan kwadin a matsayin nau'ikan jinsunan ruwa - a wata ma'anar, a koyaushe tana rayuwa ne cikin ruwa, wanda ke taƙaita rarraba yawan jinsunan. Pipa Surinamese ya fi son tafki tare da ruwa mai tsafta ko kuma tare da sannu a hankali - yankin yana rufe da yawa daga cikin kogin baya, da kuma tafkuna da ƙananan wuraren dazuzzuka. Frowa suna ɓoyewa cikin ganyayyaki waɗanda suka cika ƙasan tafkin. Dangane da yadda suke motsawa a cikin kasa ba kadan ba (kuma ba kamar sauran kwadi ba) ba sa iya tsallakewa daga nesa, mutanen da ke wajen tafki sun zama ganima cikin sauki.
Game da matsayin nau'ikan halittu a cikin ɗabi'a, a yau yawan cinikin Surinamese da tasirinsa ana ɗaukar su tabbatattu. Duk da yawan abokan gaba na halitta da tasirin abubuwan dake haifar da cututtukan dan adam, ana samun jinsin galibi a cikin kewayon sa. Babu wata barazana ga yawan wannan nau'in, kodayake a wasu wuraren ana samun raguwar mutane saboda ayyukan noman mutane da kuma sare gandun daji na yankuna. Ba a sanya pipa ta Surinamese a cikin jerin jinsuna tare da barazanar yawaita ba, ana samunta a cikin yankunan ajiyar.
Pipa Surinamese ya bambanta da duk sauran wakilan amphibians ta hanyoyi da yawa - ita kaɗai ba ta da dogon harshe da aka nufa don kama kwari, babu membranes da ƙafafu a ƙafafunta. Amma tana canza kamanni daidai kuma ita ce mafi kyawu daga dukkan masu son birgewa don kula da zuriyar, ɗauke da ƙwai a bayanta.
Ranar bugawa: 08/10/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 09/29/2019 da 12:51
