Salamander - dan amshi, wanda a zamanin da mutane ke matukar jin tsoron sa, sun kirkiro tatsuniyoyi game da shi, girmamawa, kuma sun danganta iya sihiri. Wannan ya faru ne saboda bayyanar sallamar da kuma halayensa. Na dogon lokaci, mutane sun yi imani cewa dabba ba ta ƙonewa a cikin wuta, tunda shi kansa yana da wuta. Tabbas, a cikin fassarawa daga yaren Farisawan dā, salamander yana nufin "ƙonewa daga ciki."
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Salamander
A kamanninsu, salamanders sun yi kama da kadangaru sosai, amma masana kimiyyar dabbobi sun sanya su azuzuwan daban-daban: kadangaru ana sanya su a matsayin dabbobi masu rarrafe, kuma an rarraba masu salamanders a matsayin amphibians, jinsin masu sallama.
A tsarin juyin halitta, wanda ya dau tsawon miliyoyin shekaru, dukkanin mambobin jinsi sun kasu kashi uku manyan rukuni:
- salamanders na gaske (Salamandridae);
- marasa salamanders marasa ƙarfi (Plethodontidae);
- salamanders-ɓoye gabers (Сryрtobrаnсhidаe).
Bambance-bambance a cikin dukkanin kungiyoyi uku suna cikin tsarin numfashi, wanda aka tsara shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Misali, na farko yana numfasawa da taimakon huhu, na biyu kuma da taimakon membobi na fata da na fata, na ukun kuma da taimakon ɓoye na ɓoye.
Bidiyo: Salamander
Jikin salamanders yana tsawaita, sannu a hankali juya cikin jela. Amphibians suna da girma daga 5 zuwa 180 cm. Fatar salamanders tana da santsi ga taɓawa kuma koyaushe tana da danshi. Yankin launinsu ya banbanta sosai dangane da nau'ikan da mazauninsu: rawaya, baƙi, ja, zaitun, koren, launukan ruwan hoda. Za a iya rufe bayanta da gefen dabbobin da manya da ƙananan launuka, ratsi launuka daban-daban.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Karami salamanders a duniya sune dwarf Eurycea quadridigitat tare da tsayin jiki har zuwa 89 mm, da kuma kankanin Desmognathus wrighti mai tsayin jiki har zuwa 50 mm. Kuma tare daBabban salamander mafi girma a duniya, Andrias davidianus, wanda ke zaune a China, ya kai tsawon zuwa 180 cm.
Kafafun salamanders gajere ne kuma masu kaya. Akwai yatsu 4 a kafafun gaba, kuma 5 a kafafun baya: Babu fika a yatsun. Kan yana kwance, kwatankwacin kan kwado tare da kumbura kuma galibi idanu masu duhu tare da kwasan idanu masu motsi.
A cikin fatar dabbobi akwai gland na musamman (parotitis) wadanda suke samar da guba. Guba a cikin salamanders galibi baya mutuwa, amma yayin kokarin cin sa, zai iya gurguntar da mai farautar na wani lokaci, sannan kuma ya haifar da girgiza a ciki. Salamanders suna rayuwa kusan ko'ina inda iklima ke da dumi da danshi, amma ana iya samun mafi yawan jinsin a Arewacin Amurka.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Yaya sallamar kama?
Duk salamanders suna kamanceceniya da juna a bayyane: suna da tsayayyen jiki mai santsi fata fata, wata doguwar wutsiya, ba gabobin da suka ci gaba sosai ba tare da fika ba, ƙaramin kai tare da kumbura idanu baki da ƙyallen ido, yana baka damar bincika abubuwan da ke kewaye ba tare da juya kai ba. Muƙamuƙan amphibians ba su ci gaba ba, tunda ba su dace da cin abinci mai wuya ba. Saboda rashin jin daɗinsu, dabbobi suna jin daɗin cikin ruwa fiye da ƙasa.
Salamanders, ba kamar dangin su na kusa ba - kadangaru, suma suna da ban sha'awa sosai ga launuka iri-iri na zahiri dukkan launuka na bakan gizo. Kamar yadda aka saba a yanayi, bayan bayyanar haske mai ban mamaki akwai haɗari - guba da ke iya ƙonewa har ma da kisa. Duk nau'ikan salamanders masu guba ne zuwa wani mataki ko wani, amma daya daga cikin wadannan dabbobin suna da guba mai kisa - Wutar Salamander.
A cikin tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi na dā, koyaushe ana ba da salamander matsayin bawa na baƙin duhu. Wannan nuna wariyar ya wanzu sashi saboda baƙon abu, haka kuma saboda yiwuwar, idan akwai haɗari, don samar da wani guba mai guba daga fata, wanda duka na iya haifar da ƙonewar fata mai ƙarfi (a cikin mutane) kuma ya gurgunta ko ma ya kashe (ƙaramar dabba).
Yanzu kun san idan salamand yana da guba ko a'a. Bari muga inda wannan amphibian take zaune.
Ina mai sallama?
Hotuna: Salamander a Rasha
Mazaunin salamanders yana da yawa sosai. Don taƙaitawa, suna rayuwa kusan ko'ina, a duk nahiyoyi, inda yanayi mai ɗumi, mai ɗumi da danshi ba tare da canje-canje kwatsam ba a yanayin yanayi, dare da rana. Koyaya, ana iya ganin yawancin nau'in a Arewacin Amurka.
Tabbas masu tsaunuka masu tsayi suna rayuwa a tsaunukan Alps (gabas da tsakiyar tsaunukan), kuma ana iya samunsu a tsawan sama da 1000 m sama da matakin teku. Hakanan, salamanders sunada yawa a Switzerland, Austria, Italia, Slovenia, Croatia,> Bosnia, Serbia, Montenegro, Herzegovina, kudancin Faransa, Jamus da Liechtenstein.
Akwai jinsunan da ke rayuwa a cikin iyakantaccen yanki. Misali, Lanza salamander, yana rayuwa ne kawai a yammacin Alps, a zahiri akan iyakar Italiya da Faransa, a kwarin Chisone (Italia), a cikin kwarin Po, Gil, Germanasca, Pellice.
Yawancin jinsuna masu yawa na salamanders ana samun su a Yammacin Asiya da kuma duk yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya - daga Iran zuwa Turkiyya.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Carpathians suna gida ne ga ɗayan mafi yawan salamanders masu guba - the Alpine black salamander. Guba ta dabba, da aka ɓoye ta cikin fata ta gland na musamman, tana haifar da ƙonawa mai tsananin gaske a kan fata da ƙwayoyin mucous, waɗanda ba sa warkewa na dogon lokaci.
Menene mai salamander yake ci?
Hotuna: Black Salamander
Abin da salamanders ke ci ya dogara da mazaunin su. Misali, ampan karamin amphibians da ke rayuwa a kan ƙudajen farautar ƙasa, sauro, butterflies, gizo-gizo, cicadas, tsutsar ciki, slugs. Manyan salamanders sun fi son farautar kananan kadangaru, sababbi, kwaɗi. Dabbobin da ke rayuwa a jikin ruwa suna kama ɓawon burodi, molluscs, ƙananan kifi, soya.
Lokacin da yanayin yanayi ya ba da izini, 'yan amshi na iya farauta duk tsawon shekara. Lokacin mafi girman aiki na salamanders yana faɗuwa da dare. A cikin duhu, suna fitowa daga wuraren ɓoye don tafiya da farauta, kuma suna iya yin hakan daga maraice har zuwa wayewar gari.
Don kama abin da suka kama, da farko suna kallonsa na dogon lokaci, ba tare da motsi ba, saboda ƙyallen idanu da ƙyallen idanu. Suna kama ganimar salman, suna fitar da dogon harshe mai ɗanko. Idan dabbar ta sami ikon kusantar ganima, to tabbas ba zai sami ceto ba.
Bayan sun kama abincinsu da kaifin motsi, sai suka dogara gare shi da dukkan jikinsu kuma suna ƙoƙari su haɗiye shi gabaki ɗaya ba tare da taunawa ba. Bayan duk wannan, muƙamuƙi da bakin salamar ba a daidaita su da taunawa ba. Tare da kananan dabbobi (kwari, slugs), komai ya zama sauƙaƙe, tare da farauta mafi girma (kadangaru, kwadi), dole ne dabbar ta gwada sosai. Amma sai mai sallama ya ji ya cika kwanaki da yawa.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Salama mai lemu
Masu sallamawa suna motsawa a hankali, kuma gabaɗaya su, bisa ƙa'ida, suna motsa kaɗan kaɗan, kuma mafi yawa suna zaune wuri ɗaya, suna rafkantar kewaye. Dabbobi suna aiki sosai da dare, kuma da rana suna ƙoƙari su ɓuya a cikin ramuka da aka watsar, tsofaffin kututture, a cikin ciyawa mai yawa, a cikin tarin rubabben itace, suna gujewa hasken rana kai tsaye.
Salamanders ma farauta da kiwo da dare. Dole ne ya zama akwai ƙarancin ruwa kusa da mazauninsu. Bayan duk wannan, salamanders ba za su iya rayuwa ba tare da ruwa ba, wannan kuwa saboda fatar jikinsu ta yi sauri da sauri.
Idan salamanders basa zaune a cikin yankuna masu zafi, to daga tsakiyar kaka suna fara lokacin hunturu, wanda, ya danganta da yankin mazaunin, zai iya wucewa kusan har zuwa tsakiyar lokacin bazara. Gidajensu a wannan lokacin burbushin zurfin zurfafa ne ko kuma tarin tarin ganyen da suka faɗo. Salamanders na iya yin hibernate ko dai shi kaɗai, wanda ya fi dacewa da su, ko kuma a rukunin mutane da dama.
A cikin daji, salamanders suna da abokan gaba da yawa, saboda haka, don tserewa, dabbobi suna ɓoye sirrin dafi wanda ke shayar da muƙamuƙin masu farautar. Idan wannan bai taimaka ba, suna iya barin gabobin jikinsu ko jelar a cikin haƙoransu ko faratansu, wanda zai girma bayan wani lokaci.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Salamander qwai
A matsakaita, salamanders na iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 20, amma rayuwarsu ta dogara ne da takamaiman nau'in da wurin zama. Speciesananan jinsunan waɗannan dabbobin suna balaga a lokacin da suke da shekara 3, da kuma manyan daga baya a shekara 5.
Boye-gill salamanders suna yin ƙwai, kuma salamanders na ainihi na iya zama masu rayuwa da masu ɗaurewa. Amphibians na iya hayayyafa a cikin shekara, amma ƙwanƙolin ayyukan saduwa yana faruwa a cikin watannin bazara.
Lokacin da namiji mai sallama ya shirya don saduwa, glandan musamman da ke cike da kwayar halitta - kwayoyin haihuwa na maza - kumbura. Yana da matukar farin ciki kuma babban burin rayuwarsa a wannan lokacin shine ya sami mace ya cika aikin haihuwa. Idan akwai masu nema da yawa don kulawar mace, to maza zasu iya yaƙi.
Mazan Spermatophore suna ɓoye kai tsaye a ƙasa, kuma mata suna shan ta ta cikin cloaca. A cikin ruwa, hadi yana faruwa daban: mata suna yin ƙwai, kuma maza suna shayar dasu da kwayar halitta.
Takin da aka ba shi takaddama ya haɗa kansa da tsirrai na algae ko asalinsu. A cikin halittu masu motsa jiki, tsutsa na cikin ciki tsakanin watanni 10-12. A cikin salamanders na cikin ruwa, ƙyanƙyasar ƙwai daga ƙwai bayan kimanin watanni 2 tare da gills cikakke. A bayyane, larvae suna ɗan ɗan tuna da tadpoles.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin salamanders masu motsa jiki daga ƙwayayen da suka haɗu 30-60, ,a 2-3an 2-3 ne kaɗai aka haifa, sauran ƙwai kuma abinci ne kawai na zuriya mai zuwa.
Salamander larvae suna rayuwa kuma suna ciyarwa a cikin ruwa na kimanin watanni uku, a hankali suna canzawa da samun bayyanar manya. Kafin ƙarshen maganin ƙarancin ruwa, ƙananan salamanders suna rarrafe da yawa tare da ƙasan gabobin ruwa kuma galibi suna sama, suna ƙoƙarin shaƙar iska. Matasa ba su da wata alaƙa da iyayensu, kuma bayan sun gama maganin metamorphosis, za su fara rayuwarsu ta kashin kai.
Abokan gaba na salamanders
Photo: Salamander a cikin yanayi
A yanayi, salamanders, saboda jinkirinsu da bambancin launi mai banbanci, suna da abokan gaba da yawa, tunda suna da sauƙin lura. Mafi hatsarin daga cikinsu macizai ne, haka kuma manyan macizai masu dafi da mafiya dafi.
Hakanan yana da kyau a gare su kar su hango manyan tsuntsaye - falwalai, shaho, gaggafa, mujiya. Tsuntsaye yawanci basa haɗiye amphibians da rai - wannan yana cike da damuwa, tunda kuna iya samun rabo mai kyau na guba. Yawancin lokaci tsuntsaye suna kama salamanders da faratan su kuma suna kashe su, suna jefa su daga tsauni akan duwatsu, sannan kawai sai su fara cin abinci, sai dai in ba shakka babu wanda ya jawo ganimar, wanda ke faruwa sau da yawa.
Hakanan, dabbobin daji, shahidai da dawakai ba sa kyamar cin abinci a kan salamanders. Bugu da ƙari, tare da babban nasara, boarsan daji ne ke gudanar da farautar su, tun da waɗannan dabbobin suna da ƙaton baki, wanda ke ba su damar haɗiye abincin da sauri, yayin da bai riga ya sami lokacin murmurewa da cire guba daga fata ba. Dangane da wannan, dawakai da shahidai suna da mawuyacin lokaci - ganima na iya samun lokaci don gurgunta maƙogwaronsu da guba ko ma tserewa, da barin ƙafa ko wutsiya a cikin haƙoransu.
Hakanan Salamanders suna da makiya da yawa a cikin yanayin ruwa. Duk wani babban kifin da zai farautar shi - kifin kifi, perch ko pike na iya cin dabbobi, amma galibi larbansu. Fisharamin kifi ba damuwa da cin ƙwai.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Yaya sallamar kama?
Saboda bambance-bambancensa, bambancinsa da kuma mahalli mai fa'ida, masanan dabbobi sun gano nau'ikan jinsuna da yawa na salamanders. An gano manyan nau'ikan salamander guda bakwai a baya, amma binciken da aka gudanar kwanan nan game da kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa hudu ne kawai.
Babban nau'in salamanders:
- Maghreb salamander (Salamandra algira Bedriaga), an samo shi kuma an bayyana shi a cikin 1883 a Afirka;
- Corsican salamander (Salamandra corsica Savi), wanda aka bayyana a cikin 1838 a tsibirin Corsica;
- salamander na Asiya ta Tsakiya (Salamandra infraimmaculata Martens), wanda aka bayyana a cikin 1885 a Yammacin Asiya kuma yana da ƙananan nau'ikan 3 (tare da ƙananan ƙananan 3);
- hange salamander (Salamandra salamandra) wanda aka bayyana a cikin 1758 kuma yana zaune a Turai da ɓangaren Turai na tsohuwar USSR, suna da ƙananan ƙananan 12.
Daga cikin dukkanin sanannun rukunoni, Salamander na Wuta shine wanda aka fi karantawa.
Guba ta yawancin jinsunan salamanders ana daukarta ba mai kashe mutane bane, amma a lokaci guda yana da matukar hadari, tunda yana iya haifar da mummunan kuna idan ya hau kan fata. Saboda wannan, ba shi da kyau a ɗauki salamanders a hannunka. Gabaɗaya, salamanders ba dabbobi masu haɗari bane. Bayan duk wannan, ba su taɓa kai hari ga mutane da kansu ba, tunda ba su da faratan hannu ko haƙoran wannan.
Salamander mai gadi
Hotuna: Salamander daga littafin Ja
Yawancin jinsunan salamanders an lasafta su a cikin Littafin Ja a ƙarƙashin matakan: "nau'ikan halittu masu rauni" ko "nau'in haɗari". Adadinsu yana raguwa koyaushe saboda ci gaban masana'antu da noma, sake fasalin ƙasa, sare dazuzzuka, kuma, sakamakon haka, taƙaita matsuguninsu. Akwai ƙananan wurare kaɗan da suka dace da rayuwar waɗannan dabbobi a ƙasa da jikin ruwa.
Mutanen da suka damu da wannan matsalar a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban suna yin ƙoƙari sosai don kiyaye duk waɗannan nau'ikan ta hanyar ƙirƙirar wuraren ajiya da kuma wuraren kulawa na musamman.
Daga cikin jinsunan da ke zaune a Turai, nau'ikan Wuta ko salamanda masu tabo suna da kariya ta "Yarjejeniyar Berne don Kare Rayayyun Rayayyun Jinsuna da Muhallansu a Turai." Har ila yau, an tsara wannan jinsin a cikin Littafin Ja na Yukren a ƙarƙashin matsayin "nau'ikan halittu masu rauni". A lokacin zamanin Soviet, littafin ya kiyaye shi ta littafin Red Book na USSR. A yau, ana ci gaba da aiki don shigar da salamar tabo a cikin littafin Red Book of Russia.
Sallamar da aka hango yana zaune a Turai (tsakiya da kudu) daga Yankin Iberian zuwa Jamus, Poland, Balkans. A cikin Ukraine, jinsin suna rayuwa a yankin Carpathian (gabas), ba kasafai ake samunsu a kwarin kogin na Lviv, Transcarpathian, Chernivtsi, Ivano-Frankivsk, da kuma a Carpathian National Park da Carpathian Reserve.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Salamander mai hazo yana samar da dafin dafin musamman wanda ba a samun shi ko'ina cikin kowace dabba. Yana da suna na musamman - samandarin, yana cikin ƙungiyar alkaloids na steroidal kuma yana aiki azaman neurotoxin. A yayin gudanar da bincike, an ba da shawarar cewa mafi mahimmancin aikin wannan guba ba kariya ce daga masu farauta ba, amma tasiri ne mai ƙarfi na antifungal da antibacterial, wanda ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye fatar dabbar da tsabta da lafiya. Tunda salamander yana numfasawa ta fatar, lafiya da tsabtar fatar nada matukar mahimmanci ga dabba.
Salamander yana haifar da ɓoyayyen salon. Wannan fasalin yana wahalar da karatun rayuwarsu da halayensu. Saboda gaskiyar cewa ba a san komai game da masu salamanders ba, suna da wahala a zamanin da. Mutane na tsoron dabbobi kuma suna ƙonewa a cikin wutar. Masu salamanders din, suna kokarin tserewa makomarsu, suka zabura daga wuta cikin firgici suka gudu. Don haka an haife labarin ne cewa da gubarsu za su iya kashe wutar kuma, kamar yadda yake, a sake haifar su.
Ranar bugawa: 04.08.2019 shekara
Ranar sabuntawa: 28.09.2019 da 12:04
