Miski sa Dabba ce mai ban mamaki wacce ke da takamammen bayyananniya, saboda abin da masanan kera dabbobi suka keɓe ta zuwa wani keɓaɓɓen ƙungiyar. Sunan ya samo asali ne saboda halayen waje na tumaki da bijimai. Dabbar ta karɓi tsarin mulki da tsarin gabobin ciki da tsarin daga bijimai, da nau'in ɗabi'a da wasu halaye daga tumaki. A cikin yawancin littattafan adabi, ana samun sa da sunan musk ox.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Miski sa
Shanu na musk na dabbobi ne masu ƙayatarwa, an keɓe shi ga rukunin dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsarin artiodactyls. Wakili ne na dangin bovids, jinsi da nau'ikan shanu na musk. Sunan dabba, wanda aka fassara daga tsohuwar yaren Latin, yana nufin ragon rago. Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon gazawar masana kimiyya wajen cimma matsaya game da asali da kakannin dabbar.
Bidiyo: Miski sa
Tsoffin magabatan shanun musk na zamani sun rayu a duniya yayin zamanin Miocene - sama da shekaru miliyan 10 da suka gabata. Yankin mazauninsu a wancan lokacin shi ne yankunan tsaunuka na Asiya ta Tsakiya. Ba shi yiwuwa a tantance daidai da bayyana bayyanar, yanayi da salon rayuwar magabatan da suka gabata saboda rashin wadataccen burbushin halittu.
Kimanin shekaru miliyan 3,5-4 da suka wuce, lokacin da yanayin yanayi ya kara tsananta, tsoffin shanu na musk sun sauko daga Himalayas kuma sun bazu a yankin arewacin Eurasia da Siberia. A lokacin Pleistocene, wakilai na farko na wannan nau'in, tare da mammoths, bison da rhinoceroses, Arctic Eurasia mai yawan jama'a.
A lokacin glaciation na Illinois, sun yi ƙaura tare da Bering Isthmus zuwa yankin Arewacin Amurka, sannan zuwa Greenland. Farkon wanda ya fara buɗewa a turai ya kasance ma'aikacin kamfanin Hudson's Bay, ɗan Ingilishi Henry Kelsey.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Yaya san biƙon miski
Shanu miski yana da takamaiman bayyanar, wanda aka kafa ta yanayin yanayin wanzuwarsa. Babu kusan kumburi a jikinsa, wanda ke rage zafin rana. Hakanan, takamaiman fasalin bayyanar dabba doguwa ce mai kauri sosai. Tsawonsa ya kai kimanin santimita 14-16 a baya kuma har zuwa 50-60 santimita a cikin tarnaƙi da ciki. A waje, da alama an rufe shi daga sama tare da bargo mara kyau.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Baya ga ulu, bijimin musk yana da sutura mai kauri da kuma kauri sosai wacce ke warkewa sau 7-8 fiye da na ulu. Gwanen mai kofato yana da nau'in gashi guda takwas. Godiya ga wannan tsarin, shine mai maɗaukakin ulu a duniya.
A cikin hunturu, da Jawo ne musamman lokacin farin ciki da tsawo. Molt yana farawa ne a watan Mayu kuma yana ɗauka har zuwa tsakiyar watan Yuli. Dabbobi suna da rarrabewa ta hanyar ƙarfi, tsokoki mai kyau. Shanu na miski yana da ɗan madaidaiciya kai da gajarta da gajarta. Saboda katuwar layar, wacce ke zubewa, ga alama ta fi ta gaske girma. Hakanan gaban, ɓangaren gaban kansa an rufe shi da fur. Kunnuwa suna da sifa uku-uku kuma kusan ba za a iya ganinsu ba saboda suturar kauri. Shanu na miski yana da ƙaho mai kama da sikila. Suna kauri a goshi, suna rufe mafi yawansu.
Horahonin na iya zama launin toka, launin ruwan kasa, ko launin ruwan kasa. Nasihu koyaushe suna da duhu fiye da tushe. Tsawon ƙahonin ya kai santimita 60-75. Sun kasance a cikin jinsi biyu, amma a cikin mata koyaushe sun fi guntu kuma basu da ƙarfi. Gabannin bijimai gajeru ne kuma masu karfi sosai. Abin lura ne cewa kofato na gaba sun fi na baya girma. An rufe gabobin da gashin mai kauri da doguwa. Wutsiya gajera ce. An lulluɓe shi da ulu, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ba ya ganuwa kwata-kwata.
Girman dabba a busassun ya kai mita 1.3-1.5. Nauyin jikin babban mutum kusan kilogram 600-750. Launuka suna mamaye launin toka, launin ruwan kasa, launin ruwan kasa da baƙi. Yawancin lokaci ɓangaren sama na jiki yana da sautin haske, ƙasan kusan baki ne. Akwai haske a cikin kashin baya. Hakanan an rufe gabobin da fur mai launin haske.
A ina ne musk ox yake rayuwa?
Hotuna: Musk ox a Rasha
Gidan tarihin dabbobi ya bazu zuwa yankunan Arctic na Eurasia. Bayan lokaci, tare da Bering Isthmus, shanun musk sun yi ƙaura zuwa Arewacin Amurka, har ma daga baya zuwa Greenland.
Canjin duniya kan yanayin yanayi, musamman ɗumamar yanayi, ya haifar da raguwar dabbobi da ƙuntata wuraren zama. Gilashin polar ya fara raguwa kuma ya narke, girman murfin dusar kankara ya karu, kuma tundra-steppes ya zama yankuna masu dausayi. A yau, babban mazaunin miski yana cikin Arewacin Amurka, a yankin Greenel da Pari, da kuma yankunan arewacin Greenland.
Har zuwa 1865, bijimin musk yana zaune a yankunan arewacin Alaska, amma an ci gaba da kiwo a cikin wannan yankin. A cikin 1930, an sake kawo su can kaɗan, kuma a cikin 1936 a tsibirin Nunivak. A cikin wadannan wurare, bijimin musk ya sami jiji sosai. A Switzerland, Iceland da Norway, bai yiwu a yi kiwon dabbobi ba.
A wani lokaci mai nisa, an fara kiwon bijimai a cikin Rasha. Dangane da kiyasin masana kimiya, kimanin mutane dubu 7-8 ne ke rayuwa a yankin Taimyr tundra, kimanin mutane 800-900 a Tsibirin Wrangel, da Yakutia da Magadan.
Yanzu kun san inda musk dinki yake zaune. Bari muga abin da dabbar take ci.
Menene shanu na miski?
Photo: Dabba miski sa
Shanu musk ne mai ɗori-kofato. Ya sami damar daidaitawa da rayuwa cikakke a cikin yanayin damuna na Arctic mai sanyi. A cikin waɗannan wurare, lokacin dumi yana ɗaukar onlyan makonni kawai, sa'annan hunturu ya sake dawowa, guguwar dusar ƙanƙara, iska da tsananin sanyi. A wannan lokacin, babban tushen abinci shi ne ciyayi mai bushewa, wanda dabbobi ke samu daga ƙarƙashin farin dusar ƙanƙara mai kofato.
Tushen abinci don musk ox:
- birch, shillow willow;
- lichens;
- lichen, gansakuka;
- ciyawar auduga;
- kwantar da hankali;
- astragalus da mytnik;
- arctagrostis da arctophila;
- ciyawar kunkuru;
- foxtail;
- ciyawar ciyawa;
- mutum makiyaya;
- namomin kaza;
- 'ya'yan itace.
Da farkon lokacin dumi, shanu na musk suna zuwa lasisin gishiri na halitta, inda suke cike da rashin ma'adinai da abubuwan alamomin cikin jiki. A lokacin sanyi, dabbobi suna samun abincinsu, suna tono shi daga ƙarƙashin murfin dusar ƙanƙara, wanda kaurinsa bai wuce rabin mita ba. Idan kaurin murfin dusar kankara ya karu, sa na miski ba zai iya samun abincin kansa ba. A lokacin sanyi, lokacin da babban tushen abinci ya bushe, daskararren ciyayi, shanu na misk suna ciyar da mafi yawan lokacin su cikin narkar da shi.
Da farkon dumi, suna ƙoƙari su kasance kusa da kwarin kogi, inda yake da wadataccen ciyayi iri-iri. A lokacin dumin, suna sarrafa tara mai mai yawa. A farkon lokacin sanyi, kusan 30% na nauyin jiki.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Siberiya miski sa
Shanu miski dabba ce wacce ta dace sosai don rayuwa cikin sanyi, yanayi mai wahala. Sau da yawa suna iya jagorancin rayuwar makiyaya, suna zaɓar yankin da akwai damar ciyarwa. A lokacin hunturu, galibi sukan yi ƙaura zuwa tsaunuka, yayin da iska mai ƙarfi take kwashe murfin dusar ƙanƙara daga kololuwarsu. Da farkon bazara, suna komawa zuwa kwari da yankuna masu kyau na tundra.
Salon rayuwa da halayyar musk miski yakan yi kama da tumaki. Suna ƙirƙirar ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, waɗanda yawansu ya kai daga mutane 4 zuwa 10 a lokacin rani, kuma zuwa 15-20 a cikin hunturu. A lokacin bazara, maza galibi sukan taru a cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, ko kuma keɓance keɓantaccen salon rayuwa. Wadannan mutane suna da kusan kashi 8% na yawan dabbobi.
Kowane rukuni yana da wurin zama da wurin kiwo. A lokacin dumi, ya kai kilomita murabba'i 200, a lokacin rani an mai da shi 50. Kowace ƙungiya tana da shugaba wanda ke jagorantar kowa a cikin neman tushen abinci. Mafi yawanci, wannan rawar ana yin ta ne da jagora ko kuma wata baligiya, ƙwararriyar mace. A cikin mawuyacin yanayi, an sanya wannan aikin zuwa garken shanu.
Dabbobi suna motsawa a hankali, a wasu yanayi zasu iya hanzarta zuwa 35-45 km / h. Suna iya yin tafiya mai nisa don neman abinci. A lokacin dumi, ciyar da abinci tare da hutawa da rana. Da farkon lokacin hunturu, suna hutawa mafi yawan lokuta, suna narkar da ciyawar da nake cirewa a ƙarƙashin kaurin murfin dusar ƙanƙara. Shanu na musk sam baya tsoron iska mai ƙarfi da manyan sanyi. Lokacin da hadari ya fara, sukan kwantawa da baya ga iska. Babban dusar ƙanƙara, wanda aka rufe shi da ɓawon burodi, yana haifar da haɗari musamman a gare su.
An daidaita shi a sararin samaniya tare da taimakon ingantaccen hangen nesa da ƙanshin ƙanshi, wanda ke ba ka damar jin kusantar abokan gaba da samun abinci ƙarƙashin kaurin dusar ƙanƙara. Matsakaicin tsawon ran maski miski ne shekaru 11-14, amma tare da wadataccen abinci, wannan lokacin kusan ninki biyu.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Musk sa a yanayi
Lokacin kiwo yana daga tsakiyar watan Yuli zuwa ƙarshen Oktoba. Duk matan da suka balaga, wadanda aka shirya don saduwa, an rufe su da namiji daya, wanda shine shugaban garken. A cikin waɗancan rukunoni inda adadin kawunan ya yi yawa, wasu morean da suka fi yawa sune magadan jinsin. Babu kusan gwagwarmaya don kulawa da mata.
Wasu lokuta maza suna nuna ƙarfi a gaban juna. Ana bayyana wannan a cikin karkatar kai, gurnani, butting, kofato mai bugawa a ƙasa. Idan abokin hamayya bai shirya ya yarda ba, wani lokacin ana fada. Dabbobin suna nesa da juna tsawon mita hamsin, kuma, suna watsewa, suna karo da kawunansu. Wannan na faruwa har sai masu karfi sun ci galaba akan masu rauni. Galibi, mazan suna mutuwa a fagen fama.
Bayan jima'i, ciki yana faruwa, wanda ya ɗauki watanni 8-9. A sakamakon haka, an haifi ɗiya biyu, da wuya ƙwarai. Nauyin jikin jarirai kusan kilogram 7-8 ne. Bayan 'yan sa'o'i bayan haihuwa, jariran suna shirye su bi mahaifiyarsu.
Madarar uwa tana da yawan kuzari kuma tana da yawan mai. Saboda wannan, jarirai sabbin haihuwa suna girma cikin sauri kuma suna karɓar nauyi. A lokacin da suka cika wata biyu, tuni suna samun kusan kilo 40, kuma zuwa hudu suna ninka nauyin jikinsu.
Ciyar da madara nono na aƙalla watanni huɗu, wani lokacin yakan ɗauki shekara guda. Mako guda bayan haihuwa, jariri zai fara ɗanɗano mosses da ganye. A cikin wata daya, ya rigaya yana ciyar da ciyawa a yankuna ban da nono.
Jariri yana karkashin kulawar uwa har zuwa shekara guda. An garke koyaushe suna haɗuwa cikin rukuni don wasannin haɗin gwiwa. Daga cikin jarirai, maza koyaushe suna kan gaba cikin adadi.
Abokan gaba na musk shanu
Hotuna: Yaya san biƙon miski
Shanun shanu na halitta suna da ƙahoni masu ƙarfi da ƙarfi, tsokoki masu haɓaka sosai. Suna da kusanci sosai, wanda hakan yakan basu damar yaƙar abokan gaba. Duk da wannan, suna da yan kalilan makiya a mazauninsu.
Abokan gaba na musk shanu:
- kerkeci;
- launin ruwan kasa da polar bears;
- wolverines.
Wani abokin gaba mai matukar hatsari shi ne mutum. Sau da yawa yakan farautar dabbar don kahonta da gashinta. Masu fahimtar irin waɗannan kofuna waɗanda ba safai ba suna daraja su sosai kuma suna ba da kuɗi da yawa. Jin ƙamshi da hangen nesa mai saurin ingantawa yakan sanya damar tantance haɗarin daga nesa. A irin wannan halin, musk maski yana hanzarta saurin motsi, shiga cikin tsalle, sannan ya tashi. A wasu yanayi, suna iya isa saurin fiye da 40 km / h.
Idan wannan dabarar ba ta kawo tasirin da ake buƙata ba, manya suna ƙirƙirar zobe mai ɗimbin yawa, a tsakiyar waɗanda akwai samari matasa. Tunanin harin da mai farautar ya yi, babban ya sake komawa matsayinsa a cikin da'irar. Irin wannan dabarar tsaron tana ba mutum damar kare kariya daga abokan gaba na dabi'a, amma hakan baya taimakawa, amma akasin haka, yana sanya sauki ga mafarautan da basu ma bukatar bin abin da suka kama.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Dabba miski sa
Yau musk ox yana da matsayi na "mafi ƙarancin haɗarin halaka". Koyaya, wannan nau'in har yanzu yana ƙarƙashin iko a cikin Arctic. A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin dabbobi ta duniya, adadin ta ya kai kawuna dubu 136-148. Alaska a cikin 2005 gida ce ga kusan mutane 3,800. Yawan mutane a cikin Greenland mutane dubu 9-12 ne. A Nunavut, akwai kusan kawuna 47, daga cikinsu dubu 35 suka rayu a yankin tsibirin Arctic.
A arewa maso yamma, akwai kusan mutane dubu 75.5. Kusan kusan kashi 92 cikin ɗari na wannan yawan jama'ar sun mamaye yankin tsibirin Arctic. A wasu yankuna, bijimin musk ya kasance a cikin yanayin tanadi da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, inda ba a hana farauta shi.
Ga yawan jama'ar muskox, babban haɗarin yana tattare da canjin yanayin yanayi, mafarauta, ɗumamar yanayi da dusar ƙanƙara ta fuskar dusar ƙanƙara, kasancewar adadi mai yawa na bera da kerkeci a Arewacin Amurka. Idan dusar ƙanƙara ta rufe da kankara, dabbobi ba za su iya samun abincinsu ba.
A wasu yankuna, ana farautar shanu na musk saboda gashinsu mai tamani, a wasu suna neman samun nama wanda, a dandano da abun da ke ciki, yayi kama da naman shanu. A wasu yankuna, kitse na dabba ma yana da daraja, bisa ga tushen sa ana sanya man shafawa mai warkarwa kuma ana amfani dashi a cikin kwalliya.
Miski sa Dabba ce mai ban sha'awa sosai wacce ta haɗu da halayen tumaki da bijimai. Ya kasance mazaunin yankuna masu sanyi, na arctic. Abun takaici, tare da dumamar yanayi, adadi da mazaunin sa yana raguwa, kodayake kawo yanzu basa haifar da wata fargaba.
Ranar bugawa: 07/27/2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 09/29/2019 da 21:21
