Mamammot - dabba da kowa ya san ta saboda shahararrun al'adu. Mun san cewa ƙattai ulu ne da suka shuɗe shekaru da yawa da suka wuce. Amma dabbobi masu shayarwa suna da nau'ikan halittu daban-daban da halaye na musamman na mazauninsu, halayya da salon rayuwarsu.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Mammoth
Mammoths dabbobi ne da suka mutu daga dangin giwa. A zahiri, jinsin mammoths ya hada da nau'ikan da yawa, wanda har yanzu masana kimiyyar ke ta jayayya game da shi. Misali, sun banbanta a girma (akwai manya manya da kanana), a gaban ulu, a tsarin hauren giwa, da sauransu.
Mammoths sun ɓace kimanin shekaru dubu 10 da suka gabata, ba a keɓance tasirin mutum ba. Yana da wahala a kafa lokacin da mamacin na ƙarshe ya mutu, tunda ƙarewar su a cikin yankunan bai daidaita ba - ƙarancin nau'in mammoth a wata nahiya ko tsibiri sun ci gaba da rayuwa akan wata.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Mafi kusancin dangi na mammoths, kwatankwacin ilimin lissafi, giwar Afirka ce.
Nau'in farko shine asalin Afirka - dabbobin da kusan basu da ulu. Sun bayyana a farkon Pliocene kuma sun koma arewa - tsawon shekaru miliyan 3 sun bazu ko'ina cikin Turai, suna samun sababbin sifofin juyin halitta - tsawaita a ci gaba, sun sami manyan hauren giwa da gashi mai wadata.
Bidiyo: Mamammoth
The steppe ya rabu da wannan nau'in na mammoths - ya tafi yamma, zuwa Amurka, yana canzawa zuwa abin da ake kira Columbus mammoth. Wani reshe na cigaban mammoth ci gaba ya zauna a Siberia - jinsin waɗannan mammoths ne suka fi yaduwa, kuma a yau shine mafi sananne.
An gano ragowar farko a Siberia, amma ba a sami damar gane su kai tsaye ba: an yi kuskure da ƙasusuwan giwaye. Sai kawai a cikin 1798 masu ilimin halitta suka fahimci cewa mammoth wasu jinsin halittu ne, kawai suna kusa da giwayen zamani.
Gabaɗaya, ana bambanta nau'ikan mammoths masu zuwa:
- Afirka ta Kudu da Afirka ta Arewa, sun ɗan bambanta da juna a girma;
- Romanesque - farkon jinsunan Turai mammoth;
- kudancin mammoth - ya rayu a Turai da Asiya;
- steppe mammoth, wanda ya hada da kananan kayan gona;
- Ba'amurke mammoth Columbus;
- Siberian Woolly Mammoth;
- dwarf mammoth daga Wrangel Island.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Yadda dabbar ta kama
Saboda nau'ikan nau'ikan, mammoths sun bambanta. Dukansu (gami da na dodanniya) sun fi giwaye girma: matsakaicin tsayinsa ya kai mita biyar da rabi, adadin zai iya kaiwa tan 14. A lokaci guda, dwarf mammoth zai iya wuce tsayin mita biyu kuma ya auna nauyin tan daya - waɗannan girman sun fi girman sauran mammoths girma.
Mammoths sun rayu a zamanin manyan dabbobi. Suna da babban, mai girman jiki kama da ganga, amma a lokaci guda ɗan siririn dogayen kafafu. Kunnuwan mammins sun fi na giwayen zamani kankanta, kuma gangar jikin ta fi kauri.
Dukkan mammoths an lullubesu da ulu, amma adadin ya banbanta daga jinsuna zuwa jinsuna. Babban mamacin na Afirka yana da dogon gashi siriri kwance a cikin siraran siriri, yayin da ulu mai ulu tana da babbar riga da babbar riga. An rufe shi da gashi daga kai har zuwa ƙafa, gami da akwati da yankin ido.
Gaskiya mai dadi: Giwaye na zamani da kyar aka lullub'e su cikin kwalliya. Suna haɗuwa tare da mammoths ta gaban burushi a wutsiya.
Hakanan manyan mambobi sun banbanta mambobi (wanda yakai tsawon mita 4 kuma yana da nauyin kilogram ɗari), sun lanƙwasa cikin, kamar ƙahonin rago. Mata da maza duk suna da hauren giwa kuma mai yiwuwa sun girma cikin rayuwa. Girman mammati ya fadada a karshen, ya juye zuwa wani irin "shebur" - don haka mammoths na iya faranta dusar ƙanƙara da ƙasa don neman abinci.
Tsarin jima'i ya bayyana kansa cikin girman mammoths - mata sunfi maza ƙanƙanta. An lura da irin wannan halin a yau a cikin dukkan nau'ikan giwaye. Hucin kan bushewar mammoths halayya ce. Da farko, anyi imanin cewa an kirkireshi ne tare da taimakon daskararren kashin baya, sannan daga baya masana kimiyya suka cimma matsaya akan cewa wadannan tarin dinbin kitsen da mammoth yake ci a lokacin yunwa, kamar rakumi.
A ina mammoth ya rayu?
Hotuna: Mammoth a Rasha
Dogaro da jinsin, mammoths sun rayu a yankuna daban-daban. Kananan mambobi na farko da suka mamaye Afirka, sannan Turai mai yawa, Siberia kuma suka bazu cikin Arewacin Amurka.
Babban mahalli na mammoths sune:
- Kudanci da Tsakiyar Turai;
- Tsibiran Chukchi;
- China;
- Japan, musamman tsibirin Hokkaido;
- Siberia da Yakutia.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: An kafa Gidan Tarihi na Mamammiya na Duniya a Yakutsk. Da farko, wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa an kiyaye zazzabi mai ƙarfi a cikin Arewa mai nisa yayin zamanin mammoths - akwai dome-ruwa dome wanda baya barin iska mai sanyi ta wuce. Hatta hamadar Arctic ta yanzu tana cike da tsire-tsire.
Anyi daskarewa sannu a hankali, lalata nau'ikan halittar da basu da lokacin daidaitawa - manyan zakuna da giwayen da basu da ulu. Mammoths sun sami nasarar shawo kan matakin juyin halitta, sun kasance suna rayuwa a Siberia a cikin wani sabon salo. Mammoths sun jagoranci rayuwar makiyaya, koyaushe suna neman abinci. Wannan yana bayanin dalilin da yasa aka rarraba ragowar mammoth kusan ko'ina cikin duniya. Fiye da duka, sun gwammace su zauna a cikin ramuka kusa da rafuka da tabkuna domin wadata kansu da tushen samun ruwa koyaushe.
Menene babbar dabbar ta ci?
Photo: Mammoths a cikin yanayi
Za a iya yanke shawara game da abincin mammoth dangane da tsarin haƙoransu da abin da ulu ta ƙunsa. Molar na mammoths sun kasance ɗaya a kowane ɓangare na muƙamuƙi. Suna da fadi da fadi, sun gaji a tsawon rayuwar dabbar. Amma a lokaci guda sun fi na giwayen yau wuya, suna da farin layu na enamel.
Wannan yana nuna cewa mammoths sun ci abinci mai wahala. An canza hakoran kusan sau ɗaya a cikin kowace shekara shida - wanda yake gama-gari ne, amma wannan yawan ya kasance saboda buƙatar ci gaba da tauna abinci na yau da kullun. Su mammoths din sun ci da yawa, saboda karfin jikinsu yana bukatar kuzari sosai. Sun kasance masu shuke-shuke. Siffar akwatin mammoth na kudu ya fi kunkuntar, wanda ke nuna cewa mammoth na iya yaga ciyawar da ba kasafai ba kuma su tumbuke rassan bishiyoyi.
Mammuttukan Arewa, musamman mammoths masu ulu, suna da ƙarshen babban akwati da hauren haushi. Tare da haurensu, suna iya watsa dusar ƙanƙara, kuma tare da babban kututturen su, zasu iya fasa ɓawon kankara don zuwa abinci. Hakanan akwai zato cewa za su iya yaga dusar ƙanƙara da ƙafafunsu, kamar yadda barewar zamani ke yi - ƙafafun mammoth sun fi na giwaye siriri ga jiki.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Cikakken ciki na babbar dabba zai iya wuce nauyin kilogram 240.
A cikin watanni masu dumi, mammoths sun ci ciyawa da taushi mai laushi.
Abincin hunturu na mammoths ya haɗa da waɗannan abubuwan haɗin:
- hatsi;
- daskararre da busasshiyar ciyawa;
- rassan itace masu laushi, haushi wanda zasu iya tsabtace shi da hauren;
- 'ya'yan itace;
- gansakuka, lichen;
- harbe-harben bishiyoyi - Birch, Willow, alder.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Mammoths
Mammoths dabbobi ne masu ban sha'awa. Gawarwakin mutanen da suka rage suna nuna cewa suna da shugaba, kuma galibi tsohuwa tsohuwa ce. Maza sun nisanta daga garken, suna yin aikin kariya. Samarin samari sun gwammace su ƙirƙiri ƙananan garkensu kuma su kasance cikin waɗannan rukunin. Kamar giwaye, mai yiwuwa mambobi suna da tsayayyen tsarin garken dabbobi. Akwai babban namiji wanda zai iya saduwa da duk mata. Sauran maza suna rayuwa daban, amma suna iya jayayya game da haƙƙinsa na matsayin shugaba.
Mata kuma suna da nasu matsayi: tsohuwa mace ta tsara hanyar da garken ke tafiya, ta nemi sabbin wuraren ciyarwa, ta kuma gano makiyan da ke zuwa. Tsoffin mata ana girmamawa tsakanin mammoths, an aminta da su "shayar da" samari. Kamar giwaye, mammoths suna da kyakkyawar alaƙar dangi, suna san nasaba a cikin garken.
Yayin hijirar yanayi, yawancin garken mammoth sun haɗu zuwa ɗaya, sannan adadin mutane ya wuce ɗari. A cikin irin wannan gungu, mammoths sun lalata dukkan ciyayi a kan hanyar su, suna cin sa. A cikin ƙananan garken dabbobi, mammoths sun yi tafiya mai nisa kaɗan don neman abinci. Godiya ga gajere da dogon lokaci na ƙaura, sun zauna a sassa da yawa na duniya kuma sun haɓaka cikin jinsin daban-daban daga juna.
Kamar giwaye, mammoths sun kasance masu jinkiri da dabbobin phlegmatic. Saboda girmansu, suna tsoron kusan babu wata barazana. Ba su nuna tsokanar zalunci ba, kuma samari masu iya ma na iya guduwa idan akwai haɗari. Ilimin halittar jiki na mammoths ya basu damar yin tsere, amma ba don haɓaka saurin gudu ba.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Mammoth Cub
Babu shakka, mammoths suna da lokacin rutsawa, wanda ya faɗi akan wani lokaci mai ɗumi. Mai yiwuwa, lokacin kiwo ya fara ne a lokacin bazara ko rani, lokacin da mammoth ba su buƙatar neman abinci koyaushe. Sannan maza suka fara fada don samari mata. Babban namiji ya kare hakkinsa na saduwa da mata, yayin da mata na iya zaɓar duk namijin da suke so. Kamar giwaye, mammomin mata suna iya korar mazajen da basa so.
Yana da wuya a faɗi tsawon lokacin da babban ciki ya ɗauka. A wani bangare, zai iya dadewa fiye da na giwaye - sama da shekaru biyu, tunda a lokacin gigantism rayuwar dabbobi masu shayarwa ta fi tsayi. A gefe guda, rayuwa a cikin mummunan yanayi, mammoth na iya samun cikin kankanin ciki fiye da giwaye - kimanin shekara ɗaya da rabi. Tambayar tsawon lokacin daukar ciki a cikin mammoths ya kasance a bude. Yaran da aka samu daskarewa a cikin kankara suna ba da shaidar yawancin halayen balagar waɗannan dabbobi. Mammoths an haife su a farkon bazara a farkon ɗumi, kuma a cikin daidaikun mutanen arewa, da farko an rufe jikin duka da ulu, wato, an haifi mammoths da ulu.
Abubuwan da aka samo a tsakanin garken mammoths sun nuna cewa yaran mammoth gama gari ne - duk mata suna kula da kowane ɗa. An ƙirƙiri wani nau'in "gandun daji," wanda mammoths ke ciyarwa kuma ana fara kiyaye shi ta mata, sannan kuma ta manyan maza. Kai wa ɗimbin ɗimbin wuya wahala saboda irin wannan kariyar mai ƙarfi. Mammoths din suna da kuzari masu kyau da girma. Saboda wannan, su, tare da manya, sun yi ƙaura zuwa wasu wurare masu nisa tuni a ƙarshen kaka.
Abokan gaba na mammoths
Hotuna: oolwayayyen mammoth
Mammoths sune manyan wakilan fauna na zamaninsu, don haka basu da makiya da yawa. Tabbas, mutane sun taka rawa ta farko a cikin farautar dabbobi masu yawa. Mutane na iya farautar samari, tsofaffi ko marasa lafiya waɗanda suka ɓace daga garken garken, waɗanda ba za su iya ba da abin da ya dace ba.
Don mammoths da sauran manyan dabbobi (alal misali, Elasmotherium), mutane sun haƙa ramuka cike da sandunansu a ƙasa. Daga nan sai wasu gungun mutane suka kora dabbar zuwa wurin, suna ta surutu da jifa da mashi. Babban mamacin ya fada cikin tarko, inda ya sami mummunan rauni kuma daga inda ba zai iya fita ba. Can sai aka gama kashe shi da jefa makamai.
A zamanin Pleistocene, mammoths na iya cin karo da beyar, zakunan kogo, manyan cheetahs, da kuraye. Mammoths masu basira sun kare kansu ta hanyar amfani da haure, akwati da girmansu. Suna iya dasa wani mai farauta a kan hauren giji, su jefar da shi gefe, ko kuma kawai su tattake shi. Saboda haka, masu farauta sun fi son zaɓar ƙananan ganima wa kansu fiye da waɗannan ƙattai.
A zamanin Holocene, mammoths sun gamu da waɗannan masu cin abincin, waɗanda zasu iya gasa tare da su cikin ƙarfi da girma:
- Smilodons da Gomotheria sun kai hari ga raunanan mutane a cikin babban garken tumaki, za su iya bin sawun 'ya'yan da ke bayan garken;
- Bears kogo ya kai rabin girman manyan mammoths;
- babban mai farauta shine Andrewsarch, mai kama da beyar ko ƙatuwar kerkuku. Girman su na iya kaiwa mita huɗu a busasshiyar, wanda ya sanya su zama mafiya girman dabbobi a zamanin.
Yanzu kun san dalilin da yasa mammoths suka mutu. Bari mu ga inda ragowar tsohuwar dabba take.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Yadda mai kama da kama yake
Babu wani ra'ayi maras tabbas game da dalilin da yasa mammoths suka mutu.
A yau akwai maganganu guda biyu:
- Manyan mafarautan sama da sama sun lalata yawancin mutane kuma sun hana samari girma zuwa manya. Hasashen yana da goyan bayan binciken - yawancin ragowar mammoths a mazaunin mutanen zamanin da;
- dumamar yanayi, lokacin ambaliyar ruwa, canjin canjin yanayi kwatsam ya lalata filayen mammoths, wanda shine dalilin da yasa, saboda yawan ƙaura, basa ciyarwa kuma basu hayayyafa ba.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Daga cikin maganganun da ba'a san su ba game da bacewar mammoth akwai faduwar wata tauraruwa mai wutsiya da manyan sifofi wadanda sanadiyyar wadannan dabbobi suka bace. Ra'ayoyin ba su da goyan bayan masana. Masu goyon bayan wannan ka'idar suna nuni da cewa tsawon shekaru dubu goma yawan dabbobi masu yaduwa na karuwa, don haka mutane ba zasu iya hallaka shi da yawa ba. Tsarin halakawa ya fara kwatsam tun kafin yaduwar mutane.
A cikin yankin Khanty-Mansiysk, an sami babban kashin baya, wanda kayan aikin mutum suka huda. Wannan hujja ta yi tasiri game da bayyanar sabbin ra'ayoyi game da bacewar dabbobi masu shayarwa, sannan kuma ya fadada fahimtar wadannan dabbobi da alakar su da mutane. Masana ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi sun yanke hukunci cewa tsangwama game da rayuwar ɗan adam ba zai yuwu ba tunda yawancin dabbobi masu yawa kuma masu kariya ne. Mutane suna farautar yara ne kawai da raunana mutane. An farautar dabbobi masu shayarwa da farko saboda samin kayan aiki masu karfi daga haurensu da kashinsu, kuma ba don fata da nama ba.
A tsibirin Wrangel, masu binciken kayan tarihi sun gano nau'in mammoth wanda yasha bamban da manyan dabbobi na yau da kullun. Waɗannan ƙananan dabbobi ne da ke rayuwa a keɓaɓɓen tsibiri nesa da mutane da manyan dabbobi. Haƙƙin su ma ya kasance baƙon abu. Da yawa daga cikin mambobi a cikin yankin Novosibirsk sun mutu saboda yunwar ma'adinai, kodayake suma mutanen can suna farautar su sosai. Mammoths sun sha wahala daga cutar tsarin ƙashi, wanda ya tashi saboda rashin mahimman abubuwa a cikin jiki. Gabaɗaya, ragowar mams da ake samu a sassa daban-daban na duniya suna nuna dalilai daban-daban na halakarsu.
Mamammot an samo kusan cikakke kuma ba a daidaita shi a cikin kankara ba. An adana shi a cikin kangon kankara a cikin asalin sa, wanda ya ba da faɗi mai yawa don nazarin sa. Masana ilimin gado sun yi la’akari da yiwuwar sake halittar mammoth daga kwayoyin halittar da ke akwai - don sake bunkasa wadannan dabbobin.
Ranar bugawa: 25.07.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 09/29/2019 da 20:58
