Tsaya kwari - wata halittar ban mamaki mai ban sha'awa ga masana halitta. Kimanin nau'ikan 2500 na waɗannan kwari sun cika umarnin fatalwowi. Saboda bayyanar su, an san su da mashahuran kamewa (mimicry). Kwarin kwari da gwaninta suna kwaikwayon bangarori daban-daban na ciyayi: korayen itace, ganyaye masu ban al'ajabi, busassun rassa. Wannan lamarin galibi ana kiransa phytomimicry, wanda aka fassara daga Hellenanci yana nufin phyton - plant, da mimikos - kwaikwayo. Matan wasu jinsin suna haifuwa ta hanyar parthenogenesis, wanda ke nufin cewa samari suna fitowa daga ƙwai mara ƙwai.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: Sanda kwaro
Rarraba fatalwowi (Phasmatodea) abune mai rikitarwa, kuma an kasa fahimtar dangantakar dake tsakanin membobinta. Kari kan haka, akwai rashin fahimta da yawa game da sunayen mambobi na wannan kungiyar. Sabili da haka, tsarin harajin kwarin itace yana fuskantar sauye-sauye sau da yawa kuma wani lokacin suna sabawa sosai. Wannan wani bangare ne saboda kullum ana samun sabbin halittu. A matsakaici, tun ƙarshen karni na 20, daloli iri-iri da yawa suna bayyana kowace shekara. Sakamakon sau da yawa ana sake dubawa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin wata takarda da Oliver Zompro ya wallafa a 2004, an cire Timematodea daga umarnin kwari kuma aka sanya shi tare da Plecoptera da Embioptera. A cikin shekarar 2008 kadai, an gudanar da wasu manyan ayyuka guda biyu, wanda, ban da ƙirƙirar sabon taxa har zuwa matakin gidan, kuma ya haifar da sake raba haraji da yawa zuwa matakin dangi.
An samo tsofaffin kwarin burbushin itace a Triassic a Ostiraliya. Hakanan ana samun membobin gidan na farko a cikin amber Baltic, Dominican da Mexico (daga Eocene zuwa Miocene). A mafi yawan lokuta, wadannan larvae ne. Daga cikin burbushin halittu Archipseudophasma tidae, alal misali, an bayyana jinsunan Archipseudophasma Phoenix, Sucinophasma blattodeophila da Pseudoperla gracilipes daga Baltic amber.
A halin yanzu, ya danganta da asalin, ana daukar nau'ikan da yawa iri daya ne kamar yadda muka ambata a baya ko kuma, kamar yadda Balticophasma lineata, aka sanya a jinsinsu. Baya ga wannan, burbushin kuma yana nuna cewa fatalwowi suna da yanki mai fadi da yawa. Don haka, a cikin fasa duwatsu na Messel (Jamus), an gano wani rubutu na ƙaramin takarda da ake kira Eophyllium messelensis, wanda ke da shekaru miliyan 47.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Yaya kwarin sanda yake kama
Tsawon kwarin sandar ya fara daga 1.5 cm zuwa fiye da 30 cm a tsayi. Mafi yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan sune Heteropteryx dilatata, mata wadanda nauyinsu zai iya kaiwa gram 65. Wasu fatalwowi suna da silinda, suna da kamannin sanda, yayin da wasu kuma suna kwance, masu fasalin ganye ne. Yawancin nau'ikan basu da fikafikai ko kuma tare da rage fukafukai. Rigar jikin jinsunan masu fika-fikai sun fi guntu sosai fiye da na nau'in maras fuka-fukai. A cikin siffofin fuka-fukai, fikafikan farko na farko kunkuntattu ne kuma masu jaraba, kuma fikafikan baya suna da fadi, tare da madaidaitan jijiyoyi tare da tsawon da jijiyoyin da yawa.
Bidiyo: Sanko kwari
Haƙƙarwar tauna iri ɗaya ce a cikin nau'ikan kwari na itace. Kafafu dogo ne kuma siriri. Wasu daga cikinsu suna da ikon iyakancewar haɓaka (sabuntawa). Wasu suna da eriya masu tsini, sirara. Bugu da kari, kwari suna da hadaddun tsarin ido, amma gabobin masu saurin haske ana samunsu ne a cikin maza kalilan masu fikafikai. Suna da tsarin gani mai kayatarwa wanda zai basu damar fahimtar dalla-dalla abubuwan da ke kewaye dasu koda a cikin yanayi mai duhu, wanda yayi dai-dai da tsarin rayuwar su ta dare.
Gaskiya mai nishaɗi: Ana haifar kwari kwari da ƙananan, hadaddun idanu tare da iyakantattun fuskoki. Yayinda suke girma ta hanyar narkakkiyar zobba, yawan fuskoki a cikin kowane ido yana ƙaruwa tare da adadin ƙwayoyin photoreceptor. Hankalin babban ido ya ninka na idanun jariri sau goma.
Yayinda ido ya zama mai rikitarwa, hanyoyin daidaitawa zuwa canje-canje masu duhu / haske suma suna inganta. Manya manyan idanun kwari sun sa su zama masu saurin lalacewar radiation. Wannan ya bayyana dalilin da yasa manya basuda maraice. Rage hankalinsu ga haske a cikin sabbin kwari da ke fitowa yana taimaka musu tserewa daga ganyen da suka fado a ciki suka koma sama zuwa cikin ganye mai haske.
Kwarin da ke cikin yanayin karewa suna cikin yanayin catalepsy, wanda ke tattare da "saurin sassaucin jiki." Idan aka ba kwarin sandar tsayawa a wannan lokacin, zai ci gaba da zama a ciki na dogon lokaci. Ko cire wani sashi na jiki ba zai shafi yanayinsa ba. An tsara madogara mai ƙafafun kafa don ba da ƙarin ƙarfi yayin hawa, amma ba a amfani da su a ƙasa mai ƙafafu
A ina kwarin sandar yake zama?
Photo: Sanda kwaro
Ana iya samun kwaron sanda a cikin tsarin halittu a duniya, ban da Antarctica da Patagonia. Sun fi yawa a cikin wurare masu zafi da kuma subtropics. Ana samun mafi yawan halittu masu yawa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Kudancin Amurka, sai Australia, Amurka ta tsakiya da kudancin Amurka. Fiye da nau'in 300 suna zaune a tsibirin Borneo, suna mai da shi wuri mafi arziki a duniya don labaran ban tsoro (Phasmatodea).
Akwai kusan sanannun nau'ikan 1,500 a yankin gabas, tare da nau'ikan 1,000 da aka samo a cikin yankuna neotropical kuma sama da nau'in 440 a Ostiraliya. A sauran zangon, yawan nau'ikan halittu a Madagascar da Afirka baki daya, da kuma daga Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa Palaearctic, suna raguwa. Akwai speciesan nativean asalin ƙasar kaɗan a cikin Bahar Rum da Far East.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Daya daga cikin nau'in kwarin sandar itace dake zaune a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, mafi yawan kwari a duniya. Mata daga jinsin Phobaeticus sune kwari mafi tsayi a duniya, tare da tsawon tsawon 56.7 cm a cikin yanayin Phobaeticus chani, gami da ƙafafun kafafu.
Lush mazaunin suna da mafi girman nau'in nau'in. Gandun daji sune manyan, kuma musamman iri daban-daban na gandun daji na wurare masu zafi. A yankuna masu bushewa, yawan nau'ikan halittu suna raguwa, haka kuma a mafi tsaunukan tsaunuka, sabili da haka yankuna masu sanyi. Wakilan jinsi na Monticomorpha suna da mafi girman zangon kuma har yanzu suna kan tsawo na mita 5000 a kusa da layin dusar ƙanƙara a dutsen Cotopaxi na Ecuador.
Yanzu kun san inda kwaron sandar yake zaune. Bari muga me zai ci.
Me kwarin sandar yake ci?
Hotuna: Stwaron kwari a cikin yanayi
Duk fatalwowi sune phytophages, wato, herbivores. Wadansu su ne bahaushe na musamman a cikin wasu nau'o'in tsirrai ko kungiyoyin tsire-tsire, misali, Oreophoetes Peruana, wanda ke ciyar da abinci kawai na ferns. Sauran nau'ikan ba su da ƙwarewa musamman masu cin abinci kuma ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin ciyawa mai cin komai. Don cin abinci, yawanci suna tafiya cikin kasala kawai ta hanyar amfanin gona. Da rana, suna zama wuri ɗaya kuma suna ɓoye a kan tsire-tsire na abinci ko a ƙasa a cikin layin ganye, kuma da farkon duhu sai su fara nuna aiki.
Kwarin da ke makale suna cin ganyen bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi, suna cinye su da miyar jaws. Suna ciyarwa da daddare don gujewa manyan makiya. Amma har ila yau duhu mai ci gaba baya bada garantin cikakken tsaro ga kwari, don haka fatalwowi suna yin hankali sosai, suna ƙoƙarin haifar da ƙara amo. Yawancin nau'ikan suna cin abinci ne da kansu, amma wasu nau'ikan kwarin kwari na Australiya suna tafiya cikin manyan garken kuma zasu iya lalata dukkan ganye akan hanyarsu.
Tunda membobin odar suna phytophagous, wasu nau'ikan na iya bayyana a matsayin kwari akan amfanin gona. Don haka, a cikin lambunan tsirrai na Tsarin Tsakiyar Turai, lokaci-lokaci ana samun kwari waɗanda suka sami damar tserewa da tserewa kamar kwari. An samo: kwaron sanda daga Indiya (Carausius morosus), daga Vietnam (Artemis), da kuma kwaron Sipyloidea Sipylus, wanda ya haifar da babbar illa, misali. B. a cikin Lambunan Botanical na Munich. Haɗarin dabbobin da ke tserewa, musamman a yankuna masu zafi, yana da girma ƙwarai; dangantakar wasu nau'ikan ko kuma dukkanin rukunin kwari na buƙatar bincike.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Kwarin kwari daga littafin Ja
Kwayoyin kwari, kamar mantises na sallah, suna nuna wani motsi mai motsi, wanda kwaron yake yin motsawa, maimaitaccen motsi daga gefe zuwa gefe. Fassarar da aka saba da ita game da wannan halayyar ita ce, tana ƙarfafa kristosai ta hanyar shuka ciyayi masu motsi cikin iska. Koyaya, waɗannan motsi na iya zama mafi mahimmanci yayin da suke bawa kwari damar rarrabe abubuwa daga bango ta hanyar motsi dangi.
Yunkurin motsi na wadannan kwari marasa lafiya na yau da kullun na iya maye gurbin tashi ko gudu a matsayin tushen motsi na dangi don taimaka musu rarrabe tsakanin abubuwa a gaba. Wasu kwarin kwari, kamar su Anisomorpha buprestoides, wani lokacin sukan kafa kungiyoyi da yawa. An lura da wadannan kwari suna taruwa da rana a wani buyayyar wuri, suna yawo da daddare don cin abinci, kuma suna komawa mafakarsu kafin wayewar gari. Ba a fahimci wannan halayyar sosai, kuma yadda kwari ke samun hanyar dawowarsu ba a sani ba.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Lokacin ci gaban amfrayo a cikin kwai shine, ya danganta da nau'in, kimanin daga watanni uku zuwa goma sha biyu, a cikin al'amuran na daban har zuwa shekaru uku. Zuriya sun zama kwari manya bayan watanni uku zuwa goma sha biyu. Musamman a cikin nau'ikan haske kuma galibi suna bambanta da launi daga iyayensu. Jinsi ba tare da ko ba shi da launi mai saurin tashin hankali yana nuna launuka na iyaye daga baya, misali a cikin Paramenexenus laetus ko Mearnsiana bullosa.
A cikin fatalwowi, manyan mata suna rayuwa fiye da maza fiye da maza, watau daga watanni uku zuwa shekara, kuma maza yawanci watanni uku zuwa biyar ne kawai. Wasu daga cikin kwarin sandar suna rayuwa ne kawai na tsawon wata daya. Shekaru mafi girma da aka rubuta, sama da shekaru biyar, sun sami nasarar ne daga wata mace mai kama Haaniella scabra daga Sabakh. Gabaɗaya, yawancin membobin gidan Hetropterygigae suna da ƙarfi sosai.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Giant itace kwari
Saduwa da ƙwayoyin kwari a cikin wasu nau'i-nau'i suna da ban sha'awa a tsawonta. Littafin kwarin ya nuna jinsin Necroscia, wanda aka samo a Indiya, wanda wasan sa na kwana kwana 79. Wannan jinsin yakan dauki matsayin ma'aurata na kwanaki da yawa ko makonni a jere. Kuma a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan kamar Diapheromera veliei da D. covilleae, saduwa na iya wucewa daga awanni uku zuwa 136. Ana lura da faɗa tsakanin maza masu fafatawa a cikin D. veiliei da D. covilleae. A yayin wannan saduwar, hanyar abokan hamayya tana tilasta wa namiji yin amfani da cikin mata don toshe wurin da aka makala.
Lokaci zuwa lokaci, mace kan buge mai fafatawa. Yawanci riƙo mai ƙarfi a kan cikin mace da busawa ga mai kutsawa ya isa ya hana gasa maras so, amma wani lokacin mai gasa yakan yi amfani da dabarun yaɗa mace. Yayinda abokin kawancen yake ciyarwa kuma aka tilasta shi yantar da sararin bayan fage, mai kutsawar zai iya cushe ciki da shigar da al'aurarsa. Yawancin lokaci, idan mai kutse ya sami damar shiga cikin mace, yakan haifar da maye gurbin abokin auren na baya.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Mafi yawan kwarin da ke makale, ban da yadda aka saba kiwo, suna iya samar da zuriya ba tare da abokin tarayya ba, suna yin kwai mara kwai. Sabili da haka, ba lallai bane su dogara da maza, tunda ba'a buƙatar hadi. Dangane da abin da ake amfani da shi na atomatik parthenogenesis, saitin ƙwayoyin halittar haploid na kwayar ƙwai, ana haihuwar jarirai da ainihin kwafin mahaifiya.
Don ci gaba da wanzuwar nau'ikan, ana buƙatar shigar maza don takin wasu ƙwai. Abu ne mai sauki ga kwari masu sanda a cikin garken su sami abokan zama - ya fi wuya ga jinsunan da suka saba da zama su kadai. Mata na waɗannan nau'ikan suna ɓoye pheromones na musamman waɗanda ke ba su damar jan hankalin maza. Makonni 2 bayan haɗuwa, mace tana yin ƙwaya mai yawa, kamar ƙwai (wani wuri har zuwa 300). Zuriya da ke fitowa daga ƙwai bayan kammala ƙwayar cuta na hanzarta zuwa tushen abinci.
Abokan gaba na sandunan kwari
Photo: Sanda kwaro
Babban maƙiyan fatalwowi sune tsuntsaye masu neman abinci a cikin ciyawa, haka kuma tsakanin ganye da rassa. Babban dabarun tsaro don mafi yawan nau'in kwarin itace itace sake kamanni, mafi dacewa, kwaikwayon matattu ko sassan shuke-shuke.
Yawanci, sandar kwari suna amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin kariya ta sake kamanni:
- zama mara motsi koda an taɓa shi kuma kada a yi ƙoƙarin guduwa ko a tsayayya;
- girgiza, kwaikwayon sassan raƙuman shuke-shuke a cikin iska;
- canza haskensu na rana zuwa mai duhu da daddare saboda sakin homon. Tasirin homoni na iya haifar da tarawa ko faɗaɗa hatsi mai launin ruwan lemo a cikin ƙwayoyin fata masu launi, wanda ke haifar da canza launi;
- kawai nutsewa zuwa ƙasa inda yake da wuya a gansu tsakanin wasu ɓangarorin shukar;
- da sauri ya fadi a kasa, sannan kuma, kwace lokacin, da sauri ya gudu;
- wasu nau'ikan na tsoratar da maharan ta hanyar shimfida fikafikansu don su fi girma;
- wasu suna yin amo da fikafikan su ko tanti;
- Don guje wa masu cin nama, yawancin nau'ikan na iya zubar da gaɓoɓin mutum a wuraren da aka keɓe tsakanin cinya da zoben cinya kuma kusan maye gurbinsu gaba ɗaya yayin sake fata (sabuntawa).
Fatalwowi kuma sun mallaki abin da ake kira gland na soja. Wadannan nau'ikan suna fitar da rufinsu na ruwa ta cikin ramuka a kirji, wadanda suke sama da kafafuwan gaba. Abubuwan ɓoyewar na iya jin ƙamshi mai ƙarfi kuma galibi ba shi da tallafi, ko ma ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyi masu tsauri. Musamman, membobin gidan Pseudophasmatidae suna da ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyiya waɗanda yawanci lalatattu ne kuma musamman ƙwayoyin mucous.
Wata dabarar gama gari ga manyan jinsuna kamar Eurycanthini, Extatosomatinae, da Heteropteryginae shine shura abokan gaba. Irin waɗannan dabbobin suna faɗaɗa ƙafafunsu na baya, suna sanyawa a cikin iska, kuma suna kasancewa a wannan matsayin har sai abokan gaba sun gabato. Sannan suka buge abokin hamayya da kafafuwansu hade. Ana maimaita wannan aikin a lokutan da ba daidai ba har sai abokin hamayyar ya mika wuya ko kuma an kama shi, wanda zai iya zama mai raɗaɗi sosai saboda ƙafafun kafafu na baya.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Yaya kwarin sanda yake kama
An rubuta jinsuna hudu a cikin littafin Red Book a matsayin jinsin dake tattare da hadari, wasu jinsuna guda biyu suna dab da karewa, an lasafta wani jinsi a matsayin mai hadari, wani kuma a matsayin mai karewa.
Waɗannan nau'ikan sun haɗa da:
- Carausius scotti - yana gab da halaka, yana da ƙarancin tsibirin Silhouette, wanda wani ɓangare ne na tsibirin Seychelles;
- Dryococelus australis - yana gab da halaka. Kusan berayen da aka kawo sun lalata shi a tsibirin Lord Howe (Pacific Ocean). Daga baya, godiya ga sababbin samfuran da aka samo, an ƙaddamar da shirin kiwo da aka kama;
- Graeffea seychellensis wani nau'i ne wanda ya kusan gushewa wanda yake da haɗuwa ga Seychelles;
- Pseudobactricia ridleyi jinsin dabbobi ne kwata-kwata. Yanzu an san shi daga samfurin kawai da aka samo shekaru 100 da suka gabata a cikin wurare masu zafi a tsibirin Malay a cikin Singapore.
Lalacewar gandun daji na iya faruwa, musamman a cikin al'adu. Daga Ostiraliya zuwa Kudancin Amurka, gabatar da nau'ikan Echetlus evoneobertii a cikin eucalyptus na Brazil - waɗanda gonakinsu ke cikin haɗari ƙwarai. A Ostiraliya da kanta, Didymuria violescens galibi na yin barna a dazukan tsaunukan New South Wales da Victoria duk bayan shekaru biyu. Don haka, a cikin 1963, ɗaruruwan murabba'in kilomita na gandun dajin eucalyptus gabaɗaya ya zama mara lahani.
Sanda kulawar kwari
Hoto: Kwarin kwari daga littafin Ja
Ba a san kaɗan game da barazanar yawan fatalwa saboda salon sirrin sa. Koyaya, lalata mahalli da gabatarwar mahautan galibi suna da tasirin gaske akan jinsunan da ke zaune a ƙananan yankuna, kamar tsibirai ko wuraren zama na halitta. Bayyanar bera mai launin ruwan kasa akan Tsibirin Lord Howe a cikin 1918ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa dukkanin mutanen Dryococelus australis sun kasance sun mutu a cikin 1930. Sai kawai gano yawan mutane kasa da dabbobi 30 daga kilomita 23 daga tsibirin da ke makwabtaka da, Pyramid na Ball, ya tabbatar da dorewar sa. Saboda ƙaramar yawan jama'a da gaskiyar cewa mazaunin dabbobin da aka samo a can sun iyakance ne kawai zuwa 6 mx 30 m, an yanke shawarar gudanar da shirin kiwo.
Maimaita ziyara zuwa takamaiman wuraren zama yana nuna cewa wannan ba lamari ne mai kaɗaici ba. Don haka, an gano Parapachymorpha spinosa a ƙarshen 1980s kusa da tashar Pak Chong a Thailand. Ga nau'ikan da ke da ƙaramin rarraba, ƙwararrun masarufi ne suka fara matakan kariya. An gano shi a shekarar 2004, kwaron sandar a arewacin Peru, da karammiski na kara kuzari (Peruphasma schultei) ana samunsa a yanki mai girman kadada biyar kacal.
Tunda akwai wasu nau'ikan halittu masu banƙyama a yankin, gwamnatin Peruvian ta kiyaye shi. NGO INIBICO (kungiyar kare muhalli ta Peruvian) wani bangare ne na kungiyar agaji. Wani aiki don mazaunan Cordillera del Condor National Park shi ma ya fara shirin kiwo na kara kuzari. Aikin, wanda aka tsara gudanarwa kafin ƙarshen 2007, an yi shi ne don ceton ko sayar da rabin zuriyar. Godiya ga masoyan fatsmids, wannan nau'in an kiyaye shi a cikin kayan sa har zuwa yau. tsaya kwaro shine ɗayan shahararrun ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin terrarium.
Ranar bugawa: 07/24/2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 09/29/2019 da 19:47
