Fur hatimi - nau'in jinsin da aka fi sani da pinnipeds wanda ke rayuwa kusan a duk duniya. Duk da kyawun surar su, sun kasance manyan dabbobi. Koyaya, suna da mahimmin ɓangare na yanayin halittu, saboda suna da matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin jerin abinci na sauran manyan dabbobi masu cin nama.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: Fur hatimi
Hatunan Fur suna cikin dangin kunnuwa masu kunnuwa. Waɗannan ƙananan abubuwa ne, masu jagorancin rayuwar ƙasa da ta ruwa. Ya banbanta da sauran dangin dangi ta hanyar tsarin silifa da kwanyar, wanda yake kusa da na beyar.
Akwai nau'ikan hatimin Jawo da yawa:
- arewa (Far Eastern) hatimin fur. Mafi yawan jinsunan da ke zaune a Tekun Fasifik;
- South American fur hatimi. Ya hada da rabe-rabe biyu da suka bambanta kadan da juna: Arctocephalus australis gracilis da hatimin Falkland;
- Sabbin fur na New Zealand. Hannun furfura masu launin ruwan kasa-launin ruwan kasa, waɗanda ake rarrabe maza da su ta hanji mai kauri;
- Galapagos gashin hatimi. Karamin kallo;
- Kerguelen Jawo hatimi. Sun bambanta a cikin yatsun launin toka ko ulu;
- Cape fur hatimi. Manyan mutane tare da jajayen ja jauhara;
- Guadalupe hatimin hat. A cikin wannan jinsin, ana iya ganin dimorphism a cikin jima'i: maza sun fi mata girma sosai;
- subtropical Jawo hatimi. Manyan membobin gidan tare da gashi mai kauri.
Juyin halittar pinnipeds abu ne na musamman kuma yana da tambayoyi da yawa. Kamar dabbobin ni'ima, yayin cigaban halittu, wadannan dabbobin sun fara barin teku ne sun zauna a doron kasa. Kakannin hatimai masu furfura sune mustelids, waɗanda suka jagoranci rayuwa ta duniya da ta ruwa.
Musalan sun fi ciyar da su ne daga teku, tunda basu san yadda ake gudu da sauri ba kuma basu mallaki hanyoyin kare kai da yawa daga masu cin ƙasar ba. Wannan ya tilastawa dabbobi masu shayarwa na farko sauka zuwa cikin zurfin ruwa. Juyin halitta, da farko sun sami ikon rike numfashinsu na dogon lokaci, sannan suka samar da yanar gizo tsakanin yatsunsu.
Tsaran tsaka-tsakin da aka samo sun nuna cewa dabbobi masu cin nama sune raƙuman ruwa na biyu na dabbobin da ke komawa cikin teku bayan kifayen dabbobi. Yatsun yatsun hannayensu sun miƙa kuma sun cika da membrabra mai kauri, wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama silifa. Hatunan Fur, idan aka yi hukunci da tsarin bayan jujjuyawar tasu, sun fi kusanci da yanayin rayuwa na farko, wanda daga baya ya shiga ruwa.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Fur hatimi a cikin yanayi
Girman hatimin Fur yana bambanta da ƙananan ƙananan. Manyan wakilai (Cape da Far Eastern) sun kai tsawon mita biyu da rabi, kuma suna da nauyin kilogram 200. Representativesananan wakilan hatimin fur (Galapogos furfin hatimi) sun kai tsawon mita ɗaya da rabi, nauyin ya fara daga kilo 60-80, a cikin maza. Mata, a ƙa'ida, sun fi na maza ƙanƙanta sosai - ana lura da dimorphism ta jima'i a cikin kowane nau'in hatimin fur, amma a wasu an fi bayyana shi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Don rarrabe hatimin fur daga hatimi, ya isa a kula da kunnuwansu - ya kamata a bayyana su a sarari kuma, a matsayin mai mulkin, an rufe su da fur.
Jikin hatimin Jawo yana tsawo, wuyansa gajere ne, mai kauri, kuma baya aiki. Kananan kai dangi ga jiki, gajeren kaifin bakin bakin bakin. Idanun baƙi ne, manya; ana furta da manyan hancin hannu, wanda ke rufewa sosai yayin da hatimin Jawo ya nutse.
Bidiyo: Fur hatimi
Abubuwan da ke gaban gaba gajere ne kuma lebur ne a gefunan jiki. Fyaran baya suna a ƙarshen jiki kuma sun fi gajarta baya. Ba kamar ƙwanƙolin hatimi ba, hatimin hat 'na baya suna a layi ɗaya kuma basa rufewa yayin tafiya.
Sau da yawa, maza suna da abin ɗorawa a wuyansu - babban murfin lokacin ɗumi na Jawo. Dangi na kusa - zakunan teku - suna da irin wannan gashin. Yawancin raƙuman hatimai masu suttura an rufe su gabaɗaya, kuma wannan fur ɗin yana da matukar daraja a matsayin kasuwanci.
Sealan sandunan Fur ɗin baƙar fata ne, ƙarami, an rufe su da cikakkiyar fur. Suna tafiya cikin sauri a kan ƙasa saboda ƙarancin nauyinsu da ƙananan firam, waɗanda ke raguwa da shekaru.
Gaskiya mai Nishadi: Hatunan Fur suna da wutsiya, amma gajere ne kuma kusan ba a iya gani tsakanin fikafikan biyu na baya.
Nauyin hatimin mata masu gashi na iya bambanta tsakanin kilogiram 25-60, ya danganta da nau'in. Basu da gashi mai kauri da na maza, kuma bakinsu ya fi na maza gajarta. Duk hatimin hat yana da ƙarancin gani, kama da myopia, amma kyakkyawan ji da ƙanshi. Suna da ikon yin echolocate, don haka suna iya gano ɓarna a cikin ruwa.
Yanzu kun san bambanci tsakanin hatimin fur da hatimi. Bari mu bincika inda wannan dabba mai ban mamaki take rayuwa.
A ina ne hatimin fur yake zaune?
Hotuna: Hatimin Fur a cikin Rasha
Alsan hatimi suna zaɓar tsibirai da bakin teku a matsayin wuraren zama, inda suke zama a cikin manyan garken. Suna zaune ne kawai a kusa da ruwan gishiri kuma ba'a samun su a cikin ruwan teku kamar koguna da tabkuna. Tunda hatimai sun fi dacewa da rayuwa a kan ƙasa fiye da hatimi, sun zaɓi mai laushi, galibi bakin teku. Wani lokaci ana iya ganin su a kan tsibirai marasa duhu, inda suke zub da rana.
Gabaɗaya, ana iya samun hatimin fur a wurare masu zuwa:
- Kalifoniya;
- Japan;
- Tsibiran Pacific;
- bakin Kudancin Amurka;
- Tsibirin Falkland;
- New Zealand;
- kudu da yamma na Australia;
- Tsibirin Galapagos;
- Kudancin Jojiya;
- Kudancin Sandiche Islands;
- Yarima Prince;
- Kudancin Shetland, Tsibirin Orkney;
- Bouvet;
- Kerguelen;
- Hurd;
- Macquarie;
- Bass Ruwa;
- bakin gabar Hamadar Namib a Afirka ta Kudu;
- South Atlantic da Amsterdam.
Hatunan Fur sun fi son ruwan dumi. Yawancin lokaci suna yin ƙaura tare da farkon lokacin sanyi zuwa wurare masu ɗumi, iyo daga tsibiri zuwa tsibiri a cikin babban garken. Amma a cikin yankuna masu ɗumi, like na fur na iya tsayawa duk shekara. Hatimin fur na Kerguelen shine mafi dacewa da yanayin sanyi, saboda ana iya samun sa kusan a cikin Antarctica, amma yana haifar da rayuwar ƙaura.
Hatunan Fur suna zaɓar yankuna masu fa'ida don rookeries, basa gina gidaje ko haƙa ramuka. Su dabbobi ne na yankuna, kuma mazajen suna kishin yankin, duk da cewa mata na iya tsallaka kan iyakokin kuma suna zuwa wasu yan damfara.
Menene hatimin fur?
Hoto: Rubuta daga littafin Red
Hatsi na dabbobi ne na musamman. Suna fita ciyarwa kowace rana, banda lokacin reni. A lokacin rani hatimi na cin abinci mai yawa don adana mai a lokacin sanyi, lokacin da babu abinci da yawa.
Abincin yau da kullun na hatimin fata ya haɗa da:
- kifaye daban-daban (galibi herring, anchovy, pike, ƙananan sharks, cod, stickleback, flounder);
- kamar kwadi;
- kayan kwalliya;
- molluscs;
- dorinar ruwa, squid, kifin kifi, jellyfish
Narkar da abinci a cikin hatimin gashi yana da matukar karfi, saboda haka bincike da gawar ajiyar dabbobin da aka kashe ba su samar da ingantacciyar alama ta irin abincin da ake yiwa hatimi ba. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa har ma suna cin kifin jellyf mai guba, wanda ke shawagi zuwa ga rowan ruwan hatimi.
Yawancin tsuntsaye sukan zauna kusa da hatimin fur - gulls, albatrosses, petrels. Ba sa nuna ƙiyayya ga maƙwabta kuma ba sa farauta a ƙasa, yayin da dangi na hatimin fata, hatimai, na iya kai hari ga tsuntsaye da ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa. Wasu lokuta ana samun algae a cikin cikin rufin hatimin fur: wataƙila suna iya zuwa ba zato ba tsammani tare da kifin; Koyaya, ana iya ganin hatimin wani lokacin yana cizon ciyawa a cikin rookeries.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: hatimai ba ruwansu da salmon da halibut - ba sa kai hari ga waɗannan kifin kwata-kwata.
A cikin ruwa, hatimai masu saurin lalacewa ne kuma masu haɗari. Da sauri suna motsawa a ƙarƙashin ruwa suna kama ganima a hankali, nan da nan suka shanye shi gaba ɗaya. Ciki cikin hatimin Jawo yana dauke da pebbles da suke sha yayin aiwatar da abinci - suna aiki ne a matsayin "grater", suna taimakawa ciki don jimre da abinci mai ƙarfi.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Hatimin hatimi
Hatimin dabbobi dabbobi ne masu rarrabuwa wadanda ke yawo a bakin teku da tsibirai. Suna ciyarwa duk dare da rana, saboda sun dogara da jinsu, ƙanshinsu da amsa kuwwa. A bakin gabar teku, sun yi zafin rana da hutawa, suna narkar da abinci.
Suna motsawa ba tare da damuwa ba a kan tudu, suna turewa gaba da baya da kuma juya wuyansu gaba da baya. A cikin motsi, ana kuma taimaka musu ta hanyar kitse mai subcutaneous, wanda da alama suke tsallewa, turawa daga ƙasa. Amma hatimin fur suna iyo daidai, haɓaka saurin 17 zuwa 26 km., A kowace awa.
Hannun furanni na Arewa suna ƙaura koyaushe tare da farkon lokacin hunturu, iyo zuwa yankuna masu dumi. A can suke shirya rookeries kuma da wuya su ciyar, suna rasa nauyi mai yawa a lokacin sanyi. A lokacin bazara suna dawowa, suna shirya lokacin kiwo.
A mafi yawan lokuta, hatimce ba masu tayar da hankali da jin kunya bane, kodayake akwai sarari don son sani. Sai a lokacin kiwo ne maza suka zama masu zafin nama da kyar suke ciyarwa saboda yawan kulawa da mata.
Hatunan Fur suna auren mata da yawa. Namiji yana da harama daga mutane uku zuwa arba'in - girman girman matan ya dogara da ƙarfin namiji da ta'addancin sa. Yana buƙatar ya kayar da mata akai-akai daga wasu mazan waɗanda suma suke son ƙirƙirar ɓerayensu.
Hatunan Fur ba su mallaki kowace hanyar kare kai ba. Ba su da kariya a cikin ƙasa da ruwa. Hannun mata masu rufe gashin mata ba sa iya kare 'ya'yan maruransu, waɗanda masu farautar ƙasar ko kuma manyan tsuntsaye kamar su albatrosses za su iya kai musu hari. Idan akwai matsala, sun gwammace su gudu zuwa ruwa.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: hatimin jariri
Lokacin kiwo yana cikin bazara, amma wannan na iya zama a baya ko daga baya, ya danganta da isowar zafi. Maza maza suna yin iyo zuwa gandun daji - tsibirai da bakin teku, suna ƙoƙarin mamaye yanki mai yuwuwa. A can suka fara yaƙe-yaƙe na farko don haƙƙin mallakar wani yanki. Namiji mafi ƙarfi yana da babban yanki.
Maza sun fara ruri, suna jan hankalin mata zuwa yankinsu. Mata suna motsawa tsakanin yankunan maza, suna zaɓar wuri mafi dacewa don kiwo. Idan suna son yankin, za su zauna tare da wannan namijin - saboda haka mazan da suka fi karfi suna daukar wa kansu manyan yankuna da mata da yawa.
Gaskiyar wasa: Wani lokacin namiji yakanyi kokarin satar wata mace daga wata mata ta hanyar kwace mata wuya. Bugu da ƙari, idan “maigidan” mace ya lura da wannan, zai fara jan ta zuwa inda yake. Idan aka ba da bambanci a cikin girma tsakanin mutane, mace tana yawan samun raunin da bai dace da rayuwa ba bayan irin wannan gwagwarmaya.
Harem na iya yin mata har zuwa arba'in. A daidai wannan lokacin, saduwa tana faruwa, a yayin da maza suka sake fara yakinsu, kuma matan kuma suka sake zabar wacce namiji za ta haifa. Ciki na mace yana ɗaukar shekara guda, amma a lokacin da take da ciki za ta iya saduwa da wasu mazan.
A farkon matakan daukar ciki, mace tana aiki kamar dā, amma bayan watanni shida sai ta fita ciyarwa sau da yawa. Kusa da haihuwar, da yawan lokacin da mace ke ciyarwa a gabar teku, kuma jikinta yana cin abincin mai. Kimanin makonni biyu da haihuwa, tana tare da jaririn tana ba shi abinci. An haifi hatimin fur mai nauyin kilogram biyu kawai, kuma da farko baya iya motsa kansa da kansa zuwa bakin tekun.
Bayan makonni biyu, mace tana da rauni sosai don haka dole ta bar jaririn shi kaɗai ta tafi farauta. A wannan lokacin, hatimin fur na iya yin gajeren balaguro na farko daga bakin tekun yayin da mahaifiya ke jira. Ba tare da uwa ba, yana da rauni musamman, saboda sauƙin wasu shinge na furfura na iya murkushe shi kusa da wanda zai kasance.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Namiji daga wani yanki na iya kutsawa don haihuwar mata don saduwa da su; saboda wannan yana kashe yaransu yayin da mata ke farauta.
Yawan mace-macen kananan dabbobi ya yi yawa matuka. Idan mace ta rasa cuba ina a cikin makonni biyu na farko bayan ta haihu, to za ta iya sake yin ciki, amma latean da ba a haifa ba sukan tsira da zuwan lokacin sanyi.
Abokan gaba na hatimun Jawo
Hoto: sealananan hatimin fur
Hatimin Jawo yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin sarkar abinci. Yayinda yake farauta akan kifaye da kifin da yawa, wasu halittu suna cin abincin hatimin.
Wadannan sun hada da:
- kifin Whale Waɗannan manyan dabbobin suna farautar hatimin hatimi ba kawai don abinci ba, har ma don nishaɗi. Suna tuka mutum guda zuwa karamin tsibiri, sa'annan aka jefa su akan sa, suna kwace ganima. Wani lokaci ana iya ganin kifayen kifayen da ke jefa tambarin fur a cikin iska suna kama su;
- sharks, gami da manyan fararen fata. Sharks suna saurin biɗan hatimi na fur, kuma galibi suna ba da babbar kifi;
- albatrosses, ganga, cormorants suna kai hari ga hatimin samfuran matasa - ƙananan hatimin fur ba su da kariya daga manyan tsuntsaye.
Lokacin da shark ko kifin kifi whale suka kawo hari kan hatimin fur, abu na farko da yake yi shine kokarin ninkaya, wanda ya kai gudun kilomita 26 a awa daya. Wani lokaci wannan ya isa isa zuwa gaɓar teku mafi kusa kuma ku fita zuwa ƙasa, kodayake ana jefa wasu kifayen kifaye da kifayen kifayen teku a bayansu. Wani lokaci yana wasa da wargi mara kyau tare da manyan fararen kifin sharks, waɗanda ba sa iya komawa ruwa, don haka suna mutuwa tare da hatimin fur a cikin haƙoransu.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Seulla a cikin ruwa
A cikin karni na 18, yawan hatimun fur sune kayan kasuwanci. Saboda laushinsu mai taushi da kitse mai tamani, mutane suna ta hanzarin halaka jaririn jariri, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa, sama da ƙarni biyu, hatimai sun kai wani matsayi na yawan jama'a, kasancewar suna dab da halaka.
Matakan da aka ɗauka don kare hatimin fur din ba su yi tasiri ba, kuma suna iya mutuwa gaba ɗaya idan adadin fatun hatimin fur a kasuwar bai yi yawa ba, saboda abin da suka faɗa cikin farashi. An ƙare farautar hatimin fur saboda rashin riba.
Haramcin kamun kifi da hatimin gashi ya haifar da karuwar jama'a. Ana lura da adadin hatimai masu yawan gaske a tsibirin Kudancin Jojiya, inda akwai mutane sama da miliyan biyu. Yawancin ƙananan raƙuman hatimi na furfura suna cikin daidaitaccen matsayi dangane da lambobi, amma idan akwai waɗansu keɓaɓɓu.
Hatunan Fur suna tare da mutanen da ke cikin bauta. Nau'ikan horarwa ne da marasa tashin hankali waɗanda ke da aminci don tuntuɓar su, sabanin like da zakunan teku. A cikin zoos da akwatin kifaye, ana ciyar da hatimin fur tare da mataccen kifi - herring da anchovy.
Kariyar hatimi
Hoto: Rubuta daga littafin Red
Alamar Jawo ta Arewa tana cikin Littafin Ja na Duniya tun daga 1911. Abin kamun kifi ne saboda yalwar fata da kitse, waɗanda ake dangantawa da kayan warkarwa da yawa. A kan iyakar Rasha, Tsibirin Tyuleniy da Tsibirin Kwamandan ana kiyaye shi saboda manyan rookeries na hatimin arewacin fur.
Yin kamun kifi don hatimin hatimi na arewa ya zama gama gari musamman a cikin 1780, a lokacin ƙirƙirar kamfanin Rasha-Ba'amurke. A tsakanin shekarun 1799 zuwa 1867 kawai, sama da wakilai miliyan biyu da rabi na waɗannan ƙananan an lalata su.
Adadin hatimai ya fadi zuwa dubu 130 a shekara ta 1910, wanda ke da babbar alama saboda ƙarancin rayuwa da ƙarancin rayuwar ƙananan dabbobi. A halin yanzu, hatimin maza guda ɗaya ne kaɗai ke da izinin farauta. A cikin bauta, hatimai suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 30, amma a cikin daji, mafi yawan suna mutuwa a farkon shekaru biyu na rayuwa.
Fur hatimi Dabba ce mai ban mamaki wacce ke zaune a yankuna da yawa na duniya.Ba wai kawai masu farauta da masu farautar dabi'a ne ke barazanar su ba (Whales masu kashewa da sharks kawai ke tsara yawan hatimai, amma ba halakar da su ba), amma har da dumamar yanayi. Saboda narkewar dusar kankara da gurbatar ruwan tekun duniya, an hana su rooker da yankuna don farauta.
Ranar bugawa: 23.07.2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 09/29/2019 da 19:37
