Alfadari Dabba ce da ke kiwo a cikin yanayi na wucin gadi daga masu kiwo. Alfadari ne dangin doki da jaki. Dabbar ta kasance cikin gida cikin sauri da nasara. An yi amfani da alfadarai a matsayin dabbobin gida a ƙasashe da yawa na duniya. Mutane suna amfani da su azaman ƙarfin aiki don yin aiki tuƙuru. A halin yanzu ba a san takamaiman adadin wadannan dabbobin ba. Waɗannan dabbobi ne suka kasance jarumai na tatsuniyoyi da yawa, labarai da abubuwan asiri. A wurare da yawa na adabi, ana samun sa da sunan alfadari.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Alfadari
Yana da wuya a ambaci takamaiman lokacin asalin dabbar. Farkon ambaton sa ya fadi ne a shekara ta 480 BC. Alfadarin da Herodotus ya fara bayyana a cikin nassi game da harin da Sarki Xerxes ya kai wa Girka. Domin hayayyafa da sabon nau'in dabbobi, masana kimiyyar dabbobi da masu kiwo sun haye dawakai da jakuna na nau'ikan halittu daban-daban.
Yawancin masana kimiyya da masu bincike suna faɗar da gaba gaɗi cewa a cikin tarihin tarihin kiwon sabbin nau'in dabbobi, alfadarai ne suka fi nasara. A cikin 1938, yawan waɗannan dabbobin kusan mutane miliyan 15 ne. Suna da fa'idodi da yawa da ba za a iya musantawa ba, amma ba su da wasu lahani. Babba kuma kusan kawai raunin shine rashin lafiyar dabbobi. Masana ilimin gado sun yanke hukuncin cewa dalilin wannan lamarin ya ta'allaka ne da takamaiman tsarin chromosome. Alfadaran sun gaji chromosomes nau'i-nau'i 32 daga dawakai, yayin da daga jaki suka gaji nau'ikan chromosomes guda 31. Jimlar saiti ne wanda ba a biya ba.
Bidiyo: Alfadari
Dangane da wannan, masana kimiyya suka yanke shawarar haɗa wannan dabba. A cikin 2003, an sami nasarar alfadarin da aka sanya masa suna Jim. A karo na farko, an kirkiro lambobi masu yawa a Amurka da nufin George Washington. Nan da nan mutane suka sami tabbatattun bangarori da yawa: juriya, nutsuwa, aiki tuƙuru. Bayan haka, an kawo dabbobin zuwa ƙasashe daban-daban na Kudanci da Arewacin Amurka, Asiya, Turai, Afirka, da dai sauransu. Rahotannin tarihi sun nuna cewa wadannan dabbobi an haife su ne da nufin shirya gasa a cikin Nahiyar Turai. Zasu iya tsayayya da jarumai a cikin kayan ɗamara mafi nauyi na dogon lokaci.
Akwai shaidar cewa a cikin 1495 Christopher Columbus ya yi al'aura da alfadarai da hannunsa a kan nahiyar da ya gano. Shi da kansa ya kawo dabbobin da ya kiwo zuwa Cuba da Mexico. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ana amfani da mata don hawan dawakai, kuma ana amfani da maza don ɗaukar kaya masu nauyi.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Alfadarin dabbobi
A waje, alfadarai suna da siffofin halayyar doki da jaki. Zama da jiki sun fito ne daga doki, da surar kai, ba dogawar gabobi ba, kuma an gaji wuya daga jaki. Kunnuwa sun fi na jakuna tsayi da tsayi, a siffar doki. Abubuwan halaye na daidaitattun halaye sune gaban kara, maku da wutsiya. Dabbobi suna da nau'ikan launuka iri-iri.
Nauyin jiki kai tsaye ya dogara da nauyin jikin uwa. Launi da launi suma ana tantance su ne ta hanyar halayen uwa. Tsayin babban mutum a bushe ya bambanta daga mita ɗaya zuwa ɗaya da rabi. Nauyin jiki ma daban-daban ne, yana iya daidaitawa tsakanin zangon daga kilo 280 zuwa 650. A mafi yawan lokuta, alfadarai sun fi girman jiki da nauyi fiye da iyayensu. Dangane da wannan, don samun offspringa andan lafiya kuma masu ƙarfi, masu kiwo suna zaɓaɓɓun waɗanda suka fi tsayi da wakilcin jinsunan da ke akwai.
Wadannan dabbobin suna da halin lalata da jima'i. Mata sun mamaye girman jiki akan maza. Alloli suna da halaye na kasancewar wasu halaye waɗanda suke cikin kowane mutum, ba tare da la'akari da su wanene iyayen ba.
Alamu na al'ada:
- babban kai;
- idanu masu kamannin almond;
- ƙananan da gajartattu sun bushe;
- madaidaiciya, ingantaccen layin baya;
- shoran gutsuri idan aka kwatanta da dawakai;
- madaidaici, har ma da wuya;
- gajere, gaɓoɓi masu ƙarfi tare da dogayen kofato.
Ina alfadari yake rayuwa?
Photo: Karamin alfadari
Alloli ne gama gari galibi a Kudancin Amurka. Bugu da kari, sun saba gama gari a sassa daban-daban na duniya.
Yankin ƙasa inda alfadarai ke rayuwa:
- Kasashen Asiya ta Tsakiya;
- Koriya;
- Transcarpathia;
- yankunan kudu na Turai;
- Afirka;
- Amirka ta Arewa;
- Kudancin Amurka.
Yau ana cin nasarar alfadarai a cikin yankuna inda ake tilasta mutane yin aiki tuƙuru. Hardwazonsu, haƙurinsu da rashin dacewar su ga yanayin tsarewa ya zama dole yayin jigilar kayayyaki ta yankin tsaunuka da yankuna masu wahalar isa. Amfani shine babu buƙatar takalmin dabbobi. Suna iya wucewa cikin sauƙi cikin ruwan sama, laka, da kuma kan hanyar dusar ƙanƙara.
Sau da yawa ana amfani da alfadarai a cikin ƙasashen Asiya, da ma cikin nahiyar Afirka, inda ya zama dole a motsa kayan aikin soja. A zamanin da, tare da taimakon waɗannan dabbobin, ana ɗauke da waɗanda suka ji rauni daga fagen daga, ana ɗauke da ma'adanai, da sauran ma'adinai. Masana ilmin namun daji sun lura cewa alfadarai ba su da wata ma'ana ga yanayin tsarewa. Tare da isasshen abinci, suna iya jurewa sanyi, sanyi da yanayin sanyi. Dabbobi suna saurin saba da masu su idan sun kula da su da kyau.
Menene alfadari yake ci?
Photo: Alfadari a cikin yanayi
Dangane da samar da abinci, alfadarai ba zasu ba masu su matsala ba. Masu kiwon dabbobi sun kwatanta farashin samar da abinci ga dawakai da alfadarai kuma sun gano cewa alfadarai sun fi sauƙin ciyarwa. Don haɓakar ƙwayar tsoka, dabbobi suna buƙatar abinci a cikin abin da furotin ya fi yawa.
Abin da ke zama tushen abinci don alfadarai:
- bran;
- ciyawa;
- legumes;
- sabo kayan lambu - karas, masara;
- apples;
- hatsi - hatsi;
- ganye.
A sakamakon gaskiyar cewa alfadari ya cakude da wasu nau'in dabbobi biyu, abinci mai gina jiki yana da kamanceceniya da doki da jaki. A cikin abincin, babban rabo shi ne hay, ko busasshiyar ciyawa. Yawan yau da kullun ya dogara da nauyin alfadarin. Matsakaicin dabba yana buƙatar kimanin kilogiram 5-7 na busasshiyar ciyawa da kilogram 3-4 na daidaitaccen abinci kowace rana. Idan babu, za ku iya dafa shi da kanku, ko kuma kawai maye gurbin shi da sabbin kayan lambu - dankali, karas, masara, ɗanyen ganye.
Abincin karamin alfadari dole ne ya haɗa da aƙalla kilogram huɗu na zaɓaɓɓe, hay mai inganci. Yayin da ya girma, abincin sa yana faɗaɗawa, kayan lambu, ganye, ingantaccen abinci mai ƙarancin yawa ana gabatar dashi a ciki.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Alfadarin dabbobi
Akwai fa'idodi da yawa da fa'idodi a cikin yanayin da halin alfadarai. Su dabbobi ne masu nutsuwa, masu natsuwa da aiki. Tare da kaya mai nauyi ko mahayi a cikin cikakkun kaya, zasu iya yin tafiya mai nisa sosai cikin saurin kilomita 5-8 a awa ɗaya. Wannan ikon yana da mahimmanci ga mazauna tsaunuka da kan hanya, har ma da yankuna waɗanda ba su da kyau, hanyoyi masu inganci da waƙoƙi. Abu ne sananne ga alfadarai su fitar da wasu sautuna wanda yayi kama da cakudaddun jakuna tare da makwabcin doki.
Alkalai ba wai kawai za su iya tsayayya da mahimmancin motsa jiki ba ne, amma har ma don haɓaka saurin sauri. Wata fa'ida ita ce karfin garkuwar jiki da kuma juriya da cututtuka daban-daban. Saboda wannan, matsakaiciyar rayuwar wasu mutane na iya kaiwa shekaru 60-65. Koyaya, ya kamata a sani cewa suna aiki sosai tsawon shekaru 30.
Babban halayen halayen dabba:
- babban inganci;
- haƙuri;
- rashin dacewa ga yanayin tsarewa;
- lafiya mai kyau;
- ikon iya tsayayya da yanayin zafi mai sauƙi ba tare da sakamako ba;
- tawali'u da biyayya.
Duk da cewa dabbobi ba sa cikin bukatar kulawa kuma babu wasu sharuɗɗan yanayi da ake buƙata don kiyaye su, suna buƙatar kulawa mai kyau da kulawa. Dabbobi ba sa yarda da sakaci, rashin kyau da zalunci. Zai fi kyau a ɗauki dabbobi don kulawa daga ƙuruciyarsu. Zai fi kyau a fara horar da alfadarai don yin motsa jiki yana da shekaru 3-3.5. Cikin shekara daya da rabi, zasu kara karfi kuma zasu kasance cikin shirin yin aiki tukuru.
Ana amfani da alfadarai a matsayin mahalarta a gasar wasanni. Tare da halartar su, an shirya gasa iri-iri iri-iri: jinsi guda, a cikin jaka, da dai sauransu. Wasan da kawai alfadarai ba za su iya sarrafawa ba shi ne yin gudu, wanda ya haɗa da tsallake kan manyan matsaloli. Abincin manyan mutane na iya kunshi kilogram 10-13 na ciyawa, kayan lambu, da abinci mai kyau. Ana ba da shawarar hatsi ga dabbobin manya lokaci-lokaci.
Yanzu kun san menene bambanci tsakanin alfadari da hinnie. Bari mu ga yadda waɗannan dabbobi masu taurin kai suke haihuwa.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: Alfadari Kubu
Babban hasara mafi girma da mahimmanci na alfadarai shine rashin ƙarfi. Ana kiwon su ta ƙetare jakuna da dawakai. Duk maza, ba tare da togiya ba, an haife su bakararre. Mata ma basa iya haihuwa ta kusan 80-85%. Masana ilmin namun daji sun bayyana yanayin lokacin da aka haye alfadarin mata tare da jakunan maza. Masana kimiyya sun kuma bayyana wani al'amari lokacin da alfadarin mata bayan ya sadu da jaki ya haifi ɗa mai cikakkiyar rayuwa. Wannan ya faru a China.
Rashin yiwuwar haihuwa da haihuwar zuriya an bayyana ta wani takamaiman tsarin chromosomes. Gabaɗaya, tarihin wanzuwar dabbobi yana da shari'u 15 lokacin da mata suka ba da ɗa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa alfadarai mata suna iya zama uwaye masu maye kuma suna samun nasarar ɗaukar da haihuwa ga 'ya'ya. Ana amfani da wannan ingancin don samun zuriya daga daidaikun dabbobi masu mahimmanci.
Dangane da cewa maza duka bakararre ne daga haihuwa, ana yin jifar su da shekara biyu. Dumaukar sabbin mambobi ba ya buƙatar kusan kowane ilimi da ƙwarewa na musamman. Dokokin kula da jarirai iri daya ne da na na dabbobi. Koyaya, akwai faɗakarwa ɗaya. Kubiyoni suna da matuƙar damuwa da ƙarancin yanayin zafi. Sabili da haka, don keɓe cututtuka daban-daban, ya zama dole a kula da yanayin zafin jiki mafi kyau.
A lokacin sanyi, dole ne a kiyaye su a cikin shinge masu rufi. A lokaci guda, ba a ba da fiye da awanni 3-3.5 a rana don yawo a cikin wani yanki. A lokacin rani, a lokacin dumi, thean kwari suna buƙatar ɓatar da lokaci kamar yadda zai yiwu a wuraren kiwo. Dole ne a yi ma'amala da kiwon dabbobin tun suna kanana. Matsakaicin rayuwar alfadarai shekaru 30-40. Tare da kyakkyawar kulawa, tsawon rai na iya ƙaruwa zuwa shekaru 50-60.
Abokan gaba na alfadarai
Hotuna: Alfadari
Alfadarai ba sa rayuwa a cikin yanayi na ɗabi'a, saboda haka ba su zama abin farautar mafarauta ba. Dabbobi suna da kariya mai ƙarfi, don haka kusan ba sa iya kamuwa da kowane cuta. Koyaya, har yanzu akwai wasu matsaloli. Sakamakon achondroplasia, canje-canje iri-iri na sabbin dabbobin haihuwa. Alamomin cututtukan cututtukan ƙwayoyi ne gajere, ƙananan gabobi da girman jiki gaba ɗaya.
Dabbobi kusan ba sa shan wahala daga cututtukan cututtukan ciki, cututtukan sassan jiki, kofato, da cututtukan aiki.
Baya ga achondroplasia, dabbobi sukan sha wahala daga waɗannan cututtukan masu zuwa:
- cutar kiwo. Wakilin da ke haifar da wannan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan kwayoyin halitta shine gwagwarmaya. Alamomin wannan cutar sune bayyanar alamun allo a jiki, shigar al'aura. A cikin mawuyacin hali, shanyewar bayan akwati na faruwa;
- glanders. Kamuwa da cuta da wasu ƙwayoyin cuta ke haifarwa. Idan aka gano, ba a yin magani. Dabbobin suna cin karensu ba babbaka saboda tsananin hatsari ga mutane da sauran dabbobi;
- epizootic lymphangitis. Kamuwa da cutar ya faru ne ta hanyar cryptococcus.
Tare da cin abinci mara kyau, dabbobi suna fama da karancin bitamin, sakamakon haka ingancinsu yana raguwa, kuma gashi na iya faɗi.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Alfadari a cikin hunturu
Ana yin alfadarai a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban na Turai, Asiya, Arewa da Kudancin Amurka, da Afirka. A cikin shekarun sittin na wannan karnin, yawan alfadarai sun kai kimanin mutane miliyan 13. A cikin shekaru goma, ya girma da wasu 1,000,000. A yau, kimanin adadin mutane shine mutane 16,000,000.
A yau, dabbobi ba sa bukatar haka, tunda a cikin ƙasashe da yawa an maye gurbin ikon dabbobi da tsarin atomatik da motoci. A zamanin yau, a mafi yawan lokuta, ana yin su ne ba da nufin samun kwadago ba, amma don shiga gasar wasannin motsa jiki. A Amurka, ya shahara sosai ga dabbobi a gonaki masu zaman kansu a matsayin mataimakan da ba za a iya maye gurbinsu ba. Dabbobin da ke jin kulawar maigidansu suna biya masa da cikakkiyar sadaukarwa da biyayya. Ba sa jin tsoron sauti mai ƙarfi, ana rarrabe su da juriya da natsuwa.
Alfadari Yana da nutsuwa mai nutsuwa, mai kirki da aiki. Halitta ta ba su kariya mai ƙarfi. Dole ne mutumin da ya zama ma'abocin alfadarin ya zama mai haƙuri da kulawa. A wannan yanayin, tabbas dabba za ta rama, tawali'u da abokantaka. Sau da yawa masu mallakar suna lura da girman kai, rashin son yin biyayya ga buƙatun da bukatun mai shi. Wannan halayyar ba ta nuna taurin kan alfadari, amma game da ba daidai ba, halin da ba daidai ba na mai shi dangane da dabba. A wannan halin, kuna buƙatar sake tunani game da halayenku da dabarun sarrafa alfadari.
Ranar bugawa: 22.07.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 09/29/2019 a 18:35
