Da kyau, wanene bai sani ba, duk da cewa abin birgewa ne, amma irin wannan kyakkyawar bushiya, jarumin ɗaruruwan tatsuniyoyi da majigin yara? An rubuta adadi mai yawa na tatsuniya, waƙoƙi da waƙoƙin gandun daji game da shi. A cikin tatsuniyoyi gama bushiya koyaushe tabbatacce ne kuma mai alheri, amma menene halayensa da gaske? Bari muyi ƙoƙari mu gano ta ta hanyar nazarin hanyar rayuwarsa da halaye na ɗabi'a na abin birgewa.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hoto: bushiya gama gari
Hakana kuma ana kiransa Bature - dabba ce mai shayarwa daga dangin bushiya, wanda yake daga jinsunan bishiyar Eurasian (gandun daji) da kuma tsarin kwari. Jinsin daji na bushiya a cikin Latin yana kama da "Erinaceus", wanda ke nufin "shingen ƙaya". Iyalin bushiya suna da nau'ikan 24, sun haɗu a cikin zuriya 10. Ana iya kiran bishiyoyi tsoffin dabbobi na d their a, saboda danginsu na ƙayayuwa sun wanzu tun daga Paleocene, wanda ke nufin cewa bishiyoyi sun wanzu shekaru da yawa da suka gabata.
Wakilan dangin bushiya uku suna zaune a yankin ƙasarmu:
- Eurasia (gandun daji) bishiyoyi, wanda aka wakilta na kowa, Amur, Danube (kudu) bushiya;
- kunnuwa masu bushe-bushe, a Rasha akwai jinsunan busassun busassun kunnu masu suna iri daya;
- steppe hedgehogs, wanda hedkwatar Daurian ya zaɓi yankin ƙasarmu.
Jikin gama gari ko Eurasia shine ya fi kowa, kuma sananne ne ga mutane da yawa, saboda ana samunta harma da titunan yamma na biranen. Tana da matsakaiciyar sikeli, tsayin jikinta ya bambanta daga 20 zuwa 30 cm, kuma bushiya tana da nauyi daga gram 700 zuwa 800. Tabbas, babban halayyar bushiyar itace bushinta, wanda ke rufe dukkan bangarorin sama da bangarorin dabbar. Saboda su, mutane da yawa suna tunanin cewa cincin dangi ne na kusa, wannan ba daidai ba ne. Bakin bushiya ya fi kusa da soyuwa fiye da shrews, moles, waƙoƙi (berayen shinge) da tenrecs. Don haka, ba duk abin da allura ke da alaƙa da dangin bushiya ba.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Mutane ƙalilan ne suka san cewa yawan allurai da ke rufe busasshiyar bushiya daga 5 zuwa 6 dubu, yayin da a cikin ƙaramar bushiya za a iya ƙidaya su kimanin dubu uku.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: bushiya gama gari a cikin yanayi
An riga an bayyana girman jikin bushiya, amma tsawon jelarsa duka yakai santimita 3. Kyakkyawan muushin bushiya yana da ɗan tsayi kuma ya ƙare da hanci mai kaifi da koyaushe. A kan kai, mai kyau, mai zagaye, ƙananan kunnuwa ana lura da su. Idanun bushiya suma kanana ne, zagaye kuma suna sheki, kamar baƙin beads. Bakin bushiya yana da ƙananan ƙananan hakora 36, amma masu kaifi sosai, 16 daga cikinsu suna ƙasa, sauran kuma a saman muƙamuƙi. A sama, an rarraba wuraren raunin, saboda haka akwai wuri don cizon ƙananan incis. Gabaɗaya, duk kan bushiya yana da siffa mai siffar-ciki.
Bidiyo: bushiya ta gama gari
Wsafafun bushiya suna da yatsa biyar; kowane yatsa yana da kaifi mai kaifi. Legsafafun baya sun fi na gaba. Tsawon allurar bushiya bai wuce santimita uku ba. Abubuwan buƙatun suna da santsi ga taɓawa tsawon tsawon, daga ciki fanko suke, an cika su da iska. Launin allurai ana iya kiran sa da taguwar, saboda launin rawaya da haske suna canzawa akansu, sabili da haka duk fuskar mai kama da allura ta bushiya tana da daddare. A fannin kai, allurar sun rabu. Girman allura yayi kama da girman gashi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ba a san shi nan da nan, amma dogaye, raƙuka da siraran gashi suna girma tsakanin spinal busgehog needles.
Ba a rufe bushiya da allurai gaba ɗaya, bakinsa da ciki suna da murfin ulu, galibi galibi yana da launi mai duhu mai launin toka-toka, gashin bushiyar bushiya yana da wuya. Jawo na bushiya, ba kamar ƙaya ba, iri ɗaya ne, ba tare da yatsu ba. Akwai bushiya da launuka masu haske (alal misali, suna rayuwa a Sifen). Gabaɗaya, launi na bakin fuska, ciki da gaɓoɓin shinge na kowa na iya zama daga launin rawaya-fari zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Abin mamaki, bushiyar bushiya, ba ya sauke alluran nan da nan, amma a hankali, ana maye gurbin kowane allurar bushiya ta uku da sabo. Duk wannan tsarin sabuntawar na iya daukar shekara daya da rabi.
Ina busasshiyar bushiya take rayuwa?
Babban bushiya a Rasha
Idan muka yi magana game da bishiyoyi gaba ɗaya, to ana iya samun su ne kawai a nahiyoyi biyu: a cikin Eurasia da arewacin Afirka. Misali, ba za ka sami bushiya a babban yankin Arewacin Amurka ba, kodayake yanayin can kusan iri daya ne da na Turai. Abubuwan da aka samo na burbushin halittu sun nuna cewa bishiyoyi sun taɓa zama a can, amma, a bayyane yake, sun mutu ne saboda dalilan da ba a riga an kafa su ba.
Mazaunin hedgehog yana da fadi sosai, yana zaune a yamma da tsakiyar sassan Turai, ya zaɓi sararin Tsibirin Burtaniya, ɓangaren kudancin Scandinavia, Kazakhstan. Amma ga ƙasarmu, a nan bushiyar bushiya ta kasance a Siberia ta Yamma da arewa maso yamma na ɓangaren Turai na Tarayyar Rasha. Abun birgeni ya zauna daidai a New Zealand, inda aka kawo shi ta wucin gadi.
Babban bushiya ya yadu mafi yawanci:
- a cikin yankunan Turai;
- a yankunan arewa maso yammacin Kazakhstan;
- a cikin yankin Amur;
- a yammacin Siberia;
- a arewa da arewa maso gabashin China;
- a Asiya orarama.
Hedgarhog ya fi son wurare da wurare iri-iri. Duk da haka, mafi yawanci galibin gandun daji ne ke jan shi, ƙananan farin ciki da yan sanda. Gandun daji yana zaune tare da gandun daji da aka haɗu, shrubs, wuraren kogin ambaliyar ruwa, filayen ciyawa. Yankuna masu dausayi da dazuzzuka masu danshi suna kaɗawa a gefe. Bishiya ba sa kaucewa ƙauyukan mutane kuma galibi ana samun su a cikin birane, a wuraren shakatawa da kuma makircin mutum. Bushiya tana rayuwa sosai a kan rabon ƙasarsa, yana ba da ramuka a ƙarƙashin tushen bishiyoyi, a cikin ramuka da yawa, a cikin dazuzzuka masu yawa, a cikin ramuka na ramuka na rodents. Prickly yana da ikon haƙa wa kansa mafaka, wanda, yawanci, ba ya wuce mita a tsayi.
Menene talakawan bushiya suke ci?
Hoto: busasshiyar bushiya daga littafin Red
Ana iya kiran busasshiyar busar gama-gari ta kowane fanni, menu nata ya bambanta, amma, a mafi yawancin, ya ƙunshi kowane irin kwari.
Bushiya tana son cin abinci:
- kwari;
- slugs;
- kunnen kunne;
- tsutsar ciki;
- May beetles;
- ƙwayoyin ƙasa na gashi;
- silkworms mara nauyi;
- fara.
Baya ga kwari, bushiya za ta ji dadin cin kadangaru, kwadi, katantanwa, da toads cikin nishadi. Theaya mai ƙaya za ta iya washe gidan tsuntsun da ke ƙasa, yana cin ƙwai ko ƙanannun kaji daga can. Hakanan beraye masu bushewar bushekara ba sa son yin ƙoƙari, amma wannan ba ya faruwa sau da yawa, saboda kama waɗannan ƙananan ƙwayoyi ba su da sauƙi. Baya ga abincin dabbobi, akwai kuma abincin tsirrai a cikin menu, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace da' ya'yan itace. New Zealand bushewar bishiyoyi, a gefe guda, galibi suna cin 'ya'yan itacen shuke-shuke.
Sabanin yadda aka yi imani da shi, bushiya ba sa cin macizai. Amma, idan fada tsakanin ƙayayuwa da mai rarrafe, to bushiya, galibi, ta kan yi nasara a ciki, saboda dafin macijin mai haɗari ba shi da wata illa ga mai ƙaya.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: bushiya ba ta jin tsoron arsenic, opium, senic acid, ko mercury chloride. Duk waɗannan abubuwa masu haɗari masu haɗari suna da rauni a kan busassun bishiyoyi. Halin da zai iya kashe mutum ko wata babbar dabba yana da cikakkiyar aminci ga bushiya.
Idan ka kalli bishiyoyin, to kana iya lura da yawan kwaɗayin su, bushewar suna ciyarwa da ƙarfi don samun nauyi kafin zuwan yanayin sanyi da shiga cikin bacci. Don haka, a lokacin faduwa, busassun bishiyoyi suna girma da kusan rabin kilogram kuma sun riga sun auna kimanin gram 1200. A lokacin bazara, bayan fitowa daga dakatarwar motsawa, ƙaya ma suna buƙatar abinci don sake cika ƙarfinsu, sabili da haka, a cikin dare ɗaya za su iya cin wannan adadin abincin wanda ya yi daidai da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan jikin bushiya.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ba a ba da shawarar ciyar da busassun bishiyoyi tare da kowane kayan kiwo. ba sa haƙuri da lactose. Mutane galibi suna kula da madara mai ƙayoyi da madara, suna tunanin cewa hakan zai amfane su.
Yanzu kun san yadda ake ciyar da bushiya. Bari muga yadda yake rayuwa a cikin daji.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hoto: bushiya gama gari
Bushewar itace suna aiki da magariba ko da daddare, suna neman abinci. Horaya ba ta son barin mafakarsu na dogon lokaci. Da rana sukan ɓoye a ciki kuma su huta. Bishiya suna shirya gidajan su a cikin bishiyoyi, tsakanin tushen bishiyoyi, a cikin ramuka wofi na rodents. Itatuwa suna iya haƙa wa kansu rami, tare da diamita daga 15 zuwa 20 cm, suna rufe shi da busasshiyar ganye, gansakuka da ciyawa. Bishiya suna kulawa sosai da rigar ƙyallensu, suna tsabtace ƙaya da yatsunsu na tsakiya, kuma suna lasar ciki da nono da harshensu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: feetafafun bushiya ba sa iya isa ga dukkan ƙayayuwa don tsabtace su, kuma galibi ana samun ƙwayoyin cuta iri-iri a cikinsu. Don kawar da su, bushiya tana amfani da acid daga fruitsa fruitsan itace, tana mirgine akan fallena fallenan apples ko wasu fruitsa fruitsan itace. Saboda wannan, suna kuskuren tunanin cewa bushiya tana busar da tuffa a kan ƙaya kuma ta kai su gida don cin abinci, bushiya ba sa yin wannan, kuma, gabaɗaya, sun fi son abincin dabbobi, a ƙayarsu za su iya kawo onlyan dryan busassun ganyaye zuwa wurin kwanciya.
Kowane mutum mai bushiya yana da ƙasarsa; namiji ya fi yawa (daga hekta 7 zuwa 40) fiye da mace (daga kadada 6 zuwa 10). Maza suna kare abin da aka ba su da himma, suna bi da zalunci duk wani baƙon baƙin bushiya. Gargadi na yau da kullun suna da baiwa da yawa. Baya ga gaskiyar cewa ana yin fim ɗin su koyaushe a cikin zane-zane daban-daban, bushiya tana gudu daidai, saurin haɓaka zuwa mita uku a kowane dakika, za su iya iyo daidai kuma su yi billa da fara'a. Ganinsu yayi rauni, amma ƙanshinsu da jinsu bai gaza ba. Da farkon yanayin sanyi da sanyi na farko, bushewar bishiyoyi suna shiga cikin rashin bacci, wanda ya fara daga Oktoba zuwa Afrilu. Ba don komai ba ne waɗanda ƙayayuwa suke kwance ajiyar mai, saboda ya fi sauƙi lokacin hunturu ta wannan hanyar. Ya kamata a lura cewa ba a lura da rashin kwanciyar hankali a cikin bushiya da ke zaune a yankunan kudanci masu dumi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin yanayin bacci, zafin jikin jikin bushiya ya sauka zuwa digiri 1.8, kuma bugun bugun daga 20 zuwa 60 a kowane minti daya, sukan sha iska sau daya a minti daya.
Bayan ya farka daga bacci, bushiya ba ta cikin sauri don fita daga cikin gidansa, yana haƙuri yana jira har sai zafin jikin da ke waje ya zafafa har zuwa digiri goma sha biyar tare da alamar alama. Gabaɗaya, bushiya tana son wanzuwa ita kaɗai, amma suna zama a cikin maƙwabta, ba su da nisa da juna. Iyakar bushiya da aka kawo zuwa New Zealand ne kawai suka dace da tsarin rayuwar gama gari, suka fara samun matsuguni na gama gari. Gabaɗaya, bushiya itace dabba mai zaman lafiya, ana iya horashi. Da yawa suna ajiye shingayen gida, amma ya kamata ku kasance a shirye don gaskiyar cewa da daddare suna son yin ruri, tattaka da kuma kumburi, saboda da yamma ana fara yin laulayi, mai aiki, rayuwar bushiya.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: hedungiyoyin bushiya guda ɗaya
Lokacin da bushiya ke farka daga bacci, lokacin bikin aure ya zo. Dabbobin da suka balaga ta hanyar jima’i sun fi kusa da shekara ɗaya. Saboda mata, duels sau da yawa yakan tashi tsakanin maza. Abokan hamayya suna ƙoƙari su ciji juna don waɗancan wuraren da babu allura, bushiya tana turawa kuma suna ƙoƙari su fi ta abokan gaba rauni. Yayin yaƙe-yaƙe na bushiya, ana jin amo da nishaɗi. Bakin bus ɗin da ya ci nasara ya fara neman abokin tarayya, zai iya yawo a kusa da ita na dogon lokaci don ya kasance cibiyar kula da bushiya. Babu ƙungiyoyin ƙawancen dangi masu ƙarfi a cikin bushiya, uwar bushiya dole ne ta tayar da zuriya ita kaɗai. An haifi bushewar itace a cikin ingantaccen ɗamara da ganye mai ciyayi.
Ita bushiya tana haihuwa sau ɗaya a shekara. Lokacin daukar ciki na wata daya da rabi. Ana iya haifuwar bushiya daga 3 zuwa 8, amma yawanci akwai 4. Ana haihuwar jarirai kwata-kwata marasa ƙarfi da makafi, an rufe su da fatar ruwan hoda, ba a lura da allurai da ulu. Bakin bushiya yana da nauyin gram 12.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Tuni awa biyu bayan haihuwa, jarirai masu juyi suna fara girma da allura masu taushi, suna tauri bayan 'yan kwanaki.
Da shekara goma sha biyar, busar bushewa ta ƙarshe ta ƙirƙiri suturar toka. A daidai wannan lokacin, jarirai suna ganin idanunsu kuma suna ƙoƙari su juye cikin ball. Idan uwar bushiya tana jin wata barazana ga zuriya, to tana iya canza wurin bushiyar zuwa wani matsuguni. Mace tana ciyar da bushiya da nono na tsawon wata guda. Sannan bishiyoyi suna samun 'yanci, kusa da wata biyu da suka lura da girma, amma sun bar garinsu na asali a kaka. A cikin yanayin daji na daji, bushiya tana rayuwa daga shekaru 3 zuwa 5, kuma a cikin zaman talala rayuwarsu ta daɗe sosai - har zuwa shekaru 8 ko 10.
Abokan gaba na shingayen gama gari
Hotuna: bushiya gama gari a cikin yanayi
Ita kanta bushiya tana zaman lafiya, amma yana da abokan gaba da yawa a cikin daji. Tabbas, dabbobin da basu da kwarewa basu da rauni.
Daga cikin abokan gaba bushiya za ku iya lissafa:
- ferrets;
- dawakai;
- badgers;
- masu farauta masu fuka-fukai (owls, ungulu mikiya, mikiya);
- martens;
- maciji.
Bakin bushiya ba shi da sauki, yana da nasa hanyoyin kariya, ba a banza aka rufe shi da kayan yaki ba, wanda galibi ke tserar da rayuwarsa. Ganin maras kyau, bushiya ta daka masa, yana ƙoƙarin yin allura, sannan kuma cikin sauri ya rikide zuwa ƙwallon ƙafa. Mafarauta, faratan ƙafafu da bakin bakin ruwa, galibi suna ja da baya, suna rasa sha'awar bushiya.
Har ila yau, bushiya tana da maƙiyan makiya waɗanda suka san dabarun yin abubuwa don yaudarar wanda ke da dabara. Mujiya koyaushe tana kama bushiya a ba zato ba tsammani, yana labewa a kansa ba tare da yin wani sauti ba, wanda ke rikitar da dabbar. Dawakai masu wayo suna kokarin tura bushiya cikin ruwa, inda ba shi da damar yin birgima a cikin kwallo, wanda hakan ya sa ba shi da kariya daga abokan gaba.
Lokacin da maciji yayi yunƙurin bushiya, to, sau da yawa, rarrafe da wahala, kuma bushiya ta yi nasara. Thorny baya jin tsoron cizon guba, saboda kusan gubobi ba sa shafar sa. Rabauke irin dabbobi masu rarrafe, bushiyar bushiya tana birgima cikin ƙwallo, a hankali tana nade macijin a kanta, wanda ya sa mai rarrafe ya mutu.
Makiyan bushiya sun haɗa da mutumin da, tare da ayyukansa na tashin hankali, yake cutar da dabbobi da yawa. Kodayake bishiyoyin bushiya na iya rayuwa a cikin birane, dabbobi da yawa suna mutuwa a ƙarƙashin ƙafafun mota lokacin da suke tsallaka babbar hanya. Tabbas, babu wanda ke farauta musamman ga bushiya, kodayake a zamanin da Romawa suna amfani da fatin bushiya don tserar da tumaki. Yanzu bushiya tana shan wahala saboda gaskiyar cewa mutane sun kore shi daga wuraren zama na dindindin, suna mamaye halittun halittu tare da munana yanayin muhalli gaba ɗaya.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A farkon karnin da ya gabata, adadi mai yawa na bushiya sun mutu saboda sarkar abinci mai sauri ta McDonalds. Girman kofunan ice cream ɗin ya kasance kunkuntar, kuma ƙayayyun suna cin abincin a kan ragowar kayan zaki a kusa da urns, suna tura kawunansu cikin tabarau kuma sun sami kansu a makale. Bayan zanga-zanga da zanga-zangar da masu ba da shawara game da dabbobi, gidan abincin dole ne ya faɗaɗa kofunan a cikin diamita.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: bushiya gama gari a Rasha
Yankin rarraba hedgehog yana da faɗi sosai, bishiyoyi suna zaune a wurare daban-daban, suna haɗuwa a manyan biranen, amma, duk da haka, ana ɗaukarsu mazaunan gandun daji, suna fifita gefunan daji da dazuzzuka. Game da girman yawan bushiya, halin da ake ciki ba koyaushe yake da kyau ba, a yankuna da yawa an sami raguwar yawan ƙaya, a wasu wuraren da galibi ake samun bushiya, sun zama abin ƙyama da abin al'ajabi, wanda ke da matukar damuwa game da ƙungiyoyin muhalli.
Babban dalilan rage yawan shinge sune wasu dalilai masu yawa na halittar dan adam: sare bishiyoyi, gina sabbin hanyoyi, bunkasa biranen birni, katsalandan din mutane a cikin halittun halittu da kebewarsu da wargajewa, lalata gidajen bushiya, rashin abinci sakamakon noman shimfidar wuri da yanayin bazara shekara shekara, gurbatar yanayi mahalli gabaɗaya.
Dukkanin munanan halayen da ke sama suna shafar girman yawan bushiya, wanda ke ci gaba da raguwa a hankali.A yankin ƙasarmu, a wasu yankuna, bushewar gama gari an haɗa ta a cikin Littattafan Red Data na yanki azaman nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke da raguwar lamba koyaushe. Don haka, mazaunin daji mai ƙaya yana buƙatar wasu matakan kariya.
Kariyar shinge na kowa
Hoto: busasshiyar bushiya daga littafin Red
Zai yi kama da bushiya tana ko'ina kuma ta yadu sosai, mutane da yawa sun gan ta a biranen birni da ƙauyuka, a cikin lambuna, wuraren shakatawa da kuma makirce-makirce masu zaman kansu, amma wannan ba ya faruwa a ko'ina, a wasu yankuna lambarta ba ta da muhimmanci, sabili da haka, yana da wuya a hadu da mai wayo ... Abin bakin ciki ne a gane, amma laifin komai ba shi da tunani, kuma, a wasu lokuta, ayyukan ɗan adam na dabbanci, ana nufin kawai don faranta wa mutane rai ne ba tare da la'akari da bukatun dabbobi da yawa ba, gami da shinge na talakawa.
A yankin ƙasar Rasha, busharar bushiya a cikin Red Book Books na Tomsk da Lipetsk. Sverdlovsk, Tyumen yankuna da yankin Moscow. A cikin littafin yankin Tyumen, yana cikin rukuni na uku kuma ana ɗaukarsa nau'ikan nau'ikan. A cikin duk sauran abubuwan da aka lissafa, an sanya busar bushewa ta kowa zuwa rukuni na biyu, ana ɗaukarsa nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in adadi mai raguwa koyaushe. Game da yankin Sverdlovsk, a nan an ɗauki bushiya a ƙarƙashin kariya a kan yankin ajiyayyen halittu na Visim da kuma Pripyshminskie Bory National Park.
A duk wadannan yankuna, inda yawan bushiya ke da rauni sosai, ana ba da shawarar sosai da a hada da matsugunan doriya na dindindin a wuraren da aka kiyaye, ya zama dole a sarrafa adadin karnukan da suka bata wadanda ke lalata bushiya. Ba shi yiwuwa a kirkiri shimfidar shimfidar wuri inda ƙayayuwa ke rayuwa, wannan yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa ba za su iya samo wa kansu matsugunai na rayuwa don rayuwa ba. Gabaɗaya, yana da kyau mu mai da hankali da mai da hankali ga albarkatun ƙasa da yabawa fure da fauna da ke kewaye da mu, da kuma sanya duk masu ɓarna da ɓatanci da masu adawa da wannan a cikin safar hannu.
A karshen zan so in kara hakan gama bushiya yana da matukar amfani ga mutum. Da fari dai, yana lalata adadi mai yawa na kwari masu cutarwa, kuma, abu na biyu, idan ka kalli wannan kyakkyawar dabarar dabba da kyakkyawar fuska, yanayin ya tashi ba zato ba tsammani. Abu na uku, zaku iya fuskantar kyawawan halaye masu kyau ta hanyar karanta almara ko kallon zane mai ban dariya, inda bushiya ita ce babban hali, saboda koyaushe yana taka rawa mai kyau da kyau, sabili da haka mutane da yawa suna ƙaunarta tun suna yara.
Ranar bugawa: 19.07.2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 09/26/2019 da karfe 8:54
