Pelikan (Pelecanus) tsuntsaye ne na ruwa zuwa duk sassan duniya banda Antarctica. Siffar sa kuma, sama da duka, fatar mai taushi a kan ɗan ƙaramin bakin tana sa tsuntsun ya zama na musamman kuma mai saurin gane shi. Nau'ikan pelicans takwas suna da rarrabuwa a duniya daban-daban daga latti zuwa yankuna masu zafi zuwa yanki mai yanayin yanayi, kodayake tsuntsayen ba su nan a cikin Kudancin Amurka, a cikin yankuna na polar da kuma a cikin teku.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Pelican
Halin halittar pelicans (Pelecanus) Linnaeus ne ya fara bayyana shi a hukumance a cikin 1758. Sunan ya fito ne daga tsohuwar kalmar Helenanci pelekan (πελεκάν), wacce ta zo daga kalmar pelekys (πέλεκυς) ma'anar "gatari". Polymath faransa C. Rafinesky ta gabatar da dangin Pelicanea a cikin 1815. Pelicans suna ba da suna ga Pelecaniformes.
Bidiyo: Pelican
Har zuwa kwanan nan, ba a bayyana cikakken umarnin ba kuma abubuwan da ya ƙunsa, ban da pelicans, sun haɗa da Sulidae, frigate (Fregatidae), phaeton (Phaethontidae), cormorant (Phalacrocoracidae), wuyan maciji (Anhingidae), yayin da whale-shugaban ( Shoebill), egrets (Egrets) da ibises (Ibises) da cokalin cokali (Plataleinae) suna daga cikin tsuntsayen stork (Ciconiiformes). Ya zama kamanceceniya tsakanin wadannan tsuntsayen kwatsam, sakamakon rikidar halitta daya dace. Shaidun kwayoyin halitta don kwatancen DNA ya fito fili akan irin wannan haɗin.
Gaskiya mai Nishaɗi: Nazarin DNA ya nuna cewa pelicans na Sabuwar Duniya guda uku sun haɗu da jinsi ɗaya daga Farin Farin Amurka, da kuma jinsunan Tsohuwar Duniya guda biyar daga Pelican mai goyan Pink, yayin da Farar Pelikan ta Australiya danginsu ne na kusa. Feshin ruwan hoda kuma na wannan jinsi ne, amma shine farkon wanda ya kauce wa asalin kakannin wasu jinsuna huɗu. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa kwalliyar kwalliya ta fara rayuwa ne a cikin Tsohuwar Duniya kuma ta bazu zuwa Arewacin Amurka da Kudancin Amurka, kuma fifiko don yin shuke-shuke a bishiyoyi ko a ƙasa yana da alaƙa da girma fiye da halittar jini.
Burbushin da aka samo ya nuna cewa pelicans sun wanzu aƙalla shekaru miliyan 30. An samo mafi yawan sanannun burbushin halittar da aka samo a cikin farkon Oligocene a Luberon a kudu maso gabashin Faransa. Suna da kamanceceniya da siffofin zamani. Wani ɗan bakin kusan cikakke ya wanzu, daidai yake da na pelicans na zamani, yana nuna cewa wannan kayan aikin ciyarwar ya riga ya wanzu a lokacin.
A farkon Miocene, an kira burbushin Miopelecanus - halittar burbushin halittu, jinsin M. gracilis akan wasu halaye da farko an dauke su na daban, amma sai aka yanke shawarar cewa tsaka-tsakin halittu ne.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Tsuntsun Pelican
Pelicans manyan tsuntsayen ruwa ne. Pelican Dalmatian na iya isa zuwa manyan girma. Wannan ya sanya ta zama ɗayan manyan tsuntsaye masu tashi. Theananan nau'ikan launin ruwan kasa masu launin ruwan kasa. Kwancen kwarangwal din yakai kimanin kashi 7% na nauyin jiki na mafi girman pelicans. Mafi kyawun fasalin pelicans shine bakin su. Jakar makogwaro tana da girma sosai kuma tana da alaƙa da ƙaramin baki, daga abin da yake ratayewa kamar jakar fata mai roba. Capacityarfinsa na iya kaiwa lita 13, ana amfani dashi azaman tarun kamun kifi don kamun kifi. Yana rufe tam tare da dogon baka mai tsayi zuwa ƙasa.
Dabbobi takwas masu rai suna da halaye masu zuwa:
- Farin Pelican na Amurka (P. erythrorhynchos): tsayin 1.3-1.8 m, fuka-fuki 2.44-2.9 m, nauyin kilogiram 5-9. Lilin ya kusan zama fari fat, ban da gashin fuka-fukai, ana iya gani ne kawai a cikin gudu;
- Pepper brown brown na Amurka (P. occidentalis): tsayi har zuwa 1.4 m, fuka-fuki 2-2.3 m, nauyin 3.6-4.5 kg. Ita ce mafi ƙanƙan tsummanta wacce take da ruwan toho mai ruwan kasa.;
- Pilin na Peru (P. thagus): tsayi har zuwa 1.52 m, fukafukan fuka-fuki 2.48 m, matsakaicin nauyi 7 kilogiram. Duhu tare da farin ratsi daga kai zuwa gefen wuya;
- ruwan hoda mai ruwan hoda (P. onocrotalus): tsawon 1.40-1.75 m, fukafukan fuka-fuki 2.45-2.95 m, nauyi 10-11 kg. Lumbin launin fari ne-ruwan hoda, tare da tabon ruwan hoda a fuska da ƙafafu;
- Pilin na Australiya (P. ploticillatus): tsawon 1.60-1.90 m, fuka-fuki 2.5-3.4 m, nauyin 4-8.2 kg. Mafi yawa fari a haɗe yake da baƙaƙen fata, tare da babban ɗamarar, baki mai ruwan hoda;
- fure mai goyan bayan fure (P. rufescens): tsawon 1.25-1.32 m, fuka-fuki 2.65-2.9 m, nauyin kilogiram 3.9-7. Farin launin toka mai launin toka mai launin toka, wani lokacin ruwan hoda a bayanta, tare da hawan babba mai rawaya da aljihun toka;
- Dalmatian pelican (P. crispus): tsawon 1.60-1.81 m, fuka-fuki 2.70-33 m, nauyin kilogiram 10-12. Mafi girman farar fata mai ruwan toka, tana da gashin tsuntsu a kai da wuyansa na sama;
- launin ruwan toka mai ruwan toka (P. philippensis): tsawon 1.27-1.52 m, fuka-fuki 2.5 m, nauyi c. 5 kilogiram. Mafi yawan launin ruwan toka-fari, mai launin toka. A lokacin kiwo, sanya hoda tare da tabon jaka.
A ina ne pelikan yake rayuwa?
Hoto: Pelican a Rasha
Peicic na zamani suna rayuwa a duk nahiyoyi banda Antarctica. Akwai nau'ikan 2 a cikin Rasha: ruwan hoda (P. onocrotalus) da curly pelican (P. crispus). A cikin Turai akwai yawan jama'a a cikin yankin Balkans, shahararrun mulkin mallaka na ruwan hoda da na Dalmatian pelicans suna cikin Danube Delta. Bugu da kari, wadannan jinsunan har yanzu ana samunsu a tafkin Prespa da kuma gabashin gabar Tekun Azov. Kari akan haka, ana samun Pelican din Dalmatian a wasu yankuna a cikin karamar Volga da kuma arewacin gabar tekun Caspian.
Wadannan jinsunan guda biyu da launin toka mai launin toka (P. philippensis) suma ana samun su a Yammacin Turai da Tsakiyar Asiya. Hakanan ana samun na ƙarshen a Kudancin Asiya. Afirka na gida ne mai ruwan hoda mai goyan bayan ruwan hoda (P. rufescens), wanda aka samo shi a yankuna masu zafi da na yankuna masu zafi. Akwai wuraren kiwo da hunturu a cikin Roselle Canyon, wanda ya faro daga Sahel zuwa Afirka ta Kudu.
Ostiraliya da Tasmania gida ne na pelikan Australiya (P. ploticillatus), wanda ake haɗuwa akai-akai a waje da lokacin kiwo a New Guinea, Tsibirin Solomon da erananan tsibirin Sunda. Whiteasar White Pelican ta Amurka (P. erythrorhynchos) ta haɗu a Midwest na Arewacin Amurka da kudancin Kanada, kuma suka yi ta yin sama da fadi a gabar Arewacin Amurka da Amurka ta Tsakiya. Yankunan nahiyar Amurka guda biyu gida ne mai ruwan bunda mai ruwan kasa (P. occidentalis).
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A lokacin hunturu, wasu nau'ikan suna jure tsananin sanyi, amma suna buƙatar ruwan da babu kankara. Yawancin jinsunan sun fi son ruwa mai kyau. Ana iya samunsu a cikin tabkuna ko kogin delta, kuma tunda pelicans basa nitsewa sosai, suna buƙatar zurfin ƙasa. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa kusan tsuntsaye basa nan cikin tabkuna masu zurfi. Gwanin launin ruwan kasa ne kaɗai nau'in da ke rayuwa duk shekara zagaye na musamman ga teku.
Yawancin pelicans ba tsuntsaye ne masu saurin tafiya ba. Wannan ya shafi nau'ikan wurare masu zafi, amma kuma ga Danube Delta Dalmatian Pelicans. A gefe guda, ruwan hoda mai ruwan hoda daga Danube Delta na yin ƙaura zuwa yankunan hunturu na Afirka bayan lokacin kiwo. Sun shafe kwana biyu zuwa uku a Isra'ila, inda ake kai dubunnan sabbin kifaye ga tsuntsayen.
Menene kwalliya take ci?
Hoto: Bakin Bakin Pelican
Abincin kaji ya ƙunshi kusan na kifi kawai. Wasu lokuta ana samun pelicans suna ciyarwa kawai akan crustaceans. A cikin Danube Delta, irin kifi da perch sune mahimmancin ganima ga nau'ikan pelikan gida. Farin Pelican na Amurka yafi ciyar da kifin kifi irin na nau'ikan halittu daban daban, wadanda basa sha'awar kamun kifin kasuwanci. A Afirka, pelicans suna kama kifin kichlid daga jinsi Tilapia da Haplochromis, kuma a kudu maso gabashin Afirka, ƙwai da kajin Cape cormorants (P. capensis). Gishirin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa yana ciyarwa daga gabar Florida na menhaden, herring, anchovies, da Pacific sardines.
Gaskiya mai dadi: Pelicans suna cin 10% na nauyinsu kowace rana. Wannan kusan kilogram 1.2 kenan don farin kwalliya. Idan ka kara da cewa, gaba dayan mazaunan garin Nakurusi, Afirka, suna cin kifin kilogiram 12,000 a rana ko kuma kifayen tan 4,380 a shekara.
Jinsi daban-daban suna amfani da hanyoyin farauta daban-daban, amma duk suna farauta galibi cikin ƙungiyoyi. Hanyar da ta fi dacewa ita ce yin iyo, tuka kifin zuwa cikin ruwa mara zurfi inda ba za su iya guduwa a cikin ƙasa ba saboda haka suna da sauƙin kamawa. Wasu lokuta ana aiwatar da waɗannan ayyukan ta hanyar bugu mai ƙarfi na fukafukai a saman ruwa. Sauran zaɓuɓɓukan sune ƙirƙirar da'ira da rufe ƙofar kifin zuwa wani yanki na bude ko layi madaidaiciya biyu suna iyo da juna.
Tare da babban baki, pelicans suna huɗa cikin ruwa kuma suna kama kifin da aka kora. Adadin nasarar shine 20%. Bayan kamun nasara, ruwan ya kasance a wajen jakar fata kuma an haɗiye kifin baki ɗaya. Duk nau'ikan na iya yin kifi shi kadai, wasu kuma sun fi son wannan, amma duk nau'ikan suna da hanyoyin da aka bayyana a sama. Kawai masu launin ruwan kasa da Peru ne ke farauta daga iska. Suna kama kifi a cikin zurfin gaske, suna sauka a tsaye daga tsayin mita 10 zuwa 20.
Yanzu kun san inda tsuntsun tsuntsayen ke sanya kifin. Bari muga yadda yake rayuwa a cikin daji.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Pelican a cikin jirgin
Rayuwa, haifuwa, ƙaura, ciyarwa a cikin manyan yankuna. Kamun kifi yana ɗaukar ƙaramin ɓangare na ranar pelikan, kamar yadda yawancin mutane suka gama ciyarwa da ƙarfe 8-9 na safe. Sauran rana ana yin zaman shakatawa - tsaftacewa da wanka. Waɗannan ayyukan suna faruwa a gaɓar yashi ko ƙananan tsibirai.
Tsuntsu yana wanka, yana karkata kansa da jikinsa zuwa ruwan, yana fuka-fukansa. Pelon yana buɗe bakinsa ko yaɗa fikafikansa lokacin da zafinsa ya tashi domin daidaita yanayin zafin jikin. Don kare yankinsu, maza suna barazanar masu kutse. Tsuntsayen ciki suna kai hare-hare tare da baki a matsayin babban makamin ta.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Dabbobi takwas masu rai sun kasu kashi biyu, daya daga cikinsu ya kunshi nau'ikan jinsuna hudu na manya da ke gina gida-gida tare da farin farin galibi (Ostiraliya, curly, white white and white white pelican), dayan kuma yana dauke da jinsuna hudu masu launin ruwan toka-toka-ruwan toka. wanda ya fi dacewa a dasa shi a bishiyoyi (ruwan hoda, ruwan toka mai ruwan toka da kuma ruwan kasa) ko kan duwatsu na teku (pelikan Peruvian).
Nauyin tsuntsun ya sa ɗagawa abu ne mai matukar wahala. Tsuntsayen ciki suna kada fikafikansu a saman ruwa na dogon lokaci kafin su tashi sama. Amma idan tsuntsu ya sami nasarar dorewa, to yana ci gaba da karfin gwiwa ne. Pelicans na iya tashi awanni 24 ba tare da tsangwama ba, suna rufewa har zuwa kilomita 500.
Saurin jirgin zai iya kaiwa kilomita 56 / h, tsawan ya fi mita 3000. A yayin tafiyar, duwawun suna lankwasa wuyansu ta baya ta yadda shugaban yana tsakanin kafadun kuma baki mai nauyi zai iya tallafawa ta wuyansa. Tunda musculature baya bada izinin kadawar fikafikan akai-akai, pelicans suna maye gurbin dogon fasali na zamewa tare da kadawa.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: Iyalan Pelican
Pelicans suna yin kiwo ne a cikin yankuna, yayin da manyan tsarukan mulkin mallaka suke haɗuwa da tsuntsaye waɗanda ke kiwo a ƙasa. A wasu lokuta ana ƙirƙirar wasu yankuna masu gauraya: a cikin Danube Delta, ruwan hoda da masu walƙiya suna haɗuwa tare sau da yawa. Tsuntsayen da ke bishiyar suna zama tare da stork da cormorants. A baya can, yankunan mulkin mallaka sun kai miliyoyi, mafi girman mulkin mallaka har zuwa yau yana mulkin mallaka ne a tafkin Rukwa na ƙasar Tanzania tare da nau'i-nau'i 40,000.
Lokacin kiwo yana farawa ne a sararin samaniya a cikin bazara, don jinsunan Turai da Arewacin Amurka a watan Afrilu. A cikin yanayin wurare masu zafi, yawanci babu tsayayyen lokacin kiwo kuma ƙwai na iya yin bazuwa cikin shekara. Beaks, aljihu, da fatar fuskar kowane nau'in suna da launi mai haske kafin lokacin kiwo ya fara. Maza suna yin al'adar neman aure wacce ta sha bamban da jinsuna zuwa jinsuna, amma ya hada da daga kai da baki da ballo da jakar fata a kan karamin baki.
Gida gida ya banbanta sosai daga jinsuna zuwa nau'uka. Mafi yawan lokuta ana yin rami guda a cikin ƙasa ba tare da wani abu ba. Gidajen bishiyoyi sunfi ƙirar tsari. Farin ciki mai launin toka yana kan bishiyar mangwaro, ɓaure, ko bishiyar kwakwa. Gida ya ƙunshi rassa kuma an yi masa layi tare da ciyawa ko tsire-tsire na ruwa mai lalacewa. Tana da diamita kusan 75 cm kuma tsayinsa yakai cm 30. Kwanciyar hankali daga gurbi ya yi ƙasa kaɗan, saboda haka ake gina sabon gida kowace shekara.
Yawancin lokaci ana yin ƙwai biyu, amma haɗuwa da ƙwai ɗaya ko ma shida suna bayyana. Lokacin shiryawa shine kwanaki 30 - 36. Kaji da farko tsirara suke, amma da sauri an rufe shi da ƙasa. Yana da makonni takwas, an maye gurbin rigar ƙasa da ƙyallen yara. Da farko, yaran sun ci abincin da aka ci da farko. Kajin farko da ya fara kyankyashe ya kori itsan uwanta daga cikin gida. Daga kwana 70 zuwa 85, kajin ya zama mai cin gashin kansa kuma ya bar iyayensa bayan kwana 20. A shekara uku ko hudu, pelicans sun hayayyafa a karon farko.
Abokan gaba na pelicans
Hotuna: Tsuntsun Pelican
A sassa da yawa na duniya, an daɗe ana farautar pelic saboda dalilai daban-daban. A Gabashin Asiya, ana ɗaukar murfin ɗumbin tsuntsaye na yara a matsayin magani a likitancin gargajiya na ƙasar Sin. Har ila yau a Indiya, ana ɗaukar wannan mai mai tasiri ga cututtukan rheumatic. A kudu maso gabashin Turai, an yi amfani da aljihun makogwaro na baki don yin buhuhu, buhunan taba, da kayan talla.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: An yi amfani da yankunan mulkin mallaka na Kudancin Amurka launin fata ta hanya ta musamman. Tare da bobies na Peru da bougainvillea cormorant, an tara feji a babban sikelin taki. Yayinda ma'aikata suka fasa kwai suka lalata kajin, an lalata yankuna a yayin aikin gyara.
Rayuwar ɗan adam mai ɗorewa da pelicans masu launin toka yana faruwa a ƙauyukan jihar Karnataka ta Indiya. Inda 'yan kwalliya ke yin kwalliya a saman rufin kamar farin fatu. Mazauna yankin suna amfani da najasa a matsayin taki sannan kuma suna sayar da rarar ga kauyukan dake makwabtaka da ita. Sabili da haka, pelicans ba kawai ana jurewa ba, amma ana kiyaye su. A cikin yanayin yanayi, tsakanin dabbobi, pelicans basu da makiya da yawa saboda girman su.
Babban masu cin nama na pelicans sun hada da:
- kadoji (kai wa tsuntsu baligi);
- foxes (farautar kajin);
- kuraye;
- tsuntsaye masu farauta
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Pelican
Adadin al'ummomin da ke yin cuwa-cuwa a jikin ruwa wadanda suka bushe sannan kuma suka cika da ruwa ana iya samun sauye-sauye masu yawa - coan mulkin mallaka ya bayyana kuma ya sake ɓacewa. Koyaya, Dalmatian da Grey Pelicans an lasafta su a matsayin masu rauni a kan Lissafin IUCN. Ungiyoyi biyu na launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa, watau Californian da Atlantic, suma sun zama ba su da yawa.
Babban dalilin raguwar shine amfani da DDT da wasu magungunan kwari masu karfi a Amurka. Amfani da magungunan kashe qwari tare da abinci ya haifar da raguwar haihuwar tsuntsaye. Tun shekara ta 1972, an hana amfani da DDT a Amurka, kuma lambobin sun fara dawowa sannu a hankali. Yawancin jama'ar Afirka masu ɗamarar ruwan hoda kusan 75,000 nau'i-nau'i. Saboda haka, duk da raguwar mutane a Turai, babu abin da ke barazana ga jinsunan baki ɗaya.
Babban dalilan dakushewar pelicans sune:
- gasar masunta na gida don kifi;
- magudanun ruwa;
- harbi;
- gurbatar ruwa;
- yawan amfani da hannun jari na kifi;
- damuwa daga masu yawon bude ido da masunta;
- karo da layin wutar sama.
A cikin zaman talala, pelicans suna dacewa sosai kuma suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 20+, amma da ƙyar ake yin irin. Kodayake babu nau'ikan nau'in kwalliya da ke fuskantar barazanar gaske, da yawa sun rage mazauna su sosai. Misali zai zama ruwan hoda kwalliya, wanda a zamanin Roman yake rayuwa a bakin Rhine da Elbe. Akwai kusan nau'i-nau'i miliyan a cikin Danube Delta a cikin karni na 19. A cikin 1909, wannan lambar ta ragu zuwa 200.
Ranar bugawa: 18.07.2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 09/25/2019 da karfe 21:16
