Ba kowa ya san irin wannan karamar dabba ba tupaya... Mutane da yawa suna jin sunan wannan dabba da ba a saba gani ba a karon farko. Idan ana duban tupaya, wasu suna kwatanta ta da kunkuru, wasu kuma da bera. Babu shakka, abu daya halitta ce mai aiki da sauri. Bari muyi ƙoƙari mu fahimci hanyar rayuwarsa, mu bayyana alamun waje, mu nuna halin fushi, yawan shan kayan abinci da wuraren zama na dindindin.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Tupaya
Tupaya dabba ce mai shayarwa wacce take cikin dangin Tupai mai suna iri ɗaya da kuma umarnin Tupai. Rikici game da mallakar tupaya na ɗaya ko wani nau'in dabbobi ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru goma. Da farko dai, an saka tupaya a tsakanin kwari, sannan a matsayin birrai. Kimanin rabin karni, wannan dabba mai shayarwa an ayyana ta a matsayin mai shayarwa, har sai an gudanar da sabon nazari dalla-dalla. A sakamakon haka, ya zama cewa tupaya wani reshe ne na juyin halitta daban, wanda ke da halaye masu halaye kawai ga wannan jinsin, saboda haka aka sanya dabbar a matsayin tsari na tupai ko Scandentia.
Dokta William Ellis ne ya tattara Tupai a cikin 1780, wanda ya raka Cook a kan tafiyarsa zuwa Malay Archipelago. Sunan dabbar ya fito ne daga yaren Malay, ko kuma daga takamaiman kalmar "tupei", wanda ake fassara da "squirrel". Iyalan tupai sun kasu gida biyu, dangin 6 da iri 18. Masana kimiyya sunyi nazarin tupaya na kowa daki-daki, wanda zamu bayyana bayaninsa nan gaba kadan, kuma yanzu zamu fasalta wasu nau'ikan wadannan dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Bidiyo: Tupaya
Babban tupaya yana da launi mai launin toka-toka, tsawon jikinsa ya kai 20 cm, wutsiyar launin zinare-ja-ja daidai tsawonta. Dabbar ta zauna a Tsibirin Malesiya (Sumatra, Kalimantan, Borneo). Wannan tupaya an bambanta ta da manyan kunnuwa, zagaye, fuska mai ma'ana da idanuwa masu zurfin fahimta.
Malay tupaya a tsayi, tare da wutsiya, na iya kaiwa daga 12 zuwa 18 cm. A kan gabaɗɗen launin ruwan kasa mai duhu na dabba, an ga ciki mai haske mai launin rawaya, dukkan jiki yana da kyau kuma an tsarkake shi. Dabbar ta zabi Thailand da tsibirin Indonesiya. Malay Tupai suna da aure kuma suna da haɗin kai na iyali har abada.
Tupaya ta Indiya tana kama da ta talaka, an kuma gajarta bakin bakin ta. Bambancin yana bayyane a cikin kunnuwa, an rufe shi da ulu, an kuma rarrabe shi da tsarin haƙoran. Babban fifiko na dutsen yana da launin ruwan kasa mai launin ja, rawaya da baƙaƙen fata. Ana iya ganin ratsi mai haske a kafaɗun. Tsawon jikin dabba ya kai kimanin 20 cm, jelar tana da tsayi iri ɗaya. Tupaya yana zaune ne a kan yankin Indiya a arewacin yankin.
Ba a fahimci tupaya mai wutsiyar gashin tsuntsu ba, an rarrabe ta da ƙarami (tsayin 10 cm), kunnuwa masu ban sha'awa da masu kaifi, da kuma salon rayuwar dare. Babban fasalin sa shine jela, wanda aka lulluɓe shi da ma'aunin duhu tare da farin farin farin a ƙarshen. Rigar dabbar tana da launin toka-toka tare da launin ruwan kasa-kasa da baki. Tsawon jelar ya bambanta daga 11 zuwa 16 cm, waɗannan tupai suna zaune a Sumatra da Malay Peninsula.
Consideredaƙƙarfan santa-ƙyallen tupaya ana ɗaukarsa nau'in nau'in nau'in da aka samo a cikin Borneo. Ana iya ganin ratsi mai duhu tare da jan launi a kan bakinsa, dutsen dabbar kusan baƙi ne, kuma cikin yana da haske. Filipino Tupaya na da gashin gashi mai ruwan kasa mai haske a baya, kuma cikin da kirjin suna da launi launi. Jikin yana da tsayin cm 20 kuma yana da nauyin gram 350. Dabbar ta bambanta da gajeren jela.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Na gama gari
Muna bayanin sifofin halayyar dabba da siffofi na waje daban-daban ta hanyar amfani da tupaya gama gari, wanda masana kimiyyar dabbobi suka fi nazarinsa. Wannan karamar dabba ce wacce tayi kama da shege. Tsawan jikin tupaya ya fara daga 15 zuwa 22 cm, nauyin dabbar ya bambanta daga gram 140 zuwa 260.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Masana kimiyyar dabbobi sun lura cewa a kudu mafi yawan mutanen da ke zaune tupaya, suna da launi launi na rigarsa.
Hannun tupaya yana da tsayi kuma yana nuna. Idanun dabba matsakaita ne masu kalar launi. A fuska mai kaifi, gajere da sikirin birgima ana lura da su. Kunnuwan tupaya suna da kyau, zagaye. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'in waɗannan dabbobin, gashin fur na gama gari ba shi da kauri sosai. Sashin bayan dabbar yana da makircin launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, kuma a yankin kirji da ciki, launi yana da haske, ja ne. Ana iya ganin ratsi mai sauƙi amma sun shuɗe sosai a kafaɗun.
Dangane da bambance-bambancen da ke bayyane tsakanin mace da namiji, babu kusan ɗaya, don haka ƙwararren masani ne kaɗai zai iya banbanta jinsin dabba ta fuskar gani kawai. Theafafun tupaya yatsu biyar ne, kowane yatsu sanye take da isasshe mai tsini da kaifi, wanda ke taimakawa yayin motsi a cikin kambin bishiyoyi. Tsarin haƙoran tupaya yayi kama da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Hakanan, a cikin yankin maƙogwaron akwai glandar fata, kasancewarta halayyar wasu kwari ne. Ya kamata a lura cewa mace na iya samun daga nono ɗaya zuwa uku. Gabaɗaya, masana kimiyya sun rarrabe kusan ƙananan ƙananan kabilu 49 a cikin gama gari.
Ina tupaya ke zama?
Photo: Dabba tupaya
Gabaɗaya, dangin Tupayev baƙon abu ne sosai, wakilansa suna zaune a gumi, dazuzzuka masu zafi a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Kamar yadda muka gani, nau'ikan daban-daban suna da yankuna daban-daban da shimfidar wurare. An yi rijistar tupaya gama gari a tsibirin Indonesiya, a cikin China, a arewacin Indiya, iyakarta ta shafi kudu da gabashin Asiya.
Tupaya ya sami tushe sosai a kan wasu tsibirai na tsibirin Malay, daga cikinsu akwai:
- Java;
- Sumatra;
- Riau;
- Kalimantan;
- Harshe;
- Anambas;
- Borneo.
Sun dauki niyya zuwa sararin tupai na Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, Indian subcontinent. Dabbobi suna so kuma suna jin daɗi a cikin danshi, na wurare masu zafi, dazuzzuka. Tupai suna zaune a cikin kambin bishiyoyi da ƙasa. Dabbobin ma ba sa tsallaka ƙasar tuddai, suna haɗuwa a tsayin kilomita biyu zuwa uku. Tupai suna zaune a ɓoye a cikin manyan bishiyun bishiyoyi, tsakanin tushen itaciya masu ƙarfi, a cikin kogon gora. Kowace dabba tana da nata kason daban.
Idan muka yi magana game da tupaya gama gari, to ana iya yin tunanin fadada kewayon ta yankin da yake zaune, wanda ya fi murabba'in kilomita 273,000. Yawan dabbobi na iya bambanta daga dabbobi 2 zuwa 12 a kowace kadada.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Tupai ba ya jin tsoron mutane kwata-kwata kuma sau da yawa yana zaune tare da su a cikin makwabta, yana zaune a gonakin da aka noma, inda akwai abinci da yawa.
Menene tupaya ke ci?
Photo: Tupaya a cikin yanayi
Abincin na tupaya ya ƙunshi 'ya'yan itace da kwari iri-iri, amma wani lokacin waɗannan dabbobin suna iya cin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (ɓeraye, kaza, ƙadangare). Tupai suna cin iri iri, hatsi da 'ya'yan itace. Yayin cin abincin, dabbobin suna riƙe abincinsu tare da ƙafafunsu na gaba. Abubuwan da dabbobi keyi yana da kyau sosai, saboda haka zasu iya kama kwari kai tsaye tare da taimakon goshin su.
Binciken larvae, kowane irin kwari, tururuwa, yawanci ana aiwatar da shi a saman duniya cikin ganyen da suka faɗo ko kuma cikin fasa cikin haushi. Za a iya kwatanta farfajiyar haƙoran tupaya da grater, wanda a sauƙaƙe yake narkar da bawon 'ya'yan itatuwa da yawa ko baƙƙarfan kwari. Tupai suna neman abincinsu tare da taimakon kyakkyawan hangen nesa da jin ƙanshi, ba don komai ba sai hancin dabbar yayi kama da na kare.
Tupai, shiryawa a gonakin da aka noma, sun lalata amfanin gona ta hanyar cin fruitsa fruitsan 'ya'yan itace da berriesa berriesan itace. Wasu lokuta wadannan dabbobin suna yin farauta a kan gidajen tsuntsaye, daga inda za su iya satar kwai da sabbin kajin. Don neman abin ci mai kyau, sai su karkatar da doguwar jelarsu kuma su kaɗa hancinsu na dogon hanci abin sha'awa, suna narkar da abun ciye-ciye. Tupayas suna son cin abinci a kan kwayoyi da ruwan dabino.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: An ga tupai masu ɓarna da ɓarayi a cikin samamen farauta akan gidajen mutane, daga inda suke satar abinci, suna shiga cikin gidaje ta tagogi da buɗe ƙofofin buɗe ido.
Yanzu kun san abin da za ku ciyar da tupaya. Bari muga yadda dabba take rayuwa a cikin daji.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Dabba tupaya
Yawancin membobin Tupayev suna aiki, wato, a rana. Dabbobi suna yin kusan lokaci daidai, duka a rawanin bishiya da kuma saman duniya, inda suke rugu-rugu a cikin busasshiyar ganye, suna neman wani abu mai daɗi. Da dare, dabbobi sukan huta a mafakarsu. Kowace dabba mai balaga tana da nata filin nata, wanda ake kishi da rashin gajiyawa.
Idan a waje yana da wahala ka rarrabe namiji da mace, to ta girman makircin zaka iya fahimtar ko waye ne. Maza sun fi mata yawa. Ana yiwa iyakokin dukiyar alama da ƙanshin ƙanshin ƙanshi, najasa da fitsari.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Takamammen ƙanshin alamun yana da ƙarfi kuma yana da ƙarfi wanda ba ya ɓacewa nan da nan, yana ɗaukar kwanaki da yawa. Bayan wannan lokacin, ana sabunta alamun.
Lura da baƙo a yankinsu, nan da nan tupai suka fara zalunci, don haka faɗa da kowane irin rikici sau da yawa yakan faru a tsakaninsu.
Dabbobin suna sadarwa da juna ta amfani da sigina daban-daban waɗanda ke tunatar da su:
- kururuwa;
- kururuwa;
- danna;
- busa usiri;
- twitter.
Lokacin da dabba ke cikin yanayi na tashin hankali, yakan fitar da halayyar haushi. Kodayake tupai da karami, amma a cikin fushi suna da matukar tsoro, don haka a cikin mummunan fada ɗayan abokan adawar na iya mutuwa, wanda hakan yakan faru.
Masana kimiyya suna da sha'awar jarabar tupaya mai cin gashin tsuntsaye na shan sabin dabino, wanda ya ƙunshi barasa. Jama'ar 'yan asalin sun san game da wannan kayan sha kuma suna amfani da shi cikin nasara, kamar tupai, kawai tasirin maye ba a lura da shi a cikin dabbobi ba, daidaituwarsu ba ta sha wahala daga abin sha, wanda yake da ban mamaki.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin tupaya-wutsiyar tupaya, an lalata giya a cikin jiki ta wata hanya daban da ta mutane, don haka hatta manyan ƙwayoyin maye na dabino ba sa fara aikin maye na dabbobi.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Tupaya daga littafin Red
Tupai sun fi son kaɗaici, amma wasu suna rayuwa a cikin rukunin dangi waɗanda suka kunshi iyaye da zuriyarsu, samari da suka manyanta sun bar gidan, kuma mata sukan zauna a gidan iyayen. Dabbobin suna son cin abinci ɗaya bayan ɗaya. Tupai ya balaga da jima'i yana ɗan wata uku. A mafi yawancin lokuta, waɗannan dabbobin suna auren mace ɗaya, suna haifar da ƙawancen dangi mai ƙarfi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Auren mace fiye da daya a tsakanin tupai yana tattare da mutanen da ke zaune a cikin fadin Singapore, inda yankin mata daya ya mamaye yankin mata daya lokaci daya.
Dabbobin ba su da lokacin bikin aure na musamman, suna da damar yin kiwo a duk shekara, amma suna nuna matuƙar himma a wannan batun daga farkon Fabrairu zuwa Yuni. Ciki mace na tsawon makonni bakwai. A cikin zuriyar dabbobi, ana iya samun daga onea onea uku zuwa uku, wanda nauyinsa bai wuce gram 10 ba. Yaran da aka haifa makafi ne kwata-kwata kuma ba su da taimako, ba su da mayafi kuma hanyoyin ruwa na jijiyoyin suna rufe. A cikin shekaru goma da haihuwa, sun fara ji, kuma suna ganin ganinsu ya kusa zuwa makonni uku.
Tupai ba iyaye ne masu kulawa ba, ko kuma ma, ana iya kiransu ba ruwansu da yara. Uwa tana zaune daban da jariran, kuma tana kula dasu da madararta sau daya cikin kwana biyu, tana ware mintoci biyar zuwa goma ne kawai don ciyarwa, don haka jariran talakawa suna da wahala. Yaran ba sa barin gidansu har sai sun cika wata ɗaya, sannan suka fara yin kwalliya, ba da daɗewa ba suka koma gidan iyayensu, kuma nan gaba kadan suka sami cikakken 'yanci, suna ba da rayuwarsu.
Ya kamata a kara da cewa tupai gama gari a cikin yanayin rayuwa yana rayuwa ne kawai kimanin shekaru uku. A cikin yanayi mai kyau na bauta, tsawon rayuwarsu yana ƙaruwa sau da yawa, yana kaiwa shekaru tara da goma. Akwai lokuta lokacin da tupai na gida ya ƙetare mihimmin rayuwar shekaru goma sha biyu.
Abokan gaba na Tupaya
Photo: Babban tupaya
Inarami a cikin girma, dumbbells suna da abokan gaba da yawa a cikin mawuyacin yanayi. Masu cin karensu ba babbaka a kan dabbobi, kai wa dabbobi hari da hari daga sama, wasu macizai masu dafi suna da haɗari sosai. Za a iya tsara abokan gaba na tupaya: dabbobin daji masu fuka-fukai daban-daban, harzu ko marten da ya yi launin rawaya, musamman macizai, Crumble Keffiya da Green Maciji.
Tabbas, rashin kwarewa kuma saboda haka ƙananan dabbobi masu matukar rauni suna cikin haɗari. Tupaya galibi ana samun kubuta ta hanyar tashin hankali, kuzari da kuzari, ikon iya bincika kambin bishiyar da sauri don motsawa a ciki.
Mutum da gangan ba ya halakar da waɗannan dabbobin da ba na al'ada ba, mutane ba sa cin naman tupaya, ana ɗaukarsa mara ci ne, kuma gashin dabbar ma ba shi da wata daraja, saboda haka, a matsayin abin farauta, tupaya ba shi da ban sha'awa. Idan muka yi magana game da cutarwar da dabbobi ke haifarwa ga gonakin noma, to ana iya kiran shi maras mahimmanci, saboda wannan, mutum baya bin tupaya shima.
Duk da haka, ana iya sanya mutum cikin maƙiyan tupaya, saboda ta hanyar hargitsi na tattalin arzikin sa yana da tasiri kai tsaye akan dabbobi da yawa, gami da waɗannan. Ta hanyar mamaye wuraren da aka tura dabbobi na dindindin, sare dazuzzuka, fadadawa da gina garuruwa, shimfida sabbin hanyoyi, lalata yanayin muhalli gaba daya, mutane suna kaurace da tupaya daga muhallan da suka dace, wadanda suke shafar rayuwar ta.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Tupaya vulgaris
Irin wannan nau'ikan tupaya a matsayin tupaya na yau da kullun ana ɗaukarsa ba kawai waɗanda aka fi karatu ba, har ma waɗanda suka fi yawa. Kodayake mazauninsa yana da iyakantacce, lambar wannan dabbar ta kasance a matakin da ya dace, ba tare da fuskantar tsalle-tsalle zuwa raguwa ko ƙaruwa a lambar ba, amma akwai ƙananan canje-canje a hankali da nufin rage adadin waɗannan dabbobin. Yawan tupaya na yau da kullun a cikin mazauna daban ya bambanta daga mutane 2 zuwa 12 a kowace kadada.
Ba za a iya kiran tupaya ta Indiya da yawa ba, saboda yana da iyaka ga Indiya, yankin rabonsa yana da iyaka. Tupai mai santsi-wutsiya da ke zaune a arewacin tsibirin Borneo ana ɗaukarsa ɗayan jinsunan waɗannan dabbobin, yawancinsu ba su da yawa. Yawancin tupai ana iya kiransu da karancin karatu, saboda haka babu cikakken bayani game da yawan alƙaryarsu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Wutsiyar tupaya gama gari ana iya kwatanta ta da tsawon jikin ta, wani lokacin ma tana iya wuce ta.
Idan muka yi magana game da dangin Tupayev gabaɗaya, to adadin wakilanta yana raguwa a hankali. Wannan yana faruwa ne sakamakon tasirin ɗan adam akan muhalli, mutane suna lalata wuraren zama na dindindin na dabbobi, wanda ke haifar da mutuwarsu, sabili da haka, yana ƙara haɗarin ƙarancin nau'in. Wasu nau'in tupaya suna da damuwa ga kungiyoyin kiyayewa.
Tupaya gadi
Hotuna: Tupaya daga littafin Red
Kamar yadda aka ruwaito a baya, yawan tupaya yana raguwa amma yana raguwa. Kuma wasu nau'ikan galibi ba su da yawa, saboda haka suna buƙatar wasu matakan kariya. Akwai shaidar cewa dukkan nau'ikan tupayevy, 2 suna cikin haɗari, tk.yawan dabbobinsu sun ragu sosai. Wadannan sun hada da santsen-tailed tupaya da dutse. Na farko yana dauke da nau'ikan jinsunan da ke zaune a cikin Borneo. Na biyu yana zaune ne a tsibirin Kalimantan kuma an lasafta shi a cikin IUCN International Red Book kuma yana cikin Shafi na II na CITES Convention on Trade in Species of Species of Wilds of Wild Fauna and Flora.
Wannan halin da ake ciki da yawan wadannan nau'ikan halittu guda biyu ya bunkasa ne saboda ayyukan tattalin arzikin dan adam. Mutum ba ya halakar da tupaya kai tsaye, naman sa da gashin sa ba su da kima a gare shi, amma yana shafar dabbobi kai tsaye, yana sare daji da kuma canza yanayin halittar da tupayas ya zauna. Duk wannan yana haifar da mutuwar dabbobi marasa kariya. Kar ka manta cewa rayuwarsu a cikin mawuyacin yanayi ba ta da tsayi ko kaɗan.
Dangane da tupaya da aka fi sani, wannan nau'in yana haifar da mafi karancin damuwa tsakanin kungiyoyin kare muhalli, saboda haka baya buƙatar matakan kariya na musamman, amma har yanzu lambarta tana raguwa sannu a hankali, wanda abin bakin ciki ne kuma yana sanya ku tunani game da kowane irin aiki don kaucewa mummunan sakamako.
A ƙarshe, ya rage don ƙara wannan ƙaramin, baƙon abu, mai ban mamaki, mai laushi tupaya haifar da babbar sha'awa tsakanin masana kimiyya, saboda har yanzu rikice-rikice game da jinsinsu bai lafa ba, da yawa basu yarda cewa an ware su zuwa wani gida na daban ba. Wadannan tattaunawar ba sa damun dabbobi kwata-kwata, tupai suna ci gaba da rayuwarsu mai cike da kwanciyar hankali, wanda ya dogara kacokam kan aikin dan Adam, don haka yana da kyau a yi tunani sosai game da sakamakonsa.
Ranar bugawa: 07/16/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 25.09.2019 a 20:52
