Silkworm

Masana'antar kayan kwalliya a duk duniya, da kowane mutumin da ya fi son sutturar da aka sanya ta daga yadudduka na halitta, babu shakka masanan ne kuma masu amfani da samfuran halitta na musamman - siliki na ɗabi'a. Idan ba haka ba kwalliyar siliki, ba za mu san menene siliki ba. Ba shi yiwuwa a yi tunanin wani abu mai laushi kuma mafi daɗi ga taɓawa kuma abin mamaki mai kayatarwa a cikin kayan tufafi da aka shirya.

Asalin jinsin da bayanin

Hotuna: Silkworm

An yi imanin cewa samar da siliki ta amfani da silkworms ya samo asali ne tun zamanin Yangshao (kimanin shekara ta 5000 BC). Duk da cewa lokaci mai yawa ya wuce tun daga lokacin, abubuwan asali na aikin samarwa basu canza ba har zuwa yau. A cikin rarrabuwa na duniya, silkworm yana da suna Bombyx mori (lat.), Wanda a zahiri yana nufin "mutuwar siliki".

Bidiyo: Silkworm

Wannan sunan ba daidaituwa bane. Hakan ya faru ne saboda babban aikin da ke cikin samar da alharini shi ne hana malam-buda tashi daga cikin kwayar, don hana lalacewar zaren siliki da ke makale shi. A saboda wannan dalili, ana kashe pupae a cikin cocoons ta dumama su da yanayin zafi mai yawa.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Paeyakuran pupae da aka bari bayan sun kwance zaren alharini kayayyakin abinci ne, masu ƙima a cikin kayan abincinsu.

Silkworm shine malam buɗe ido daga gidan gaskiya na silkworm. Duk da kasancewar fuka-fuki tare da tsawon 40-60 mm, na dogon lokaci a ci gaban samar da siliki, kusan ta manta yadda ake tashi. Mata basa tashi sama kwata-kwata, kuma maza suna yin gajeren tafiye-tafiye yayin lokacin saduwarsu.

Sunan yana nuna mazaunin waɗannan kwari - bishiyoyin mulberry, ko mulberry, kamar yadda ake yawan kiransu a ƙasarmu. Mutane da yawa suna jin daɗin duhu mai zaƙi da mai daɗin zaki, kama da baƙar fata, amma ganyen waɗannan bishiyoyi abincin silkworm ne. Tsuntsayen suna cin su da yawa, kuma suna yin sa a kowane lokaci, ba tare da tsangwama ba har da dare. Kasancewa kusa, zaka iya jin sautin halayyar wannan tsari.

Pupation, silsilar kwarkwata sun fara sakar kokon wanda ya kunshi zaren siliki mai sirrin ci gaba. Zai iya zama fari, ko kuma zai iya samun launuka daban-daban - ruwan hoda, rawaya har ma da mai shuɗi. Amma a cikin samar da siliki na zamani, fararen koko ne waɗanda ake ɗauka da ƙima, saboda haka, nau'ikan da ke samar da zaren farin alharini ne kawai ake amfani da su wajen kiwo.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Tunda zaren siliki na asali kayan furotin ne, zai iya narkewa ƙarƙashin tasirin mayukan sunadarai masu ƙarfi. Dole ne a yi la'akari da wannan gaskiyar yayin kulawa da samfuran da aka yi da siliki na halitta.

Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali

Photo: Silkworm malam buɗe ido

A waje, silkworm ba shi da ma'ana, baligi kamar babban asu ne ko kuma babban asu. Tana da manyan fuka-fuki na launin toka mai launin toka ko fari waɗanda a fili aka “gano” jijiyoyin duhu. Jikin silkworm yana da girma sosai, an rufe shi da danshi mai haske mai haske kuma an raba shi zuwa bangarori masu juyewa. A kan kai akwai wasu eriya masu dogon tsafi, kwatankwacin tsefe biyu.

Idan mukayi magana game da rayuwar siliki, to ya zama dole a bambance tsakanin kwari da namomin gida. A cikin bauta, silkworm baya rayuwa har zuwa matakin samuwar malam buɗe ido kuma ya mutu a cikin kasko.

Itsan uwanta na daji suna gudanar da rayuwa ta cikin dukkan matakai huɗu da ke halayyar kwari iri-iri:

• kwai;
• caterpillar (silkworm);
• 'yar tsana;
• malam buɗe ido.

Tsutsa da ke fitowa daga ƙwai ƙarami ne ƙwarai, tsayinsa kawai ya kai milimita uku. Amma da zaran ya fara cin ganyen bishiyar mulberry, yana ci gaba da yinshi dare da rana, a hankali yana kara girma. A cikin 'yan kwanaki na rayuwarsa, tsutsa na da lokacin da zai tsira da zafin huɗu kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama kyakkyawa mai kama da launukan lu'u-lu'u. Tsawon jikinsa ya kai kimanin 8 cm, kaurinsa ya kai cm 1, kuma babba ya kai kimanin 3-5. Shugaban kwari mai girma ne, tare da nau'i biyu na ƙyamar jaws. Amma babban fasalin shi shine kasancewar gland na musamman, yana ƙarewa tare da rami a cikin ramin bakin, daga inda yake fitar da ruwa na musamman.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Saboda keɓaɓɓen ƙarfin zaren siliki na ɗabi'a, ana amfani da shi wajen samar da kayan yaƙi na jiki.

Bayan an gama mu'amala da iska, wannan ruwan yana daddaɗawa ya zama sanannen zaren siliki, wanda yake da daraja sosai wajen samar da siliki. Don kwarkwata silkworm, wannan zaren yana aiki azaman kayan gini na koko. Cocoons suna da girma daban-daban - daga 1 zuwa 6 cm, da siffofi iri-iri - zagaye, oval, tare da gadoji. Launin cocoons galibi fari ne, amma yana iya samun launuka masu launi - daga rawaya-zinariya zuwa shunayya.

Yanzu kun san yadda malam buɗe ido da kwarkwata silkworm yake. Bari muga inda silikin yake.

A ina silkworm ke rayuwa?

Hoto: Silkworm a Rasha

An yi imanin cewa kasar Sin ita ce asalin mahaifar silkorm ta zamani. Tuni a cikin lokacin 3000 BC. Gandun daji na mulberry suna da nau'in nau'in kwari na daji. Bayan haka, aikin gida da rarraba shi ya fara ko'ina cikin duniya. A cikin yankunan arewacin kasar Sin da kuma kudu da yankin Primorsky na Rasha, har yanzu ana samun nau'ikan silkworm na daji, wanda daga shi ne, mai yuwuwa, jinsin ya fara yaduwa a duniya.

Mazaunin silkworm a yau saboda ci gaban samar da siliki ne. A dalilin rarraba shi, an kawo kwari zuwa yankuna da yawa tare da yanayin da ya dace. Don haka, a ƙarshen ƙarni na 3 A.Z. lonungiyoyin silkworm sun mamaye Indiya, kuma daga baya suka koma Turai da Bahar Rum.

Don rayuwa mai dadi da kuma samar da zaren siliki, silkworm din yana bukatar wasu yanayin yanayi, ba tare da kwarin ba ya yin babban aikin da silkworms ke cinyewa - ba ya samar da koko kuma ba ya pupate. Saboda haka, mazaunanta yankuna ne masu yanayin dumi da matsakaicin yanayi, ba tare da sauyin yanayin zafi mai kaifi ba, tare da yalwar ciyayi, kuma musamman, bishiyoyin mulberry, waɗanda ganyensu sune babban abincin silkworm.

China da Indiya ana ɗaukar su a matsayin manyan mazaunin silkworm. Suna samar da kashi 60% na siliki na duniya. Amma saboda wannan, noman siliki ya zama ɗayan mahimman masana'antu a cikin tattalin arziƙin ƙasashe da yawa, a yau yan mulkin mallaka na zaune a yankunan Korea, Japan, Brazil, kuma a ɓangaren Turai sun zama gama gari a wasu yankuna na Rasha, Faransa da Italiya.

Menene silkworm yake ci?

Photo: Silkworm cocoons

Sunan yana nuna babban abincin silkworm. Yana ciyarwa ne kawai akan ganyen bishiyar mulberry, wanda kuma ake kira mulberry ko mulberry. An san nau'ikan shuka goma sha bakwai na wannan shuka, waɗanda aka rarraba su kawai a cikin yanayin dumi - yankuna masu ƙarancin Eurasia, Afirka da Arewacin Amurka.

Shuka tana da matukar damuwa, yana girma ne kawai a cikin yanayi mai kyau. Dukkanin nau'ikan ta suna ba da 'ya'ya, suna da' ya'yan itace masu zaƙi waɗanda suke kama da baƙar fata ko shuke-shuke na daji. 'Ya'yan itacen sun bambanta da launi - farare, ja da baƙi. Fruitsa fruitsan itacen baƙar fata da ja suna da mafi kyawun ƙamshi; ana amfani da su sosai wajen dafa abinci don yin kayan zaki da na gasa, sannan kuma suna yin ruwan inabi, vodka-mulberry da abubuwan sha mai laushi.

Fulawa da baƙar mulberry ana nome su sosai don samar da siliki. Amma 'ya'yan itacen nan ba su da sha'awar silkworm; tana cin abinci ne kawai kan sabbin ganyen mulberry. A karkashin yanayin yanayi, bishiyoyin bishiyoyin bishiyoyi suna da yawa tare da wannan kwarin. Masu yin siliki waɗanda ke son samun cocoons na siliki da yawa suna kula da dasa wannan shukar, suna kula da su, suna samar da yanayi mai kyau don ci gaba - isasshen adadin danshi da kariya daga rana mai zafi.

A kan gonakin siliki, ana ci gaba da samar da tsutsar silkworm tare da sabbin ganyen mulberry. Suna ci kullum, dare da rana. A cikin ɗakin da aka sanya pallet tare da yankunan larvae, akwai hayaniya ta haushi daga jaws masu aiki da cushewar ganyen mulberry. Daga waɗannan ganye ne, silkworms ke karɓar dukkan abubuwan da ake buƙata don haifuwa da zaren siliki mai tamani.

Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa

Photo: Silkworm kwari

Tsohon ƙarni na ƙarni na samar da siliki ya bar alama a kan hanyar rayuwar silkworm. Ana zaton cewa a wayewar garin su, mutane na daji sun iya tashi sama, kamar yadda yake a bayyane kasancewar manyan fukafukai a cikin wannan nau'ikan kwari, wadanda suke da karfin daga jikin silikin cikin iska kuma su canza shi zuwa wani wuri mai nisa.

Koyaya, a ƙarƙashin yanayin gida, kwari kusan sun manta yadda ake tashi. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa yawancin mutane ba su tsira zuwa matakin malam buɗe ido ba. Masu yin siliki suna kashe tsutsa nan da nan bayan samuwar kwakwa don kada malam buɗe ido ya bar lalataccen zaren siliki. A dabi'a, butterflies na silkworm suna da amfani sosai, amma canje-canjen juyin halitta ya shafe su suma. Maza suna da ɗan aiki kaɗan, kuma suna yin gajeren jirgi a lokacin saduwa.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Matan Silkworm na iya rayuwa gabadayan rayuwarsu - kimanin kwanaki 12 - ba tare da yin fukafukai ko da tarko ba.

Akwai shaidu cewa silkwarran da suka balaga basa cin komai. Ba kamar yanayin da ya gabata na rayuwarsa ba - kwari, wanda yake da hakora mai karfi kuma yake cin abinci ci gaba - butterflies suna da kayan aiki na bakin da ba su ci gaba ba kuma ba sa iya niƙa koda abinci mafi sauƙi.

Na dogon lokaci na gida, kwari sun zama "malalata" kwata-kwata, ya zama musu wahala rayuwa ba tare da kulawa da kulawar mutane ba. Akwatin siliki ba sa ma ƙoƙari su sami abinci da kansu, suna jiran a ba su abinci-a shirye-ci, yankakken yankakken ganyen mulberry. A dabi'a, kwari sun fi aiki, har ma an san cewa tare da rashin abinci na al'ada, wani lokacin suna cin abinci a kan ganyen wasu tsire-tsire. Koyaya, zaren siliki da aka samar daga irin wannan abincin mai gauraya ya fi girma da kaushi, kuma ba shi da isasshen ƙimar samar da siliki.

Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa

Hotuna: Silkworm

Akwatin silkworm kwari ne wanda yake haɗuwa kuma yana da rayuwa iri ɗaya kamar yadda yawancin butterflies suke. A halin yanzu, yawancin nau'ikan nau'ikan an kiwata su. Wasu suna haihuwar zuriya sau ɗaya kawai a shekara, wasu - sau biyu, amma akwai waɗanda ke iya yin kamala sau da yawa a shekara.

Yayin lokacin saduwa, maza suna kara kuzari har ma suna yin gajeren tashi, wanda baƙon abu a gare su a lokutan al'ada. A dabi'a, namiji daya na iya hada mata da yawa. A kan gonaki na wucin-gadi, tare da farkon lokacin saduwarsu, masu kiwan silkworm suna sanya kwari guda biyu a cikin buhu daban kuma suna jira kwana 3-4 bayan sun gama har sai mace ta yi ƙwai. A cikin kamawar silkworms, a matsakaita, daga ƙwai 300 zuwa 800. Lambar su da girman su ya dogara da nau'in kwaron, da kuma lokacin ƙyanƙyashewar kwarin. Akwai wasu nau'ikan kwalliyar kwalliya masu wadatar zuriya wadanda ake matukar bukatarsu a tsakanin masu kiwon silkworm.

Domin tsutsa ta ƙyanƙyashe daga ƙwai, yanayin zafin jiki na kusan digiri 23-25 ​​da matsakaicin zafin jikinsa sun zama dole. A cikin samar da siliki, waɗannan yanayin an ƙirƙira su ta hanyar wucin gadi ta ma'aikatan incubators, yayin da a ɗabi'a, ƙwai da aka sanya ana tilas ya jira yanayi mai kyau na wasu kwanaki. Eggswai na Silanƙanin ƙananan larvae (ko silkworms) kimanin 3 mm a cikin girma, tare da launin ruwan kasa ko launin rawaya. Daga lokacin da aka haife su, tsutsa suna fara cin abinci, kuma sha'awar su na ƙaruwa kowace rana. Rana daya daga baya, suna iya cin abinci ninki biyu fiye da na jiya. Ba abin mamaki bane, tare da irin wadataccen abincin nan, larvae da sauri suna girma zuwa kwari.

A kwana na biyar na rayuwa, tsutsa daga ƙarshe ta daina cin abinci kuma ta daskare ba tare da motsi ba, don haka washegari, ta miƙe tare da kaifin motsi, ta zubar da fatarta ta farko. Sannan kuma ta sake ɗaukar abinci, tana sha da babban ci na tsawon kwanaki huɗu masu zuwa, har zuwa sake zagayowar daddawa. Wannan aikin yana maimaita sau hudu. A sakamakon haka, tsutsar silkworm ta zama kyanwa mai kyau da fata mai launin lu'u-lu'u. A ƙarshen narkar da narkewar, ta riga ta ƙirƙiri wani kayan aiki don samar da zaren siliki. Caterpillar ya kasance a shirye don mataki na gaba - ta hanyar sanya cocoon siliki.

A wannan lokacin ta rasa abinci kuma a hankali ta ƙi cin abinci baki ɗaya. Gidaran sa na siliki suna malala da ruwa, wanda aka boye shi a waje kuma ko'ina ya shimfiɗa wani zaren siriri a bayan kwari. Caterpillar ya fara aikin almajiri. Ta sami wani ɗan ƙaramin itace, ya murɗa wani makami na gaba don kokon a kanta, ta yi rarrafe cikin tsakiyarta sannan ta fara murɗa zaren a kanta, tana aiki tare da kai.

Tsarin karatun yara yana ɗaukar kimanin kwanaki huɗu. A wannan lokacin, kwari yana sarrafawa daga 800 zuwa 1.5 kilomita na zaren siliki. Bayan ya gama yin kwakwa, sai kyanwar ta yi bacci a ciki ta rikide ta zama ja. Bayan makonni uku, jaririn ya zama malam buɗe ido kuma a shirye yake ya fito daga kwakwa. Amma malam buɗe ido na silkworm yana da rauni da muƙamuƙin da zai iya huda rami a cikin kokon don fita. Sabili da haka, ana fitar da ruwa na musamman a cikin bakin ta, wanda, jika bangon kokon, ya cinye su, yana ba da damar buɗe malam buɗe ido.

A lokaci guda, ci gaba da zaren siliki ya rikice kuma kwance cocoons bayan da malam buɗe ido ya fita ya zama aiki mai wahala da rashin amfani. Sabili da haka, akan gonakin silkworm, an katse tsarin rayuwar silkworm a matakin ɗalibi. Yawancin cocoons suna fuskantar yanayin zafi mai yawa (kimanin digiri 100), wanda ɗan tsutsa a ciki ya mutu. Amma kwakwa, wanda ya kunshi zaren siliki mafi kyawu, yana nan yadda yake.

Masu shayar da siliki suna barin wasu adadin mutane da rai don ƙarin haifuwarsu. Kuma matattun larvae da suka rage bayan kwance fatar cocoons mazaunan China da Koriya suna cin su cikin sauƙi. Tsarin rayuwar halitta na silkworm ya ƙare tare da bayyanar malam buɗe ido, wanda, 'yan kwanaki bayan ya bar kwakwa, yana shirye ya sake haifuwa.

Abokan gaba na silkworm

Hotuna: Silkworm butterflies

A cikin daji, abokan gaba na silkworm iri daya ne da na sauran jinsunan kwari:

• tsuntsaye;
• dabbobin kwari;
• cututtukan kwari;
• kwayoyin cuta.

Game da tsuntsaye da kwari, hoton ya bayyana a sarari tare da su - suna cin caterpillars da kuma manyan labtun silkworm. Ratherananan girman girman su duka ganima ce mai kyau.

Amma akwai wasu nau'ikan makiyan halitta na silkworm, wadanda ke aiki sosai kuma suke cutar da al'umarta. Daga cikin kwari masu cutar, mafi hadari ga silkworm sune bushiya ko tahina (dangin Tachinidae). Bishiyar mace tana yin ƙwai a jiki ko a cikin silkworm, kuma tsutsa daga cikin ƙwayoyin cuta na ci gaba a jikin ta, wanda hakan ke haifar da ƙwarin har ya mutu. Idan silkwar ɗin da ke ɗauke da cutar ta sami damar rayuwa, tana sake haihuwar zuriyar mai cutar.

Wata mummunar barazanar ga silkworm ita ce cututtukan pebrin, wanda ke haifar da kwayar cutar da ake kira Nosema bombycis. Ana kamuwa da cutar daga baligi mai dauke da cutar zuwa tsutsarsa kuma yana kaiwa ga mutuwarsu. Perbina babbar barazana ce ga samar da siliki. Amma masu sana'ar siliki ta zamani sun koyi yadda za su iya magance cututtukan da ke tattare da ita, haka kuma tare da kwari masu lahani wadanda ke haifar da hadari ga mutanen da ke da wayewa.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin yanayinta na asali, silkworm ana tilasta shi don fuskantar makiya da kansa. Caterpillars da ƙwayoyin cuta ke haɗuwa sanannu ne don fara cin tsire-tsire masu dauke da alkaloids mai guba. Waɗannan abubuwa suna da lahani a kan larva na ƙwayoyin cuta, suna ba kwari mai cutar damar rayuwa.

Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin

Photo: Silkworm cocoons

Rabon silkworm a cikin mahalli na yanayi, da kuma jin daɗin mazauninsa, gabaɗaya saboda kasancewar tsiron fodder - itacen mulberry. A cikin manyan fannonin haɓakar sa - a cikin China da Japan, a Turai da Indiya - yawan kwarin suna da yawa.

A wani yunƙuri na samun babban kayan samar da silkworm - siliki ta ɗari - mutane suna ƙoƙari su kula da yanayi mai kyau don rayuwar kwari. Ana kirkirar yankuna masu kariya da wuraren bahaya, ana kara yawan bishiyoyin bishiyar mulberry a koyaushe, kuma ana bayar da kulawar shuke-shuke yadda ya kamata.

Gonakin siliki suna kula da yanayin zafin jiki mai ɗumi da ɗumi, waɗanda suke wajaba don cikakken ci gaban silkworms da kuma samar da kyawawan albarkatun siliki. Mutum yana samar da kwari da ci gaba mai gina jiki a cikin nau'in ganyen mulberry, yana kare su daga cututtuka da parasites, ta haka yana hana raguwar lambobi.

Masana kimiyya suna ci gaba da aiki akan ci gaban sabbin nau'in silkworm, mafi inganci da inganci. Idan aka yi la’akari da wannan damuwar ta mutane, to ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa yawan kwarin da ke cikin gida ya fi na waɗanda suke rayuwa a daji yawa. Amma wannan kwata-kwata baya nuna barazanar bacewar jinsin. Abin sani kawai cewa silkworm ya tashi daga mazauninsa na asali zuwa kulawar mutum. Masu sana'ar siliki sun fi kowa damuwa da matsayin yawan kwarin. Kuma, duk da kisan gillar da ake yi na silkworm pupae a cikin yanayin wucin gadi, ana sake dawo da adadin mutane a kai a kai har ma ya ƙaru.

Zaren siliki wanda ke samarwa kwalliyar siliki, yana da halaye na musamman. Ya fi gashin mutum kusan sau takwas kuma yana da ƙarfi sosai. Tsawon irin wannan zaren a cikin kwaro daya na kwari na iya kai kilomita daya da rabi, kuma yadudduka da aka samu bisa asalinta abin mamakin ne na tabawa, kyawawa da jin dadin sakawa. Godiya ga wannan gaskiyar, silkworm na da mahimmancin gaske ga masu kera siliki a ƙasashe da yawa, yana kawo musu kuɗi mai yawa.

Ranar bugawa: 17.07.2019

Ranar da aka sabunta: 25.09.2019 a 20:58