Ba mutane da yawa sun san irin wannan dabbobi masu rarrafe kamar jan ƙarfe, duk da cewa yankin mazaunin sa yana da fadi sosai. A bayyane, wannan saboda gaskiyar cewa yawan jan karfe a cikin yankuna da suke zaune ƙanƙane, saboda haka, ganawa da wannan macijin na musamman yana yiwuwa ne kawai lokaci-lokaci. Kakanninmu sun yi imani da cewa tagulla tana da ikon sihiri kuma, tare da taimakon maita, na iya cutar da mutum, don haka suka yi ƙoƙari kada su bata mata rai kuma ba su fitar da ita daga farfajiyar ba. Yi la'akari da sifofin rayuwar wannan sanannen macijin, yana bayanin duk halayen halayensa da halayensa.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: Medyanka talakawa
Copperhead maciji ne mara dafi wanda ke cikin dangin masu siffa mai ɗauke da sifa irin ta Copperheads. Wannan nau'in macizan ya hada da nau'ikan dabbobi uku masu rarrafe, gami da na farin karfe. Ko da a zamanin da a cikin Rasha an kirkiro tatsuniyoyi da almara game da wannan macijin. Rusichi yayi imanin cewa cizon tagulla zai kai ga mutuwa a faɗuwar rana. Wannan imani, kamar ainihin sunan mai rarrafe, yana da alaƙa da launinsa. A cikin cikin jikin macijin, ma'aunan suna da launi na jan ƙarfe kuma ana iya ganin wannan musamman a cikin hasken rana. Idanun Copperhead suma ja ne.
Bidiyo: Copperhead talakawa
Copperhead karamin maciji ne, tsawon jikinsa bai wuce santimita saba'in ba. Maza sun fi mata ƙanana. Wutsiyar Copperheads sau da yawa (4 - 6) ya fi ƙasa da tsawon jiki duka. Kan jan karfe yana da tsayi, an dan daidaita shi. Dangane da bangon jiki duka, ya ɗan fita kaɗan, babu wata miƙawar miƙa mulki daga jiki zuwa kai. Farin fatar dabbobi masu rarrafe santsi ne da sheƙi. A bayyane, sabili da haka, a rana yana haskakawa sosai tare da launi na tagulla.
Akasin mummunan tatsuniyoyi da imani na sihiri, tagulla ba shi da haɗari ga mutane, domin ba ta mallaki makamai masu guba. Ita, tabbas, tana iya cizawa, amma wannan ba zai kawo lahani mai yawa ba, sai don ɗan rashin jin daɗi a wurin hujin. Sau da yawa jan ƙarfe yana wahala daga gaskiyar cewa yana rikicewa tare da maciji mai guba da ƙoƙarin kashewa. Don fahimtar ainihin abin da ke gabanka, wato, tagulla, kuna buƙatar fahimtar dalla-dalla siffofinsa na waje da kuma gano bambancin halaye tsakanin wannan dabba mai rarrafe mara cutarwa da maciji mai haɗari.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Copperhead maciji
Karamin macijin jan karfe yana da halaye da halaye na musamman.
Launin dutsen mai rarrafe na iya zama:
- launin toka;
- launin ruwan kasa mai rawaya;
- launin ruwan kasa mai ja;
- launin toka mai duhu (kusan baƙi).
Kamar yadda muka riga muka lura, ciki na macijin yana da inuwar jan ƙarfe, sau da yawa, kuma bayan baya yana yin wani jan launi. An lura cewa launin launin toka ya fi yawa a cikin Copperheads da ke zaune a yankunan kudancin. Lokacin da narkewar yake faruwa, launin dabbobi masu rarrafe zai yi duhu kuma zai iya zama launin ruwan kasa ko kusan baƙi. Inuwar maza da mata suma sun banbanta. Maza suna da karin sautunan ja, yayin da mata ke da launin launin ruwan kasa.
Ofaya daga cikin siffofin jan ƙarfe jan ƙarfe shine baƙar fata wanda zai fara a ƙarshen mashin, ya ratsa cikin ido a matakin dalibi. Idanun da ɗaliban tagulla suna zagaye. Iris na idanu launin ja ne. A kan tudu da gefen gefen tagulla, zaka iya ganin daskararrun tsaunuka a tsaye cikin layuka da yawa. Suna iya bambanta sosai tare da asalin asalin launi, ko kuma suna iya rarrabewa da kyar. A bayan kai akwai tabo mai duhu ko ratsi haɗa juna.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Daga cikin kwalliyar tagulla, akwai macizai masu dausayi (kusan baki), amma ba safai ba.
An lura da cewa haɓakar ƙarfe na tagulla koyaushe yana kama da wadata, yana da launuka masu haske, kuma tsarin yana da bambanci. Ya kamata a san cewa kayan ado a jikin tagulla ba siffa ce ta halayya ba; wasu mutane ba su da shi kwata-kwata, ko kuma suna da yawa.
Don haka, maƙalar jan ƙarfe galibi kuskure ne don maciji mai dafi, za mu san ainihin bambance-bambancen da ke tsakaninsu:
- a cikin tagulla, kai baya bayyane karara daga dukkan jiki, yana da fadi kuma yana hade da jiki, akwai bayyananniyar canjin mahaifa tsakanin jiki da kan macijin;
- garkuwan da ke rufe kan tagulla suna da girma, a cikin maciji sun yi ƙanƙan da yawa;
- zagayen dalibi na tagulla ya bambanta da a tsaye daga ɗalibin maciji;
- sikeli na tagulla yana sheki da santsi ga tabawa, jikin macijin ya rikiɗe, yayi kauri;
- Ba kamar maciji mai haɗari ba, babban farin jan ƙarfe bashi da hakora masu dafi.
Hakoran da suke saman muƙamuƙin Copperhead an faɗaɗa su dangane da shugabanci zuwa zurfin bakin. Sikeli a baya yana cikin sifar rhombuses ko hexagons. A kan ɓoyayyen ciki, ana bayyane keels, waɗanda suke samar da haƙarƙari a gefunan gefenta. Akwai sikeli 19 a kewayen tsakiyar jikin. A ciki, maza suna da lada daga 150 zuwa 182, yayin da mata ke da daga 170 zuwa 200.
A ina mazaunin farin jan karfe yake zama?
Hotuna: Medyanka talakawa a Rasha
Gidan mazaunin jan karfe yana da fadi sosai, amma yawan macizai a cikin yankuna da suka mallaka kaɗan ne. Macijin yana da izinin zama a cikin ƙasashen Turai, da Asiya, da kuma nahiyar Afirka. An lura cewa matukar yankin ya fi yawa, ana samun ƙananan dabbobi masu rarrafe.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Copperhead ba shi da sauƙin haduwa, idan aka kwatanta shi da maciji da maciji, ana ɗaukarsa rarity.
Yankin dindindin turawar jan karfe ya dogara da yanayin yankin na musamman. A cikin yankin Turai, wannan macijin yana zaune kusan a duk yankuna, ban da Tsibirin Bahar Rum, Ireland da arewacin Scandinavia. A kan Nahiyar Afirka, tagulla ta zaɓi ɓangarorin arewa da yamma. A cikin girman Asiya, macijin yana zaune a yankin kudu.
Game da ƙasarmu, tagulla yana fifita yankuna kudancin Rasha. Daga gefen gabas, zangonsa ya fadada zuwa kudu maso yammacin Siberia, daga arewa - zuwa yankunan Kursk, Tula, Ryazan da Samara. A kan yankuna na yankunan Vladimir da Moscow, jan ƙarfe yana da wuya ƙwarai, a zahiri, a cikin samfura ɗaya.
Copperhead yana zaune, duka gandun daji masu banƙyama da bishiyoyi, suna son kazamar pine, amma suna kange manyan wuraren buɗe ido na yankuna masu tudu. Macijin yana da aminci a tsakanin bishiyoyi da daji. Tana iya zama a cikin farin ciki na gandun daji, sarari, busassun kududdufai kusa da dajin. Sau da yawa ana samun dabbobi masu rarrafe a cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka, suna hawan kilomita har uku, suna zaune a gangaren bushy a can.
A waɗancan yankuna inda gonakin inabi suke girma, yana yiwuwa a haɗu da tagulla. Macijin yana son ƙasa mai duwatsu, saboda duwatsun suna yi masa hidima ba kawai a matsayin matattarar mafaka ba, har ma a matsayin matattarar ɗumamar rana. Copperhead yana kaunar duwatsu masu duwatsu da duwatsu masu duwatsu. A cikin kasarmu, wannan dabba mai rarrafe galibi yana zaune ne a bakin titin jirgin kasa da yankunan daji. Copperhead ba safai ake samun sa ba, amma zaka iya samun sa daidai a filin ka ko a gonar. Macijin yana son ƙasa tare da yawan busassun ganyaye. Amma yana ƙoƙari ya guji wurare masu damshi.
Yanzu kun san inda ma'adanin tagulla yake zaune, bari mu ga abin da wannan macijin marar dafi ke ci.
Menene babban jan karfe?
Photo: Medyanka talakawa daga littafin Red
Lizards da beraye su ne abincin ciye-ciye da aka fi so don gusar da ƙarfe; macijin ma yakan yi kwana a cikin ramin linzamin.
Tsarin menu masu rarrafe ba wai kawai na beraye da kadangaru ba, za ku iya gani a ciki:
- karamin maciji;
- shrews, berayen, beraye, voles;
- kowane irin kwari;
- toads da frogs;
- kananan tsuntsaye da kajinsu;
- tsutsotsi na duniya;
- qwai na kadangaru da tsuntsaye.
Takamaiman abincin wannan ko wancan ya dogara da wurin rajista na dindindin. Hakanan shekarun dabbobi masu rarrafe suna shafar kewayon jita-jita akan menu. Matasan matasa sun fi son ƙadangare da lalata, yayin da waɗanda suka manyanta ke son cin ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, musamman ɓeraye.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Daga cikin jan karfe, ana gano irin wannan mummunan yanayin kamar cin naman mutane.
Yayin farauta, jan ƙarfe cikin nutsuwa yana bincika sararin samaniya tare da taimakon harshe mai mahimmanci, wanda ke yin sikanin mahalli, yana kama smellan ƙamshin ƙarancin ganima. Ta hanyar lika na'urar daukar hoton harshensa, tagulla na iya samun wanda aka azabtar a kowane ɓoyayyen wuri, koda a cikin cikakken duhu.
Da zaran an gano wani abu mai haske, da rarrafe a hankali sai ya hau kansa ya ciji da sauri tare da haƙoransa masu kaifi, ya lulluɓe jikinsa a jikin wanda aka azabtar don aiwatar da liyafar shan iska. Tsokokin jikin macijin cikin basira suna matse wanda aka azabtar domin ta shaka. Copperhead yana yin wannan kawai da isasshen ganima, kuma nan da nan yakan haɗiye ƙananan abincin. Copperhead yana karɓar danshi da ke da muhimmanci ga jiki daga kududdufin ruwan sama, raɓa da kowane irin ruwa da yake a wuraren zama.
Ya kamata a lura cewa, duk da ƙaramin girmanta, maƙalar tagulla ba ta fama da rashin ci, yana da kyau sosai. Akwai yanayin lokacin da aka sami ƙadangare manya guda uku lokaci guda a cikin cikin matattun dabbobi masu rarrafe.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Medyanka talakawa
Copperhead yana aiki kuma yana farauta yayin rana, saboda yana son dumi da rana. Lokacin da duhu ya yi sanyi, ta fi son zama a mafakarta. Tsuntsu mai rarrafe yana da ra'ayin mazan jiya da tsayayye, ya rage ya zauna a cikin masaukin da ya zaɓa na tsawon shekaru, kuma wani lokacin duk rayuwarsa. Ta hanyar ɗabi'unsu, sandunan tagulla sune masu son zama waɗanda suka fi son zama daban, suna mallakin yankinsu na musamman. Dabbobi masu rarrafe ba tare da gajiyawa ba suna kare wannan rukunin yanar gizon daga duk wani mai fafatawa kuma a shirye yake ya buge har ma da danginsa na kusa da suka mamaye yankinsa. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa maƙerin tagulla ba zai taɓa zama tare a yanki ɗaya ba.
Copperheads ƙwararrun masu ninkaya ne, amma suna da matuƙar damuwa da ruwa kuma suna iyo ne kawai lokacin da ya zama dole. Sannu a hankali wani nau'in halayyar waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe ne, wanda aka bayyana a cikin gaskiyar cewa a kan farautar sun gwammace su zauna cikin kwanto da kallo, bin farauta ba su bane. Girman jan ƙarfe yana jagorantar rayuwa mai aiki rabin kalandar shekara, kuma ɗayan rabin yana cikin nutsuwa, a cikin abin da yake faɗawa a cikin kaka tare da farkon yanayin sanyi.
Maƙalafan tagulla suna son ɓoyewa a cikin dazuzzuka na bishiyoyi, saboda haka suna da daɗi zuwa gandun daji, amma galibi suna ba da gidajansu a cikin buɗaɗɗen gandun daji ko sharewa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa dabbobi masu rarrafe suna son nutsuwa a rana, saboda haka suka zaɓi wuraren da hasken rana yake samun su.
Kullun tagulla suna nuna ɓarna lokacin da suka ga baƙo a yankinsu, suna faɗa sosai kuma suna iya cin dangin maciji da ya ci nasara. Ga mutum, tagulla ba shi da haɗari musamman, kawai yana iya kamawa da tsoro, saboda mutane sukan ɗauke shi azaman maciji mai dafi. Copperarfin jan ƙarfe na iya yin cizo, amma daga gaskiyar cewa ita kanta tana jin tsoro. Dabbobi masu rarrafe ba su da guba, don haka kada ku damu da yawa. Zai fi kyau a magance wurin cizon tare da maganin antiseptic don kada wani cuta ya shiga cikin rauni.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: calan maraƙi na Copperhead
Kamar yadda ya juya, maƙalar tagulla sun gwammace su zauna cikin cikakken kadaici, suna gujewa kasancewar jama'a, suna himmatuwa wajen kiyaye mallakar ƙasa. Dabbobi masu rarrafe suna balaga a lokacin da suke da shekara uku, wasu kuma daga baya. Lokacin bikin aure na masu jan ƙarfe yana farawa ne da shigowar bazara, lokacin da suka farka daga tsananin sanyi. Kafin hibernation na gaba, macijin yana buƙatar samar da zuriya.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Hakanan za'a iya samun ma'anar tagulla a lokacin kaka kafin lokacin bacci. A wannan yanayin, ana haihuwar 'ya'yan ne kawai lokacin bazara mai zuwa, kuma maniyyin ya kasance a jikin mace har zuwa bazara.
Abokin zama tare da mace kawai na ɗan gajeren lokacin saduwa, sa'annan sun rabu da ita har abada, ba ya shan wani ɓangare a cikin ƙaddarar yaransa. Yayin saduwa, maigidan yana riƙe da abokin tarayya tare da muƙamuƙansa don yankin wuya, kuma shi da kansa yana zagaye jikinta.
'Ya'yan Copperhead an haife su da ƙwayayen kwai. Mahaifiyar mai ciki tana dauke da kwai a cikin mahaifa har sai amfrayo a cikinsu su samu cikakke kuma su bunkasa. Yawancin lokaci, a cikin ɗayan, akwai kusan kananan yara macizai goma sha biyar. Kusan nan da nan bayan haihuwa, jarirai suna ratsa bawoyinsu, inda aka haife su. Tsawon ƙananan macizai bai wuce 17 cm ba, suna da cikakken tsari kuma suna da 'yanci.
Jariran nan da nan suka bar gidan mahaifiya suka fara rayuwar maciji daban, da farko suna farautar kowane irin kwari da ƙananan kwari. A cikin daji, farin jan karfe yana rayuwa daga shekaru 10 zuwa 15. Tsawon rayuwar dabbobi masu rarrafe da ke zaune a cikin terrarium sun fi tsayi, saboda yanayin wurin ya fi kyau kuma babu barazanar daga waje.
Abokan gaba na farin jan karfe
Hotuna: Copperhead daga littafin Red
Idan manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe da guba suna da makiya da yawa, to ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa bakin karfe, wanda ba shi da girma sosai kuma ba shi da guba, suna da yawa a cikinsu. Yawancin dabbobi da tsuntsaye ba sa son cin abincin wannan dabba mai rarrafe. Daga cikinsu akwai: ferrets, martens, boars daji, fox, ermines, berayen, kuliyoyin gama gari. Baya ga dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsuntsaye masu farauta ma sukan kai hari kan goshin tagulla daga sararin sama: fararen stork, mujiya, hankaka, ungulu, ungulu masu cin maciji.
Tabbas, wadanda suka fi cutuwa sune sabbin macizai da dabbobin da basu da kwarewa, wanda hatta kwarorin ciyawa, kadangaru da kananan tsuntsaye suna da hadari. Mahaifiyar tana barin jariran da aka haifa nan da nan bayan haihuwarsu, don haka babu wanda zai kare su.
Copperhead yana da nasa dabarun kariya idan akwai haɗari, wanda yake amfani da shi koyaushe. Tsuntsaye masu rarrafe sun juye zuwa cikin ƙwallon ƙafa mai kyau, yana ɓoye kansa a cikin wannan ƙwallon, yana yin saurin kai hari ga mara lafiya. A lokaci guda, yana fitar da ƙaho. Baya ga wannan dabarar, jan karfe yana da wani makami na kariya - wannan sirrin tarko ne na gland dinsa, wanda macijin ke bi yayin da yake jin barazanar. Har ila yau, cin naman mutane yana faruwa a tsakanin jan karfe, saboda haka dabbobi masu rarrafe na iya wahala daga dangin su na kusa.
Daya daga cikin maƙiyan maƙiyan tagulla ana iya ɗaukarsa mutumin da yakan kashe wannan macijin, yana ɓata shi da guba da haɗari. Da zarar a hannun mutum, tagulla yana ƙoƙari ya ciji don tserewa. Wataƙila saboda wannan an rikita shi da dabbobi masu rarrafe. Copperhead ba za ta fara kai hari ba, amma tana cizon mutum ne kawai lokacin da ta ji tsoro ƙwarai, saboda a cikin gwagwarmayar rayuwa duk hanyoyin suna da kyau.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hoto: Babban macijin tagulla
Kodayake mazaunin jan ƙarfe na kowa yana da yawa, yawancin wannan dabba mai rarrafe ba su da yawa. Kullun tagulla suna da wuya saboda yawan rarrabawarsu yayi ƙasa. Masana ilimin herpeto sun danganta hakan da dabi'arta ta cin abinci. Lizards ne tushen tushen abincin jan ƙarfe, kuma wannan nau'ikan samar da abinci ba'a ɗauka abin dogaro bane idan aka kwatanta shi da nau'ikan haƙori da kwaɗi. A wuraren da yawan kadangaru ke raguwa, haka nan kuma an rage raguwar jan karfe sosai.
Hakanan mutane suna da tasiri akan girman yawan tagulla. Suna ƙoƙari su kashe ta idan sun sadu, suna kuskuren ta don wata macijiya mai haɗari. Kari akan haka, ayyukan mutane masu karfi suna haifar da raguwa a cikin mazaunin wannan karamin dabba mai rarrafe. A hankali mutum yakan rabu da tagulla daga wuraren da yake zaune na dindindin, kuma wannan yana shafar yawan mutanen tagulla sosai, saboda macizan suna zaman kashe wando kuma suna ƙoƙari su kasance a cikin yankinsu koyaushe, wanda suke kishi kariya.
A sakamakon wannan yanayin, babban tagulla a wasu jihohi yana cikin kariya, inda aka hana halakarwa da kama shi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. A cikin ƙasarmu, an jera shi a cikin Littattafan Red Data na wasu yankuna da kuma jamhuriyya da yawa.
Kariyar farin jan karfe
Photo: Copperhead a cikin yanayi
Sakamakon ƙananan lambarsa, ƙananan ƙarancin abubuwa da ba safai suke faruwa ba, babban jan ƙarfen yana ƙarƙashin kariya a cikin yankuna na jihohi daban-daban inda aka zaunar dashi. A wasu kasashen Turai, an gabatar da dokoki wadanda suka yi matukar haramta kame wadannan macizai da lalata su. An jera nau'ikan Copperhead a Shafi na II na Yarjejeniyar Berne don Kariyar Dabbobin Fauna da Fure da Hababi'ar Halitta.
Game da kasarmu, tagulla tana cikin Littattafan Red Data na yankuna da jamhuriyya da dama: Vologda, Ivanovo, Voronezh, Bryansk, Kaluga, Vladimirovsk, Kostroma, Moscow, Kirov, Kurgan, Orenburg, Samara, Nizhny Novgorod, Ryazan, Tambov, Tver, Saratov, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Tula, Yaroslavl, Ulyanovsk. Ana kiyaye Copperhead a yankunan Term Term, Kalmykia, Mordovia, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Chuvashia, Udmurtia. An sanya jinsunan a cikin ƙarin shafi zuwa littafin Red Book na yankin Penza. A cikin irin waɗannan ƙasashe maƙwabta kamar Belarus da Ukraine, an kuma jera jan karfe a cikin Red Book.
Kamar yadda kake gani, akwai cikakken jerin jihohi, yankuna da jamhuriyoyi inda aka kare jan ƙarfe. Babban abubuwan da ke iyakance ga wannan nau'in dabbobi masu rarrafe shine raguwar babban abincin abinci na tagulla (watau ƙadangare) da ayyukan cutarwa na mutane.
A ƙarshe, ya rage a ƙara cewa duk da cewa tagulla tana kama da maciji mai dafi, amma hakan ba ya da haɗari ga mutane. Cizon ɗan tagulla, ya saba wa duk abubuwan da aka yi imani da su a da, ba ya kawo mutuwa ga mutane, amma kawai yanayin kariyarta ne. Saduwa da wannan dabba mai rarrafe abu ne mai matukar wuya, sabili da haka, ba kowa ya san maƙalar jan ƙarfe ba. Amma a cikin terrarium, da sauƙi ta saba da mutum kuma ta fara amincewa da shi, ta ɗauki abinci kai tsaye daga hannunta.
Ranar bugawa: 09.06.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 25.09.2019 a 14:04
