Dawn malam buɗe ido - daya daga cikin wakilan fararen fata. Wannan jinsin ya kasu kashi-kashi, kuma dukkansu ana daukar su ne a matsayin diurnal. Malam yana da sunaye da yawa. Ana iya samun sa a ƙarƙashin sunan Aurora, farin goge-gajeren ruwa ko wayewar zuciya. Sunan karshe shine saboda kusancin dangantakar kwari da shuke shuke mai wannan sunan. Yana yin ƙwai a kai, an haifa kwari a kansa kuma suna ɗan ciyar da wani ɓangare na rayuwar su. Fushin malam buɗe ido yana ɗayan ɗayan kyawawan kyawawan abubuwa masu raunin gaske tsakanin duk wasu litattafan dake akwai.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Butterfly Dawn
Aurora na kwari ne na kwari, umarnin Lepidoptera, dangin farin malam buɗe ido. Labarin malam buɗe ido memba ne na mamacin pierinae, genus anthocharis, nau'in alfijir. Fushin malam buɗe ido yana da daɗewa ana ɗaukarsa alama ce ta alheri, wayewa da rauni. A cikin tatsuniyoyi da almara na Rasha na dā, malam buɗe ido yana bayyana a cikin surar allahn alfijir, wanda ke kawo hasken rana. Carl Linnaeus ya tsunduma cikin kwatancen malam buɗe ido, nazarin hanyar rayuwa da abubuwan da ke zagayowarta.
Masana burbushin halittu sunyi da'awar cewa butterflies suna daga cikin tsoffin halittu a duniya. Tsohon binciken da aka samo daga magabatan butterflies na zamani yana nuna cewa sun wanzu kimanin shekaru miliyan 200 da suka gabata. Sun bayyana sosai a baya fiye da tsoffin nau'ikan shuke-shuke masu furanni. Dangane da binciken da aka gano, a cikin bayyanar, tsoffin butterflies suna kama da asu. Wannan binciken ya ba da damar tabbatar da cewa irin wannan kwarin ya bayyana kusan shekaru miliyan 50-70 a baya fiye da yadda masana kimiyya suka zata. Da farko dai, masana ilimin adon gargajiya sun danganta lokacin bayyanar butterflies zuwa lokacin jama'ar duniya tare da shuke-shuken furanni, a matsayin babban tushen abinci ga butterflies.
Bidiyo: Butterfly Dawn
Wata hujja da ta nuna cewa malam buɗe ido ya bayyana a gaban shuke-shuken furanni shine binciken masanin kimiyya kuma mai bincike daga Jamus, Van De Schötbrüge. Masanin ilimin tare da tawagarsa sun gano a kan yankin kasar ta Jamus wasu nau'ikan katako wadanda suke da shekaru sama da miliyan 200. Yayin nazarin wadannan duwatsu, an samu ragowar sikelin fuka-fukan tsohuwar dadaddun butterflies a cikinsu. Wannan jinsin ya wanzu a Duniya na wani gajeren lokaci. A lokacin fari, a karshen zamanin Triassic, yawansu ya ragu sosai saboda rashin isasshen danshi.
Masana kimiyya ba sa keɓe cewa a wannan lokacin ne aka sami proboscis a cikin tsoffin magabatan malam buɗe ido, wanda ya ba da damar tara ƙananan ɗiga na raɓa. Bayan haka, daidaikun mutanen wannan nau'in na butterflies sun samo asali, sun sami kamanni irin na zamani kuma sun koyi amfani da proboscis don samun babban tushen abinci - nectar.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Butterfly Aurora
Alfijir bai yi yawa ba. Yana da fikafukai huɗu. Fikafikan fikafikan ƙananan - daidai da 48 - 50 mm. Girman reshen gaba shine 23-25 mm. Tsawon jikin mutum daya yakai kimanin 1.7-1.9 cm An gabatar da kayan aikin baka ta hanyar proboscis. Headananan kan yana da eriya biyu a sama. Antennae launin toka ne, a ƙarshen kowane ɗayansu akwai katako na azurfa.
Wannan jinsin kwarin yana nuna dimorphism na jima'i. A cikin maza, akwai furfura masu launin toka-rawaya a kai da kirji. A cikin mata, waɗannan gashi suna da launin toka mai duhu. Hakanan, mata da maza ana rarrabe su cikin sauƙin launi na fukafukai, musamman ɓangarensu na sama. A cikin maza launin fari ne-lemu, a mata kuma fari ne. Fuskokin fikafikan baƙar fata ne a cikin mata, fari a cikin maza. Yankin ciki na fukafukan alfijir, ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba, yana da launi mai launi mara launi mara kyau.
Irin wannan mai haske, cikakken launi yana dusashewa sosai yayin tashin jirgi da fuka-fuki. Hakanan, tare da taimakon irin waɗannan fukafukan masu haske, maza sukan jawo hankalin mata yayin saduwa. Lokacin da malam buɗe ido ya buɗe fukafukinsa, yana iya ɓacewa cikin sauƙi a cikin nau'ikan tsire-tsire kuma ya zama ba a gani.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kasancewar yankuna masu haske a fuka-fuki suna gargaɗar da tsuntsayen masu farautar cewa kwaron na iya zama mai guba, ta yadda yake basu tsoro.
Caterpillar wanda ke fitowa daga kwakwa yana da launi mai shuɗi mai launin shuɗi tare da baƙaƙen fata. Sashin kai na jiki yana da duhu mai duhu, kusan launin marsh, a bayan baya akwai ɗayan haske. Pupae suna da santsi, ingantaccen sifa mai duhu kore ko launin ruwan kasa mai ratsi mai haske a gefuna.
Jikin malam buɗe ido an rufe shi da eriya, launinsa kuma ya bambanta da na maza da mata. A cikin maza suna da launin toka tare da launin rawaya, a cikin mata suna da launin ruwan kasa. Girman jiki da launi na iya ɗan bambanta kaɗan gwargwadon yankin wurin zama. Launi ya mamaye farar fata.
A ina ne malam buɗe ido yake rayuwa?
Photo: Butterfly jaundice alfijir
Ana samun fitowar alfijir mafi yawa a cikin dazuzzuka, filaye, makiyaya da steppes. Ana iya samunsu a wuraren tsaunuka a tsawan sama da mita 2000 sama da matakin teku. Suna son zama a cikin kurmi kusa da hanyoyin ruwa. Ba sa yarda da yankuna tare da bushewar yanayi kuma suna ƙoƙarin guje musu. Butterflies na iya tashi zuwa wuraren shakatawa na gari da murabba'ai.
Ana iya samun wannan nau'in kwarin a sassa daban-daban na Eurasia. Ana samun su kusan ko'ina cikin Turai, a cikin yankuna marasa yanki na Asiya. Yankin wurin zama daga bakin tekun Barents daga yamma zuwa polar Ural daga gabas. A kan yankin Tekun Kolm, butterflies suna hade da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire na anthropogenic.
Butterflies sun fi son yankuna masu yanayin sauyin yanayi, suna ƙoƙarin guje wa yankuna hamada, da kuma yankuna da ke da busasshiyar ƙasa da ƙarancin ruwa. Suna son zama a cikin yankin yankewar daji, buɗe gefunan daji, makiyaya mai haske mai kyau.
Yankin kasa na rarraba kwari:
- Siberia;
- Transbaikalia;
- Gabas mai nisa;
- China;
- Japan;
- Scotland;
- Scandinavia;
- yankunan kudancin Spain;
- yankin duk Turai.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Akwai mazan da zasu iya shawo kan wata babbar tazara sosai wajen neman abinci, ko kuma mata a lokacin kiwo.
Mafi yawan gaske a cikin bazara a Gabashin Turai. A cikin yankunan kudanci ya bayyana daga tsakiyar Maris kuma ya tashi har zuwa ƙarshen Yuni, a cikin yankunan arewacin - daga ƙarshen Afrilu kuma ya tashi kusan har zuwa ƙarshen lokacin bazara.
Menene malam buɗe ido na wayewa yake ci?
Hotuna: Butterfly Dawn daga littafin Red
Babban tushen abinci shine tsirin tsire-tsire masu furanni. Suna samun shi tare da proboscis. Butterflies sun fi son tattara fure daga tsire-tsire daban-daban dangane da matakin rayuwar su.
Butterflies sun fi son tsire-tsire masu zuwa masu zuwa:
- furannin kare violet;
- share fage;
- inflorescences na oregano;
- rigunan yamma.
Caterpillars suna son yin biki akan:
- ciyawar koren ciyawa na kananan harbe-harbe;
- ciyawar ciyawa
Larvae sun fi son nau'ikan kayan abinci na tsire-tsire na kabeji:
- tafarnuwa;
- jakar makiyaya;
- fyade;
- yadudduka;
- mai tafiya;
- reseda.
Babban ɓangaren abincin ya ƙunshi nau'ikan ciyayi na ciyayi. Baya ga waɗannan nau'ikan tsire-tsire, butterflies suna son yin liyafa a kan fure da ƙura daga nau'ikan shuke-shuke masu furanni. Ana ɗaukar Dawn a matsayin kusan ƙwarin kwari. Ya kamata a lura cewa tana cin abinci mai yawa, duk da ƙaramarta.
Suna son gnaw a kusan duk abin da ake ɗaukar abincinsa na irin wannan ƙwarin. Domin kwaro yaci gaba da zagayen cigaban sa, kuma pupa ya sami ci gaba sosai, ya zama dole a ci da karfi. Abin marmari ga butterflies shine pollen, nectar da inflorescences na shuke-shuke masu furanni, waɗanda suka ƙunshi sukari.
Mata suna rayuwa kuma suna ciyarwa a duk tsawon rayuwar su a cikin yanki ɗaya. Abu ne gama gari ga maza suyi tafiya mai nisa dan neman abinci a lokacin da ake bukata.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Butterfly Dawn a Rasha
Lokacin bazara na fitowar alfijir daga ƙarshen Maris, farkon Afrilu zuwa tsakiyar lokacin rani. A wannan lokacin, kwarin yakan nemo ma'aurata ya hayayyafa. Irin wannan nau'ikan malam buɗe ido galibi na rana ne; suna hutawa da dare. Kwari sun fi son wurare masu yawan zafi da hasken rana. Idan suka tsinci kansu a yankuna da ke da damshi, sanyi, ko kuma yanayi mai tsananin bushewa, da alama zasu mutu kafin barin zuriya. Cikakken zagayen ci gaba daga kwai har zuwa balagar kwaroron cikakken kwaro yana dauke da kimanin shekara guda.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A yayin binciken, masana kimiyya sun yanke hukunci cewa rayuwar rayuwar wayewar gari wayewa ana iya ɗauka a matsayin maimaitawar haihuwa. Wata kwari ta fito daga kwan, wanda ya juye izuwa pupa, sannan ya zama babba, baligi, kuma ya sake zama ƙwai. Abin lura ne cewa cikakken mutum mai cikakken rai ba zai wuce sati biyu ba!
Babban fasalin tsarin rayuwa shine ake kira kwari. Tunda a wannan lokacin ne dole ne ya tara iyakar adadin abubuwan gina jiki da ake buƙata don cikakken ci gaban duk sauran matakan rayuwa. Butterflies na wannan nau'in suna da kwanciyar hankali, baƙon abu ne a gare su su nuna zalunci ga danginsu, ba sa gasa da juna. Wannan nau'in kwarin ba ya cikin cutarwa, sabili da haka, har ma a yankuna inda suke da yawa, mutane ba sa yaƙar su.
Mata suna kasancewa a cikin wani yanki, maza suna da ƙwarewar ƙaura, ƙari kuma, fiye da nesa, har ma suna hawa tsaunuka har zuwa mita 2000 sama da matakin teku.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Aurora malam buɗe ido
Lokacin kiwo da kwan kwan don Aurora na faruwa sau ɗaya a shekara. Lokacin da lokacin bazara mai aiki na Aurora, kowane mutum zai fara neman samari masu dacewa. Wadanda suka fi aiki a wannan bangaren maza ne. Sun dage da daukar matakin farko, saduwa da yawo a tsakanin mata. Maza suna nuna fuka-fukan orange masu haske, suna jan hankalin mata don zaɓar su don jima'i.
Bayan saduwa, mace takanyi kwai. Wata mace tana yin ƙwai ɗaya zuwa uku. A baya can, ta zaɓi fure mai dacewa don wannan. Wannan ya zama dole don nan da nan bayan tsutsa ta bayyana, za ta iya cin tsire-tsire. Yayin kwan kwan, mace mace tana yin feshin pheromones na musamman akan shukar da aka zaba, wanda ke nuna cewa wannan tsiron ya rigaya ya shagaltu.
Tsutsa na kamawa tsakanin kwanaki 5-15. Wannan lokacin yana faɗuwa ne daga ƙarshen watan Mayu zuwa tsakiyar watan farko na bazara. Vaananan larvae, sun zama kwari, sun fara cin abinci duk abin da za'a iya ci: m, koren ganye, tsaba, furanni, ovaries. Caterpillar kore ne mai launin shuɗi da ɗigon baki a jikinsa. Alamar rarrabe kuma layin farin ne a bayanta. Molt yana faruwa sau huɗu a cikin makonni 5-6 na gaba.
Caterpillars na ƙarni na ƙarshe suna sauka ƙwanƙolin tsire-tsire kuma suna pupate tare da zare na musamman. A matakin zama a yanayin kamannin pupa, aurora yana da rauni sosai. Pupa da aka samu yana da siffar kore mazugi. Bayan haka, ya yi duhu kuma ya zama kusan launin ruwan kasa. A wannan yanayin, kusan yana haɗuwa da busassun tsire-tsire, mai kama da ƙaya ko ɓarke. Kamar wannan, aurora yana jiran lokacin sanyi mai sanyi. Idan kwayar shukar da aka manne masa pupa ta lalace ko ta karye, lallai zai mutu. Kimanin watanni 10 bayan samuwar jajan, imago ya bayyana.
Abokan gaba na wayewar malam buɗe ido
Hotuna: Butterfly Dawn
A cikin yanayin yanayi, butterflies suna da yawan abokan gaba. Suna da matukar rauni a kusan kowane mataki na ci gaban su, ban da babban malam buɗe ido. Wannan saboda gaskiyar cewa yana da matsala ga masu farauta su kama ƙwarin da ke jujjuyawa.
Babban maƙiyan halitta na wayewar gari malam:
- tsuntsaye. Su ne babban maƙiyi mafi haɗari na wayewar gari. A matakin katanga, suna da ladabi na musamman kuma tushen abinci ga tsuntsaye. Masana ilmin namun daji sun kirga cewa nau'ikan tsuntsaye ne da ke lalata kashi 25% na malam buɗe ido a matakin ƙwai ko tsutsa;
- gizo-gizo. Suna haifar da babbar barazana ga kwari. A lokaci guda, gizo-gizo wanda ke kama kwari ta hanyar gizo-gizo yana da haɗari sosai kamar gizo-gizo masu farauta;
- yin addua;
- kudaje;
- wasps;
- mahaya.
Mutum yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yanayin jinsin da yawan mutanen Aurora. Duk da cewa da gangan mutum baya daukar kowane irin matakin yaki da kwari, amma ya keta mazauninsu na asali. Canje-canje a cikin yanayin muhalli, gurɓatar mahalli kuma yana yin mummunan tasiri ga yawan ƙwayoyin.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Dawn malam buɗe ido a cikin yanayi
A yau, masana ilimin kimiyyar halittar jiki suna ci gaba da yin nazarin abubuwan rayuwar rayuwar malam buɗe ido na Aurora. Wasu lokuta sun kasance sirrin da ba a warware shi ba. A wannan batun, ba zai yiwu a kafa ainihin adadin waɗannan kwari ba. Ana daukar Aurora a matsayin jinsin da ke cikin hatsari kawai a wasu yankuna na Rasha da yawancin yankuna na Ukraine. An rubuta Zorka core a cikin Red Book of Ukraine da yankin Moscow na Tarayyar Rasha.
Wannan halin yana da alaƙa da gurɓatar muhalli da ci gaban ɗan adam na wani ɓangare mai ƙaruwa na ƙasa, ta haka yana haifar da mutuwa da hallaka dabbobi. Lamarin ya dagule da gaskiyar cewa rayuwar rayuwar malam buɗe ido na kimanin shekara guda, kuma a wannan lokacin kwarin yakan haifar da offspringan offspringa offspringan sau ɗaya kawai. La'akari da cewa kusan a kowane mataki na rayuwarta, malam buɗe ido yana da rauni ƙwarai, wani ɓangare mai mahimmancin kwari abokan gaba ne ke lalata shi har sai sun zama baliga, baligi mutum.
Baya ga duk abubuwan da muka ambata a sama, yawan gwari, kwayoyin cuta masu cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta sun rinjayi jama'a. Duk wadannan abubuwan a dunkule gaba daya suna haifar da raguwar yawan sahur.
Dawn malam buɗe ido
Hotuna: Butterfly Dawn daga littafin Red
An sanya Zorka core a cikin littafin Red Book na ƙasashe da yawa, gami da wasu yankuna na Tarayyar Rasha. Har zuwa yau, babu wasu shirye-shirye na musamman da nufin kiyayewa da ƙara yawan nau'in.
A waɗancan yankuna inda yawan Aurora yake mafi ƙasƙanci, an hana ƙona ciyawa da busassun ciyayi, tunda pupae, waɗanda aka ɗora akan busassun bishiyoyi, suna mutuwa da adadi mai yawa. Hakanan a yankin Rasha da Ukraine, da kuma a cikin wasu ƙasashe da ke da ƙimar yanayi mai kyau don wayewar gari, ana ajiye shi a cikin yankin keɓaɓɓu da wuraren kariya.
A yankin waɗancan ciyawar, filayen da matattakan, an ba da shawarar sare mogin ganye. A kan yankin ƙasar noma, makiyaya da filaye, ana ba da shawarar taƙaita adadin magungunan kwari da aka yi amfani da su, wanda ke haifar da mutuwar adadi mai yawa. Masana kimiyyar halittu kuma sun ba da shawarar shuka ciyawa da shuke-shuken furanni a yankunan da babu ƙasar noma.
Waɗannan abubuwan rikitarwa ne waɗanda zasu taimaka adana raguwar adadin kyawawan makiyaya. Labarin aurora shine babban ɓangaren flora da fauna. Ba abin mamaki ba ne a zamanin da ana ɗauke da ɗaukakar tsarki, haske da nagarta.A yau wannan baƙon abu mai ban sha'awa, kyakkyawa mai ban mamaki na iya ɓacewa a cikin ƙasashe da yankuna da yawa. Aikin ɗan adam shine ya hana faruwar hakan.
Ranar bugawa: 03.06.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 20.09.2019 a 22:14
