Gophers ƙananan dabbobi ne daga dangin squirrel. Yanzu, yawancin jinsuna an lasafta su a cikin Littafin Ja kuma suna cikin haɗari zuwa matakan daban-daban.
Bayanin gofer
Bayyanar squirrels na ƙasa takamaiman fasali ne. Girman dabba na iya zama sau uku zuwa huɗu kamar girman kunkuru. Dangi na kusa bayan squirls sune marmot.
Bayyanar
Dogaro da nau'in, squirrel ƙasa na iya kaiwa girman daga 15 cm zuwa 25-30 cm. Mafi yawan mutane suna kaiwa girman 40 cm. Tsawon wutsiya ba safai ya kai rabin tsayin jiki ba - a cikin ƙananan mutane bai wuce cm 4 ba .. Waɗannan dabbobin na iya yin nauyi har 1.5 kilogiram Akwai dimorphism na jima'i - maza sun fi mata tsayi da nauyi. Sigar jikin tana birgima, silinda. Gaban goshin ya fi na baya baya, tare da dogon yatsan na huɗu a kwatankwacin. Yatsun kafafu sanye take da ƙusoshin hannu masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke taimaka wa burrowing.
Kan yana karami, mai tsawo, tare da kananan kunnuwa na balaga... Saboda girmansu, kunnuwan sun bayyana kamar ba su ci gaba ba. Idanun ƙanana ne, sanye take da adadi mai yawa na lacrimal gland. A yayin aikin haƙa, waɗannan gland suna aiki sosai, suna fitar da ƙurar da ta hau kan gaɓa. Hannun ciki na sama da ƙananan - nau'i-nau'i 2 - masu ƙarfi, suna fuskantar juna a wani babban kusurwa. Ba su da tushe kuma suna girma cikin rayuwar dabbar. Tare da taimakonsu, gophers sun fasa ramuka, yayin da basa haɗiye ƙasa. Akwai guntun kunci wanda dabbobi ke kai abinci wajan kabari.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Ba dukkan nau'ikan jinsin bane ke yin hannayen jari a cikin burrow.
Dabbobi suna da gashi mai kauri a jiki duka, wanda yake canzawa dangane da yanayi. Jawo lokacin rani gajere ne, mai tauri, yana hana zafi fiye da kima. Zuwa lokacin hunturu, ya zama ya fi tsayi da yawa, ya zama mai yawa, yana ba ku damar kiyaye zafin jikin cikin wasu iyakoki. Launin dabba ya dogara da nau'ikan da yanayi.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Squididdigar ƙasa sune mazaunan yankin mai tudu. Sau da yawa zaka ga waɗannan ƙananan dabbobi suna tsaye a ƙafafunsu na baya kuma suna neman haɗarin haɗari. Suna binne dabbobi. Burukan su na iya zurfin zurfin mita uku, wani lokacin suna da rassa.Hakan reshen burrow daya zai iya kaiwa mita 15, ya danganta da nau'in ƙasa.
Mink an yi masa alama ta ƙaramin ɓarna. A ƙarshen kabarin, sau da yawa akwai gida na busasshiyar ciyawa da ganye waɗanda ke zama a matsayin wurin hutawa da hutawa. Wasu nau'ikan suna tono kananan yara a inda ake ajiye abinci. Ainihin, squirrel ƙasa suna dabbobi dabbobi. Ba safai ake ganin dabbobi su kaɗai ba. Mulkin mallaka ya ƙunshi mutane ashirin ko fiye. Duk da wannan tsarin rayuwar, kowace dabba tana da nata gidan na daban, banda uwaye masu kuruciya, da kuma karamin yanki. Don haka gophers suna kafa ƙananan ƙauyuka ko garuruwa.
Dabbobi galibi suna aiki da safe, musamman a lokacin zafi, ko kuma da yamma lokacin da zafi ya lafa. A tsakar rana, sun fi son ɓoyewa a cikin ramuka. Ba sa yin nisa da gidajensu don samun lokacin ɓoyewa idan akwai haɗari. A yayin ayyuka, mutane da yawa suna tsayawa kewaye da yankin kuma suna neman masu farauta, yayin da wasu ke ciyarwa. Tunda basa gani sosai, sai suyi kokarin hawa kan tsaunuka a lokacin kariya domin su ga motsin wata barazanar. A cikin wannan tsuntsayen suna taimaka musu sosai, waɗanda ke yin sautin idan suka ga mai farauta a kusa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Gophers suna da hankali sosai kuma suna da saurin dabbobi. Dabba babba na iya tsira har zuwa harbi uku daga bindiga mai zafi, mai juriya ga cizon, kuma yana da tsayayyar halitta ga dafin wasu macizai masu dafi.
Gophers suna da ingantaccen yare... Sadarwar su ana daukarta daya daga cikin mafiya wahala tsakanin dabbobi masu shayarwa. Masana ilimin halittu daga jami'ar Manitoba (Kanada) sunyi nazarin sadarwa na gophers kuma sun tattara cikakkiyar kamus na bushe-bushe, chirps da sauran sautukan da dabbobi ke yi. Sauti mai tuni da silar "chak" yana da ban mamaki musamman. Wannan nau'ikan alamar motsin rai ne wanda ke ba da ma'anoni don sigina kuma har ma suna iya nuna matsayin barazanar.
Hakanan an san cewa gophers suna amfani da duban dan tayi don sadarwa, wanda kusan ba a iya gani ga kunnen mutum. A lokacin rani, lokacin bushewar lokacin yunwa, zasu iya zama cikin nutsuwa. Wannan yana da alaƙa da wani haɗari ga dabbobi - macizai, abubuwan da ake kira stepe da sauran masu farauta tare da ƙaramin jiki na iya shiga cikin ramin kuma su ci gofer mai bacci.
Har yaushe gophers ke rayuwa
Matsakaicin lokacin rayuwar squirrels ƙasa shekaru 2-3 ne. Akwai lokuta idan dabbobi suka kasance cikin bauta har tsawon shekaru 8.
Rashin hankalin gophers
Ana daukar gophers daya daga cikin dabbobi mafi dadewa. Zasu iya yin bacci har tsawon watanni tara a shekara. Tsawan lokacin rashin nutsuwa ya dogara da yanayi da yankin da dabbobi suke. A yankunan arewacin, mazan da suka tara kitse sukan yi bacci a farkon watan Yuni. Matan da ba su kawo zuriya ba suna yin hakan. Matan da suka haihu suna ciyar da 'ya'yansu kuma suna kula da su, sa'annan suna kitso kuma bayan haka ne suke hirar. Mutanen da aka haifa a cikin bazara na wannan shekara sun faɗa cikin ɓarna daga baya fiye da duka - su ne ƙarancin wadataccen abinci, ƙila ba su da kitse don dogon bacci. Kafin zama cikin nutsuwa, galibi suna toshe ramin a cikin ramukarsu da matatun ƙasa. Hutun lokacin bazara ya koma zama na hunturu idan tarin mai mai ya wadatar.
Dabbar na iya farkawa a ƙarshen bazara ko farkon kaka don sake cika kitsen da aka kashe kuma ya kwanta cikin bacci har zuwa bazara. A lokacin rashin nutsuwa, tsarin tafiyar da rayuwa yana raguwa, numfashi da bugun zuciya suna raguwa, kuma zafin jiki na raguwa. Dabbar tana jujjuyawa zuwa karamin ball mai matse jiki ta rufe kanta da jelarsa. Dabbar tana farkawa tare da farawar dumi da bayyanar ciyayi na farko. A cikin bazara, kusan nan da nan bayan farkawa, lokaci mai mahimmanci yana farawa, wanda yana kusan har zuwa rashin bacci.
Nau'in gophers
- Goaramin gofer - ƙananan nau'in, har zuwa 24 cm a tsayi. Gyaran da ke baya sun fara daga launin ruwan toka a yankin arewa zuwa launin ruwan toka a kudu. Launi ba daidai ba ne, tare da duhu speck da aibobi. Akwai wuri mafi duhu a kan kai, wanda ya fita dabam da bangon babban launi. Tashin ciki yana ɗan ɗan wuce watanni shida, har zuwa watanni takwas. Baya yin kayayyaki don hunturu. An yi la'akari da kwaro na tsire-tsire masu horarwa, an lakafta shi zuwa ga wargaza taro a cikin filayen. Yana dauke da mai dauke da annoba, brucellosis, tularemia. An jera shi a cikin littafin Red Book na yankuna da yawa na Rasha.
- Tsawon gofer - babban nau'in har zuwa cm cm 32. Yana da doguwa mai laushi mai laushi (10-16 cm), wanda ta sami takamaiman sunan ta. Launi na baya daga launin ja ne ko ocher zuwa launin toka-toka. Gilashi masu launin toka ko fari suna bayyane a sarari. Ciki ya fi baya baya. Jawo lokacin hunturu ya fi kauri da duhu. Squunƙarar ƙasa mai dogon lokaci a yankin taiga na iya rayuwa shi kaɗai. Burukan suna da rikitarwa, tare da kyamara don kayan aiki, ɗakin kwana da hanyar wucewa - reshen burrow ɗin da ke haurawa, wanda dabbobin ke amfani da shi yayin ambaliyar babban burrow.
- Babban goran ƙasa, ko jan gofer - na biyu mafi girman nau'ikan tsuntsayen kasa, tsawon jiki ya kai 25-35 cm. Nauyin na iya kaiwa kilogram daya da rabi kafin a samu nutsuwa. Launi na baya yana da duhu, mai launin ruwan kasa, mai haske a tarnaƙi. Akwai farin ƙyallen fata a baya da gefuna, sanadiyyar fararen ƙarshen gashin mai tsaro. Ana bayyana launuka ja masu haske a kunci da saman idanuwa. Ba kamar sauran nau'ikan ba, yana da matukar motsi, yana iya matsawa nesa da burginshi, wani lokacin yana iyo a ƙetaren koguna. Idan babu abinci, yana motsawa zuwa wurare masu wadataccen abinci.
- Spekerled gopher - kananan jinsuna, tsayin jiki da wuya ya kai cm 20. Wutsiya gajera ce, har zuwa 4 cm a tsayi. Jawo gajere ne, mai matse-matse, launin ruwan kasa-kasa-kasa a bayan baya tare da gani sosai, an bayyana takamaiman farin ko whtsish specks, yana jujjuyawar wuya zuwa wuya. Manyan idanu suna kewaye da farin iyaka ko rawaya. Suna zaune ne a cikin yankuna, sau da yawa sau ɗaya bayan ɗaya, kowannensu a cikin kabarinsa, ban da uwa mai ɗauke da yara. Ba a aiwatar da ƙaura ba. Abincin abinci bashi da mahimmanci idan fari. Akwai batun cin naman mutane - cin mai rai da matattu. An jera a cikin Littafin Ja.
- Daurian gopher - karamin ra'ayi. Jiki yawanci kusan 18-19 cm tsayi, wutsiya da wuya ya kai cm 6. Baya baya haske, tare da tsattsauran launin ja. Gefen rawaya ne, ɓangaren ɓangaren na iska ne ko na rawaya. Ba ya kafa yankuna, yana rayuwa shi kaɗai, wani lokacin yakan zauna ramuka na marmots ko pikas. Burrows suna da sauƙi, ba tare da reshe da fitowar ƙasa ba. Kafin shiga cikin rashin nutsuwa, tana toshe hanyar zuwa cikin ramin tare da abin toshewa na ƙasa. Suna iya zama kusa da ƙauyuka.
- Beringian, ko Ba'amurke gopher na daga cikin mafi girman nau'ikan. Tsawon jikin wakilan arewa ya kai cm 31-39. Wutsiyar doguwa ce, mai santsi. Launin baya yana da launin ruwan kasa ko ocher, tare da fararen fata masu kyan gani. Ciki mai haske, kodadde ja. Jawo lokacin hunturu ya fi sauki. Yana zaune a cikin mulkin mallaka har zuwa mutane 50. Burrows suna da zurfi kuma suna da rassa. Kafin kwanciyar hankali, suna fara tara ajiyar kuɗi, waɗanda ake amfani dasu a cikin bazara bayan farkawa. A lokacin ciyarwar, sun banbanta a cikin salon rayuwa mai cutarwa fiye da sauran yan iska - suna son beetles, caterpillars, ciyawa, wasu lokuta har da gizo-gizo, kuma yawan abincin dabbobi ya fi na abincin tsirrai.
- Jan goshin goshi - nau'in matsakaici Tsawon jiki ya fara daga 23-28 cm. Wutsiya ba ta wuce santimita a tsayi ba. Launi mai launin ruwan kasa ne ko launin toka-mai-toshi, ba tare da farin inuwa da launin rawaya. Mottling yana faruwa ne a cikin samari. Ya samo sunan ne daga alamomi ja masu haske a kuncin. Ya jagoranci salon mulkin mallaka. Burrows suna da sauƙi, ba tare da rassa ba, tare da gida na busasshiyar ciyawa a ƙarshen. A wasu yankuna yana ɗauke da jigilar annobar.
- Rawan rawaya - duk da girmansa mai ban sha'awa (har zuwa 40 cm), shi ne mafi jinsi nau'in. Ana bambanta shi da kusan launi iri ɗaya na fawn da Jawo-fawn Jawo tare da ɗan baya mai duhu. A cikin bayyanar, yana da ɗan kama da marmots. Kafin kiftawa daga cikin ramin, sai dabbar ta buge kan ta ta binciki yankin. Koyaushe ku ci tsaye tare da neman haɗarin haɗari. Dalilin wannan halin shine salon rayuwar kadaici. A cikin ƙananan ciyayi zai iya ciyarwa yayin zaune ko ma kwance. Theasa mai launin rawaya tana bacci mafi tsawo - rashin kwanciyarta na tsawon watanni 8-9.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Suna zaune a Eurasia daga Arctic Circle zuwa kudu latitudes. Hakanan ana samunsa a Arewacin Amurka. Mafi yawanci suna rayuwa a cikin sararin samaniya mai yanayi, suna zama cikin tundra, gandun daji-tundra, steppe, makiyaya-steppe, makiyaya, amma kuma suna iya zama yankuna masu tsaunuka, hamada, rabin sahara. Yana haifar da salon rayuwar ƙasa a cikin yankunan karkara. Zasu iya zama kusa da ƙauyuka, hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa, a cikin masana'antun da aka watsar, a cikin ginshiƙai da tushe na gidajen da aka watsar, a cikin filayen da aka watsar. Wasu lokuta suna zaune a cikin kwaruruka kusa da koguna.
Abincin Gopher
Abincin ya hada da na shuka da na dabbobi. Mafi yawansu suna cin abinci ne a saman bangarorin shuke-shuke - Tushen, kwararan fitila, tubers, ganye, mai tushe. Suna haifar da babbar illa ga amfanin gona na hatsi, kankana da kuma ɗanyen hatsi. Ana yin hannun jari daga ciyawa mai bushewa, tsaba na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire da bishiyoyi (Maple, Hazel, apricots), hatsin hatsi. Nau'o'in Polar suna cin gansakuka.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Caterpillars, beetles, fara, da ciyawa suna cin abincin dabbobi. Ba sa raina tsutsotsi, ƙwayoyin ƙwaro.
Ba za su ƙi cin ƙwai na tsuntsayen da ke gida a ƙasa ba, ƙananan kajin, za su iya lalata gidan wata kwarya ko hamster. A wasu jinsunan, ana samun mutane masu cin naman mutane, musamman a cikin manyan yankuna da ke tsakanin dabbobi dabbobi, da necrophagia - cin gawarwakin danginsu. Lokacin rayuwa kusa da ƙauyuka, mutane na iya satar ɓarnar hatsi, hatsi, tushen amfanin gona, tattara kayan abinci a cikin shara da shara. A cikin lambuna, za su iya cin radishes, beets, karas, furanni da kwararan fitila na tulips, gladioli, suna tona su daga gadajen.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Suna kiwo galibi a shekara, wasu nau'ikan suna iya samar da zuriya sau biyu zuwa uku a kakar... Gon ya fara kusan nan da nan bayan ya farka daga bacci, dan sake cika kitse a jiki. Sun yi aure kamar kare. Ciki yana dauke da kimanin wata daya. A brood na iya samun daga ɗiya biyu zuwa goma sha biyu. Anyi haihuwar dabbobi makaho kuma tsirara, suna ciyar da madarar uwa har tsawon wata biyu. Idanun suna buɗewa a makonni uku. Yayinda suka cika da ulu, sai suka fara barin wurin rami. Sun kasance a shirye don balaga da watanni uku, amma sun fara rayuwa kai tsaye zuwa watanni shida.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Yawan mace-macen yara ƙanana ya yi yawa kuma ya kai 65-70% saboda masu farauta da cin naman mutane.
Abin sha'awa shine, mata suna yiwa 'ya'yansu kariya daga baƙin da ba'a gayyata ba, gami da danginsu. Kubiyoci ba su da ƙarfi kuma ba su da kariya daga macizai, waɗanda ba sa ƙyamar cin abinci a kan ƙananan gophers. Mahaifiyar tana yin kururuwa da kumburin fuska don ta bayyana da girma, ta hau kan macijin kuma ta sare ta. Bugu da kari, uwaye masu kulawa suna tona rami ga yaransu kafin su kaura da yaransu na shekara.
Makiya na halitta
Gophers suna da abokan gaba da yawa. Dabbobin ƙasa kamar macizai, ɓatattun abubuwa, hangen nesa, ɓaure suna iya yin rarrafe cikin rami inda babu hanyar juyawa ko guduwa. Foxes, corsacs suna farautar gophers, karnuka da kuliyoyi suna farauta a kusa da ƙauyuka. Daga cikin tsuntsayen ganima, manyan abokan gaba sune gaggafa, gaggafa mai binnewa, da kuma kalar baki. A cikin yankuna na arewa, polar da mujiya mai dogon kunne barazana ce.
Makiyan gophers shima mutum ne... Tunda dabbobi suna haifar da lalacewar kayan gona da baza'a iya magance su ba kuma sune masu dauke da cututtuka masu haɗari, kamar annoba, brucellosis, tularemia, a wasu yankuna ana kama su kuma ana kashe su. Akwai nau'in wasanni na musamman na farautar wasanni don gophers - warmiting. Hakanan akwai ƙungiya don sarrafawa da lalata gophers na kwari.
Tare da lalata yawan jama'a kai tsaye, yawan wuraren zama yana raguwa saboda nome gonaki da gini. Amfani da magungunan ƙwari akan ƙwayoyin kwari, amfani da guba mai ƙarfi akan sauran ɓoyo yana da lahani ga yawan gophers kansu.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Saboda lalacewar dabbobi a da, wasu jinsunan suna cikin Littafin Ja. Smallananan squirrel yana da ƙarancin matsayi a wasu yankuna, inda yawansu ba safai ya wuce mutane dubu ba (misali filin Tervropol). An jera gopher mai jan kunci a cikin Littafin Ja na Yankin Altai kamar yadda yake cikin hadari, a cikin Krasnoyarsk Territory nau'ikan suna cikin hadari. Ba a san takamaiman adadin dabbobi a cikin jama'ar ba. Sauran nau'ikan kwalliyar ƙasa suma suna cikin jerin Littattafan Bayanai na Yanki, galibi kamar haɗari da haɗari.
Batun kare gophers yana da matukar damuwa. Duk da irin mummunan tasirin da suke da shi a kan amfanin gona, su masu kashe kwari ne masu cutarwa, kamar fara da aphids. Gophers shine tushen abinci ga masu farauta da yawa, kuma saboda raguwar yawan dabbobi, adadin tsuntsayen da basu da yawa suna cin abinci. Yawancin dabbobin da yawa suna rayuwa a cikin raƙuman jejin gofer. Carriedasar da iran kwalliyar ƙasa suka ɗauke ta zuwa saman daga kabarinsu sun fi wadata.
Halin masana kimiyyar dabbobi da aiyukan kariya na aikin gona ga wannan jinsin yana da wuyar fahimta. Ana amfani da dukkan matakan kariya, kariya da maido da yawan jama'a ga jinsin Littafin Littafin Bayanai.
